英語(yǔ)修辭和舉例說(shuō)明市公開課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、English Rhetorics 第1頁(yè)是比喻一個(gè)，是對(duì)兩種含有共同特征事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比，表明本體和喻體相同關(guān)系，二者都在對(duì)比中出現(xiàn)，且常帶有比喻詞，如： Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to My love is like a red, red rose. (Robert Burns)Simile明喻第2頁(yè)對(duì)兩種含有共同特征事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比；所不一樣是在形式上，暗喻中本體和喻體之間多經(jīng)過Be 動(dòng)詞來(lái)聯(lián)絡(luò)。省掉比喻詞。明喻：Life

2、 is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises . 暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty, and dangerous surprises. Metaphor 暗喻 第3頁(yè)本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)暗喻，其特點(diǎn)是賦予非人類范圍東西一些人特征。The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern inte

3、ntly. The sun kissed the green fields。 The thirsty desert drank up the water. 擬人：personification 第4頁(yè) 是經(jīng)過借用與某種事物親密相關(guān)東西來(lái)表示該事物。比如用單詞word 來(lái)表示話語(yǔ)或者消息news， 用硬幣penny來(lái)表示錢 money. Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States. This computer will cost you a pretty

4、penny. Metonymy 借代又稱換喻 第5頁(yè)是借代一個(gè)，所不一樣是英語(yǔ)換稱中所用專有名詞通常源于西方宗教、歷史以及文學(xué)作品中專有名詞或者形象。如： Solomon 所羅門-a wise man 聰明人， 出自圣經(jīng) Judas 猶大- a traitor 叛徒，出自圣經(jīng) Helen 海倫-紅顏禍水，美女海倫為斯巴達(dá)王王后，因她被帕里斯拐去而引發(fā)特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 Venus 維納斯-Beauty 美化身，出自古希臘神話。Reform is a Pandoras box; opening up the system can lead to a loss of economic and polit

5、ical control. 換稱 antonomasia 第6頁(yè)是比喻一個(gè)，主要特點(diǎn)是以局部代表全體，或以全體喻指部分，或以抽象代表詳細(xì)，或以詳細(xì)代抽象。與換喻（借代）相比，提喻本體和喻體之間關(guān)系較單純。He has many mouths to feed in his family mouth -people They counted fifty sails in the harbour sails -ships He is a valiant heart heart -man 提喻本體與喻體之間關(guān)系是局部全體，詳細(xì)抽象之間關(guān)系，而換喻本體與喻體之間關(guān)系更為復(fù)雜。 提喻 synecdoche

6、 第7頁(yè) 將兩類本質(zhì)上不一樣事物之間共同點(diǎn)加以比較，在形式上很像比喻，也用比喻詞。慣用來(lái)闡釋復(fù)雜概念。類比最常見句型為 A is to B as C is to D Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine. Shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel Followers are to a leader as planets are to a sun 當(dāng)要解釋一個(gè)比較抽象概念時(shí)，類比能夠很好地幫助你將概念形象化，詳細(xì)化。Dont worry about the future,; or worry-but know th

7、at worrying is as effective as trying to solve an algebra equation by chewing bubble gum. 類比 analogy 第8頁(yè) 是一個(gè)經(jīng)過人們熟知某個(gè)諺語(yǔ)、格言、名劇乃至文章體裁適當(dāng)?shù)馗念^換面而組成一個(gè)頗為新奇表示方式。它既仿照又改變。 Hatred begets hatred . 怨怨相報(bào)。- Tragedy begets tragedy . Lie begets lie. No pains, no gains. - Not root, no fruit 仿擬 parody 第9頁(yè) 仿擬是學(xué)習(xí)英文格言美句好方法

8、，在仿擬過程中， 還能夠?qū)逃性~組和諺語(yǔ)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新和改動(dòng)，以到達(dá)修辭效果。Lady hermits who are down but not out (down and out 窮困潦倒)窮困而不潦倒女隱士們。第10頁(yè) 是重復(fù)（repetition）一個(gè)變形，即在后一句開頭重復(fù)前句末尾詞語(yǔ)。They call for you: the general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor They have promised to finish the w

9、ork and finish it they will. 蟬聯(lián)（anadiplosis）第11頁(yè) 回環(huán)（regression）也是一個(gè)重復(fù)，它在一個(gè)句子或短文中以相反次序重復(fù)前面出現(xiàn)過詞語(yǔ)?；丨h(huán)是組成名言警句常見伎倆，有很強(qiáng)生命力。It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends. 交友要真摯，而不是輕率地交朋友。Flowers are lovely; lovely is flower like. 花兒可愛，可人兒如花。Better to know everything of something than something

10、 of everything. 精通有限領(lǐng)域，勝過萬(wàn)事都只知道點(diǎn)皮毛。（培根）回環(huán)（regression） 第12頁(yè) 又稱為諷刺，經(jīng)過使用與本義相反詞表示本意，來(lái)到達(dá)一個(gè)嘲弄、贊揚(yáng)、幽默效果。當(dāng)然，詞匯伎倆只是反語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)。When the doctor came, they said she had died of heart disease-of joy that kills. It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in ones pocket. 言語(yǔ)上反語(yǔ)往往需要配合上下文來(lái)了

