細胞常見信號通路圖片合集

1、目錄 TOC o 1-1 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc502843162 actin肌絲 PAGEREF _Toc502843162 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843163 Wnt/LRP6信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843163 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843164 WNT信號轉(zhuǎn)導 PAGEREF _Toc502843164 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843165 WestNile西尼羅河病毒 PAGEREF _Toc502843165 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843166 Vitam

2、inC維生素C在大腦中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843166 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843167 視覺信號轉(zhuǎn)導 PAGEREF _Toc502843167 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843168 VEGF，低氧 PAGEREF _Toc502843168 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843169 TSP-1誘導細胞凋亡 PAGEREF _Toc502843169 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843170 Trka信號轉(zhuǎn)導 PAGEREF _Toc502843170 h 16 HYPERLINK

3、l _Toc502843171 dbpb調(diào)節(jié)mRNA PAGEREF _Toc502843171 h 17 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843172 CARM1甲基化 PAGEREF _Toc502843172 h 19 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843173 CREB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 PAGEREF _Toc502843173 h 20 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843174 TPO信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843174 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843175 Toll-Like受體 PAGEREF _Toc502843175 h

4、 22 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843176 TNFR2信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843176 h 24 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843177 TNFR1信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843177 h 25 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843178 IGF-1受體 PAGEREF _Toc502843178 h 26 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843179 TNF/Stress相關(guān)信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843179 h 27 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843180 共刺激信號 PAGEREF _

5、Toc502843180 h 29 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843181 Th1/Th2細胞分化 PAGEREF _Toc502843181 h 30 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843182 TGFbeta信號轉(zhuǎn)導 PAGEREF _Toc502843182 h 32 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843183 端粒、端粒酶與衰老 PAGEREF _Toc502843183 h 33 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843184 TACI和BCMA調(diào)節(jié)B細胞免疫 PAGEREF _Toc502843184 h 35 HYPERLINK l _Toc502

6、843185 T輔助細胞的表面受體 PAGEREF _Toc502843185 h 36 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843186 T細胞受體信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843186 h 37 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843187 T細胞受體和CD3復合物 PAGEREF _Toc502843187 h 38 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843188 Cardiolipin的合成 PAGEREF _Toc502843188 h 40 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843189 Synaptic突觸連接中的蛋白 PAGEREF _Toc502

7、843189 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843190 HSP在應(yīng)激中的調(diào)節(jié)的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843190 h 43 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843191 Stat3信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843191 h 45 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843192 SREBP控制脂質(zhì)合成 PAGEREF _Toc502843192 h 46 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843193 酪氨酸激酶的調(diào)節(jié) PAGEREF _Toc502843193 h 48 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843194 Sonic

8、Hedgehog(SHH)受體ptc1調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期 PAGEREF _Toc502843194 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843195 SonicHedgehog(Shh)信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843195 h 53 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843196 SODD/TNFR1信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843196 h 56 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843197 AKT/mTOR在骨骼肌肥大中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843197 h 58 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843198 G蛋白信號轉(zhuǎn)導 P

9、AGEREF _Toc502843198 h 59 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843199 IL1受體信號轉(zhuǎn)導 PAGEREF _Toc502843199 h 60 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843200 acetyl從線粒體到胞漿過程 PAGEREF _Toc502843200 h 62 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843201 趨化因子chemokine在T細胞極化中的選擇性表達 PAGEREF _Toc502843201 h 63 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843202 SARS冠狀病毒蛋白酶 PAGEREF _Toc502843202 h

10、65 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843203 SARS冠狀病毒蛋白酶 PAGEREF _Toc502843203 h 67 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843204 Parkin在泛素-蛋白酶體中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843204 h 69 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843205 nicotinicacetylcholine受體在凋亡中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843205 h 71 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843206 線粒體在細胞凋亡中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843206 h 73 HYPERLINK

11、 l _Toc502843207 MEF2D在T細胞凋亡中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843207 h 74 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843208 Erk5和神經(jīng)元生存 PAGEREF _Toc502843208 h 75 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843209 ERBB2信號轉(zhuǎn)導 PAGEREF _Toc502843209 h 77 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843210 GPCRs調(diào)節(jié)EGF受體 PAGEREF _Toc502843210 h 78 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843211 BRCA1調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤敏感性 PAGEREF

12、_Toc502843211 h 79 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843212 Rho細胞運動的信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843212 h 81 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843213 Leptin能逆轉(zhuǎn)胰島素抵抗 PAGEREF _Toc502843213 h 82 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843214 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子DREAM調(diào)節(jié)疼敏感 PAGEREF _Toc502843214 h 84 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843215 PML調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄 PAGEREF _Toc502843215 h 86 HYPERLINK l _Toc5028

13、43216 p27調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期 PAGEREF _Toc502843216 h 88 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843217 MAPK信號調(diào)節(jié) PAGEREF _Toc502843217 h 89 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843218 細胞因子調(diào)節(jié)造血細胞分化 PAGEREF _Toc502843218 h 91 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843219 eIF4e和p70S6激酶調(diào)節(jié) PAGEREF _Toc502843219 h 92 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843220 eIF2調(diào)節(jié) PAGEREF _Toc502843220 h 93

14、HYPERLINK l _Toc502843221 谷氨酸受體調(diào)節(jié)ck1/cdk5 PAGEREF _Toc502843221 h 94 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843222 BAD磷酸化調(diào)節(jié) PAGEREF _Toc502843222 h 95 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843223 plk3在細胞周期中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843223 h 96 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843224 Reelin信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843224 h 97 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843225 RB腫瘤抑制和DNA破壞

