戀練有分第7課新題型講義木倉(cāng)流量

1、排序題【特點(diǎn)】段落排序【考點(diǎn)】段落主旨，邏輯一致，語(yǔ)義銜接一排序題做題步驟：排序題的目標(biāo)是比較各段，并找到相互關(guān)聯(lián)的段落并排序，其做題步驟如下；1.審題，看主旨及已給位置的段落。2.閱讀剩下段落的首尾句，找到或關(guān)鍵邏輯線索。3.對(duì)比各段首尾句，找到匹配的詞或邏輯，確定。4.通讀，驗(yàn)證。二. 排序題做題方法及原則從微觀上來(lái)說(shuō)，所有完形填段/句的做題技巧均可用于排序，基本上所有填空都是段落題的完形填段/句題就是排序題。同時(shí)，從宏觀上，在這里還要注意英文文章的篇章特點(diǎn)和展開(kāi)形式，從而幫助判斷正確的語(yǔ)篇順序。排序題所涉及的方法如下：1首段特點(diǎn)2類別2代詞原則3邏輯原則4火力覆蓋解題三新題型排序題做題步

2、驟及方法分類以 2011 年新題型為例Directions:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you arerequired to reanize these paragraphso a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G tofilling themo the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Markyour answers on ANS

3、WER SHEET 1. (10 pos)A No disciplines（學(xué)科） have seized on profesalism wis much enthusiasm as thehumanities. You can, Mr Menand pos out, became a lawyerhree years and a medical doctorin four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degreehe humanities is nine years. Notsurprisingly, up to half

4、 of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.B His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.These are disciplinest are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major inbusiness compared with only 2% in history a

5、nd 4% in English. However, many leading Americanuniversities want their undergraduates to have groundinghe basic canon of ideast everyeducatedshouldses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education”should look like. Arvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they

6、have beenread”-they form a sort of sol glue.C Equally unsurprisingly, only aboulf end up with professorships for which they enteredgraduate school. There are simply too fewts. This is partly because universities continue toproduce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanitiebjects: Eng

7、lishdepartments awarded more bachelors degrees in 1970-71n they did 20 years later. Fewerstudents requires fewer teachers. So, atof a decade of theses-writing, many humanitiesstudents leave the profesto do something for which they have not been trained.D One reason why it is hard to design and teach

8、 such courses ist they can cut across theinsistence by top American universitiest liberal-arts educations and profesal educationshould be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties.Although moren half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or busin

9、ess, futuredoctors and lawyers must study a non-spelist liberal-arts degree before embarking on aprofesal qualification.E Besides profesalizing the profess by this separation, top American universitieshave profesalized the professor. The growth in public money for academic research hasspeeded the pr

10、os: federal research grants rose fourfold betn 1960and 1990, but facultyteaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Profesalism has turned the acquisition of adoctoral degreeo a prerequisite for a sucsful academic career: as late as 1969a third ofAmerican professors did notsess one. But t

11、he key idea behind profesalisation, argues MrMenand, ist “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular spelization are transmissiblebut not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.F The k

12、ey to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to thinkdangerously alike, increasinglydetached from the societies which they study, investigate andcriticize.” Academic inquiry,east in so

13、me fields, may need toe less excluary andmore holistic.” Yet quite howppens, Mr Menand dose not say.G The subtle andelligent littook The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform andinthe American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoraldegree. They may then decide to go

14、 elsewhere. For something curious has been happening inAmerican Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English arvard University,captured it skillfully.G 41. 42. E .43. 44. 45.步驟一. 審題，觀察所給填空位置，閱讀主旨；在 2011 年所給填空位置如下：G 41. 42. E .43. 44. 45.該年的已給位置段落中首段即已給出（G 段），那么對(duì)于首段的閱讀可以幫助獲取文章的全文主旨，對(duì)于后面文章各個(gè)

15、段落的排序提供了線索。G The subtle andelligent littook The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform andinthe American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoraldegree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening inAmerican Universities, and Louis M

16、enand, a professor of English arvard University, capturedit skillfully.如沒(méi)給出首段則先找首段，再讀主旨：方法一：首段特點(diǎn)（1）不以邏輯詞開(kāi)頭（2）不以代詞開(kāi)頭（3）提出問(wèn)題，描述現(xiàn)象，名言等（4）概括性較強(qiáng)如：2014 年備選段落首句BIn another case, American archaeologistsC How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there isnothing visible on the s

17、urface of the ground?D Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscs.F Most archaeological sites, however, G Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpothe pla步驟二：閱讀剩下段落的首尾句，找到或關(guān)鍵邏輯線索；斷甘蔗理論：段落首尾句是判斷上下文邏輯的關(guān)鍵位置，在閱讀的過(guò)程中一樣要像完型填段/句那樣找出，即：方法二：種類1）名詞和專有名詞（人名，地名，機(jī)構(gòu)組織名，特殊稱呼等）2）段落主旨詞3）邏輯詞(尤其是

18、開(kāi)頭的邏輯)4）代詞5）時(shí)間和數(shù)字如 2011 年所給段落的首尾句和：G 首段尾句： For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and LouisMenand, a professor of English arvard University, captured it skillfully.A 首句：No disciplines（學(xué)科） have seized on profesalism wis much enthusiasm as thehumanities.尾句：Not surprisingly,

19、 up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before gettingtheir degrees.B 首句：His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.尾句 Arvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have beenread”-they form a sort of sol glue.C 首句： Equall

20、y unsurprisingly, only aboulf end up with professorships for which theyentered graduate school.尾句： So, atof a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave theprofesto do something for which they have not been trained.D 首句： One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses ist th