11、解，它不盡然表示批評(píng)或諷刺，有些時(shí)候也能表示贊揚(yáng)和幽默。反語(yǔ) (irony)第13頁(yè)又稱逆論或者是似是而非雋語(yǔ)，即乍聽似乎荒謬而實(shí)際上卻有道理某種說(shuō)法。More haste, less speed. What is improbable is extremely probable. From disaster fortune comes, in fortune lurks disaster. Extremes meet 物極必反A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody 人人友，非真友。Everybodys business is nobodys b

12、usiness. 反論 （paradox）第14頁(yè)小提醒： 反論經(jīng)常包含有趣哲學(xué)思辨，是組成俗語(yǔ)主要伎倆。圣經(jīng)中就有許多內(nèi)涵豐富反論。Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be you therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves 我差你們?nèi)?，如同羊進(jìn)入狼群；所以你們要靈巧像蛇，馴良如鴿。 第15頁(yè)用兩種不調(diào)和、甚至截然相反特征來(lái)形容一項(xiàng)事物，在矛盾中尋求哲理，以到達(dá)修辭效果。它是反論一個(gè)濃縮形式。 Can enemies become mortal friend

13、s ?敵人能成為不共戴天朋友嗎？ England Harrison worte a book with the title A savage Civilization The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness. 矛盾修辭法 oxymoron第16頁(yè)小提醒： 從結(jié)構(gòu)上，能夠把矛盾修辭法兩個(gè)相反詞義關(guān)系分位反義關(guān)系和準(zhǔn)反義關(guān)系。其中準(zhǔn)反義關(guān)系為多。反義關(guān)系： Idiotic wisdom 愚蠢智慧Victorious defeat 勝利失敗Crowded solitude 擁擠獨(dú)處Bitterly happy 苦澀愉快準(zhǔn)反

14、義關(guān)系Cold fire 嚴(yán)寒火焰Sweet sorrow 甜蜜悲傷Absolutely right 絕正確正確A woman of devastating beauty 傾國(guó)傾城美女第17頁(yè) 同源修辭格是一個(gè)特殊重復(fù)，即經(jīng)過使用同一詞源不一樣詞性或不一樣含義幾個(gè)詞，取得重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)或反襯對(duì)照效果。It will destroy the wisdom of the wise 這會(huì)損智者智慧。He has died a glorious death.他光榮就義。Home is home though never so homely.華麗乎，簡(jiǎn)陋乎，家總是家。Money often unmakes t

15、he men who make it.金錢經(jīng)常能瓦解那些創(chuàng)造它人。Man must change in a changing world. 人必須在改變著世界里不停改變。同源格（paregmenon）第18頁(yè)小提醒： 英語(yǔ)詞形特殊組成（詞根、前綴、后綴）使其富于同源詞，許多英文名人雋語(yǔ)都是用同源格組成。Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. (Shakespeare)千尋百覓得來(lái)愛情當(dāng)然好，佳偶天成則更美妙。雙關(guān)雙關(guān)（pun）是英語(yǔ)修辭一個(gè)常見形式。它巧妙地利用同音異義或者同形異義現(xiàn)象使一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)或句子含有兩種不一樣含義。We mus

16、t all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) (團(tuán)結(jié)、絞死)The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman. 那位和善園丁留了許多百里香（與“時(shí)間”諧音）給那個(gè)女人。第19頁(yè) 是在對(duì)照基礎(chǔ)上形成一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，經(jīng)過并列兩組內(nèi)涵反差強(qiáng)大詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)其差異，有力地解釋它們是一個(gè)整體兩個(gè)相反組成側(cè)面。(在了解時(shí)，能夠把平行對(duì)照看作對(duì)照（contrast）和平行（parallelism疊加。）)I have a dream that m

17、y four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Thats one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind. 平行對(duì)照（antithesis）第20頁(yè)簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，就是把通慣用來(lái)修飾甲類名詞形容詞用來(lái)修飾乙類詞。而其轉(zhuǎn)移修飾理由往往是因?yàn)橐翌愒~引發(fā)了感官或者情感上對(duì)甲類詞共鳴。 There was

18、an amazed silence. Slowly Alexander turned away.那時(shí)鴉雀無(wú)聲。然后亞歷山大遲緩地轉(zhuǎn)身離開。 The big man crashed down on a protesting chair. 那個(gè)肥胖男人坐在椅子上，椅子不住地發(fā)出吱吱呀呀響聲。He had some cheerful wine at the party. 聚會(huì)時(shí)他喝了些使人滿身來(lái)勁兒酒。移就（Transferred epithet）第21頁(yè)IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year. IBM企業(yè)今年生產(chǎn)率有了

19、大幅度提升。The new tendency has raised many a conservative eyebrow. 這種新趨勢(shì)引發(fā)了許多保守派人士非難。小提醒：移就又能夠被細(xì)分為通感（synesthesia） 、移情（empathy）和轉(zhuǎn)類(transferred epithet)。第22頁(yè)夸大（hyperbole）經(jīng)過豐富想象，在數(shù)量、形狀或程度上加以渲染以增強(qiáng)表示效果。Thanks a million. They almost died laughing. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. Im starving.From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than money. 第23頁(yè)用文雅、溫和、含混話語(yǔ)替換直接、生硬、直露話語(yǔ)。它是一個(gè)慣用語(yǔ)言變通形式。Th