21、ey can cut acrossthe insistence by top American universitiest liberal-arts educations and profesal educationshould be kept separate, taught in different schools.尾句： Although moren half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine orbusiness, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-spelist l

22、iberal-arts degree beforeembarking on a profesal qualification.E 首句：Besides profesalizing the profess by this separation, top American universitieshave profesalized the professor.尾句：So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but alsoover the production of the produc

23、ers of knowledge.F 首句： The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to 尾句：Yet quite howppens, Mr Menand dose not say.步驟三: 對(duì)比各段首尾句，找到匹配的詞或邏輯，確定;在這一步驟中，使用根據(jù)不同的種類，按照不同解題法來(lái)答題：方法三：代詞解題法；與完形填段/句題型類似，在各個(gè)段落首句出現(xiàn)的代詞往往是判斷前文內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵，常用的代詞有：he, she, his, her, him, it, its, they, their, them, this,

24、t, these, those, such 等。只要能在段落中找到代詞指代的對(duì)象，順序就確定了。 同樣代詞在使用時(shí)需注意：（1）代詞與其指代對(duì)象在性和數(shù)上要保持一致；（2）當(dāng)出現(xiàn)指示代詞 these ie/t book 時(shí)，后面的名詞是關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)；（3）it 可以指代單個(gè)物，也可以是形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)；（4）只有段落開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)的代詞才可以用來(lái)定位；（5）代詞一般都往前指代，也有少數(shù)向后指代的情況，注意判斷。如 2011 年的新題型中 B 段開(kāi)頭:B 首句：His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philo

25、sophy and so on.F 尾句：Yet quite howppens, Mr Menand dose not say.G 首段尾句： For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and LouisMenand, a professor of English arvard University, captured it skillfully.方法四：邏輯對(duì)照解題法；上下文各個(gè)段落之間總是以不同的邏輯關(guān)系銜接和展開(kāi)，因此要使得上下文能很好的確定順序，邏輯的線索是必不可少的解題關(guān)鍵線索，通常每個(gè)段落首

26、句開(kāi)頭的邏輯詞是必須考慮 的。如 2011 年題型中 C 選項(xiàng)開(kāi)頭的邏輯：C 首句： Equally unsurprisingly, only aboulf end up with professorships for which theyentered graduate school.A 尾句：Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before gettingtheir degrees.又如 2014 年英語(yǔ)一新題型中的 F 選項(xiàng)和 A 選項(xiàng)的段落A Some archaeologi

27、cal sites have always been easily observablefor exle, the Parthenon inAthens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southernEngland. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been locatedby means of careful searching, while many ot

28、hers have been discovered by accident. OlduvaiGe, an early hominid siteanzania, was found by a butterflyter who literally fello itsdeep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the MexicoCity subwayhe 1970s.F Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered

29、by archaeologists who have set out to lookfor them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knewt the tomb ofthe Egyptian pharaoh Tuhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter siftedthrough rubblehe Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the t

30、omb in 1922. Inthe late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers stores in Athens,Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culturetdominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evanssreions of these engravingseventually led him to

31、find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosss) on the island of Crete, in 1900.常用來(lái)判斷上下文順序的邏輯關(guān)系詞及種類有：常用并列邏輯：also, at the same time, on one hand/ on the other hand, on one side/one theother side, one/another, some/most, equally, meanwhile, in addition, additionally, whatsmore, furthermore.常 用 轉(zhuǎn) 折 邏 輯 ： in

32、stead, instead of, but, notbut, however, although, rathern,nevertheless, on the other hand.常用的總結(jié)邏輯詞：Finally, all in all, to conclude， in, in brief, in short, as hasbeen sed,ast.方法五：火力覆蓋原則；在無(wú)法確定時(shí)，為了保證得分，可以用重復(fù)選擇同一個(gè)來(lái)蒙。比如到目前為止 2011 年的題目可以得到的是：根據(jù)代詞定位的 GB 兩段和根據(jù)邏輯并列確定的 AC 兩段，由于 G 段是首段，所以 B 段可以放在 41 題的填空出，但

33、是 AC 的位置不能確定，只能初步判斷在 E 段之后，因?yàn)?42 題只有一空，放不下并列的 AC 兩段。如下所示：G 41. B 42. E .43. 44. 45.這個(gè)時(shí)候如果做不下去了，為了得分可以把填寫(xiě)成以下兩種情況：G 41. B 42. E .43.A 44. A 45.C 或者G 41. B 42. E .43.A 44.C 45.C 這樣無(wú)論是怎樣的都至少能得到 4-6 分，而如果只是通過(guò)自己的猜測(cè)寫(xiě)成G 41. B 42. E .43. 44. A 45.C 而是G 41. B 42. E .43. A 44. C 45.時(shí)，就只能得到 B 選項(xiàng)的 2分了。需要注意的是，火力覆蓋原則是在題目無(wú)法繼續(xù)完成或者時(shí)間不夠的情況下采用的搶分方法，切不可一上來(lái)就用。方法缺一原則；的中除了 2010 年的排序題有干擾選項(xiàng)外，其余年份的排序題并沒(méi)有干擾選項(xiàng)，在這就意味著備選段落和填空是一對(duì)一的關(guān)系，在這種情況下，如果確定了 4 個(gè)選項(xiàng)的正確位置，最后一個(gè)段落的位置自然就確定了。同時(shí)也就是說(shuō)，如果遇到了無(wú)法確定的題目可以暫時(shí)不做，等到最后用排除法得到。在 2011 年的排序題中目前可以確定的是：G 41. B 42. E .43.A 44. A 45.C 或者G 41. B 42. E .43.A 44.C 45.C 而通過(guò)觀察 2011 年的 F 段開(kāi)頭：F 首句： The