15、 PAGEREF _Toc502843225 h 98 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843226 NK細胞介導的細胞毒作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843226 h 99 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843227 Ras信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843227 h 100 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843228 Rac1細胞運動信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843228 h 101 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843229 PTEN依賴的細胞生長抑制和細胞凋亡 PAGEREF _Toc502843229 h 103 HYPERL

16、INK l _Toc502843230 蛋白激酶A（PKA）在中心粒中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843230 h 104 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843231 notch信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843231 h 106 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843232 蛋白酶體Proteasome復合物 PAGEREF _Toc502843232 h 108 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843233 Prion朊病毒的信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843233 h 109 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843234 早老素

17、Presenilin在notch和wnt信號中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843234 h 110 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843235 淀粉樣蛋白前體信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843235 h 112 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843236 mRNA的poly(A)形成 PAGEREF _Toc502843236 h 113 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843237 PKC抑制myosin磷酸化 PAGEREF _Toc502843237 h 114 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843238 磷脂酶C（PLC）信號 PAGER

18、EF _Toc502843238 h 115 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843239 巨噬細胞Pertussistoxin不敏感的CCR5信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843239 h 116 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843240 Pelp1調(diào)節(jié)雌激素受體的活性 PAGEREF _Toc502843240 h 117 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843241 PDGF信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843241 h 118 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843242 p53信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843242 h 1

19、20 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843243 p38MAPK信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843243 h 121 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843244 Nrf2是氧化應(yīng)激基本表達的關(guān)鍵基因 PAGEREF _Toc502843244 h 122 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843245 OX40信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843245 h 123 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843246 hTert轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)節(jié)作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843246 h 124 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843247

20、hTerc轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)活性圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843247 h 125 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843248 AIF在細胞凋亡中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843248 h 126 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843249 Omega氧化通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843249 h 127 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843250 核受體在脂質(zhì)代謝和毒性中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843250 h 129 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843251 NK細胞中NO2依賴的IL-12信號通路 PAGEREF _To

21、c502843251 h 131 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843252 TOR信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843252 h 133 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843253 NO信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843253 h 134 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843254 NF-kB信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843254 h 135 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843255 NFAT與心肌肥厚的示意圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843255 h 137 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843256

22、神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)素及其表面分子 PAGEREF _Toc502843256 h 139 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843257 神經(jīng)肽VIP和PACAP防止活化T細胞凋亡圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843257 h 141 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843258 神經(jīng)生長因子信號圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843258 h 142 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843259 細胞凋亡信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843259 h 144 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843260 MAPK級聯(lián)通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843260

23、 h 144 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843261 MAPK信號通路圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843261 h 145 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843262 BCR信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843262 h 146 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843263 蛋白質(zhì)乙?；疽鈭D PAGEREF _Toc502843263 h 147 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843264 wnt信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843264 h 148 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843265 胰島素受體信號通路 PAGER

24、EF _Toc502843265 h 149 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843266 細胞周期在G2/M期的調(diào)控機理圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843266 h 151 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843267 細胞周期G1/S檢查點調(diào)控機理圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843267 h 152 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843268 Jak-STAT關(guān)系總表 PAGEREF _Toc502843268 h 153 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843269 Jak/STAT信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843269 h 155 HYP

25、ERLINK l _Toc502843270 TGFbeta信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843270 h 156 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843271 NFkappaB信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843271 h 157 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843272 p38MAPK信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843272 h 159 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843273 SAPK/JNK信號級聯(lián)通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843273 h 160 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843274 從G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體到MAPK

26、 PAGEREF _Toc502843274 h 161 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843275 MAPK pathwayMAPK級聯(lián)信號圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843275 h 162 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843276 eIF-4E和p70S6激酶調(diào)控蛋白質(zhì)翻譯 PAGEREF _Toc502843276 h 163 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843277 eif2蛋白質(zhì)翻譯 PAGEREF _Toc502843277 h 164 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843278 蛋白質(zhì)翻譯示意圖 PAGEREF _Toc50284327

27、8 h 165 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843279 線粒體凋亡通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843279 h 167 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843280 死亡受體信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843280 h 168 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843281 凋亡抑制通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843281 h 170 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843282 細胞凋亡綜合示意圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843282 h 171 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843283 Akt/Pkb信號通路 PAGE

28、REF _Toc502843283 h 172 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843284 MAPK/ERK信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843284 h 174 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843285 哺乳動物MAPK信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843285 h 175 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843286 Pitx2多步調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄 PAGEREF _Toc502843286 h 176 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843287 IGF-1R導致BAD磷酸化的多個凋亡路徑 PAGEREF _Toc502843287 h 17

29、7 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843288 多重耐藥因子 PAGEREF _Toc502843288 h 179 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843289 mTOR信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843289 h 180 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843290 Msp/Ron受體信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843290 h 181 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843291 單核細胞和其表面分子 PAGEREF _Toc502843291 h 182 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843292 線粒體的肉毒堿轉(zhuǎn)移酶（CPT）

30、系統(tǒng) PAGEREF _Toc502843292 h 183 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843293 METS影響巨噬細胞的分化 PAGEREF _Toc502843293 h 184 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843294 Anandamide，內(nèi)源性大麻醇的代謝 PAGEREF _Toc502843294 h 186 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843295 黑色素細胞（Melanocyte）發(fā)育和信號 PAGEREF _Toc502843295 h 187 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843296 DNA甲基化導致轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制的機理圖 PAGERE

31、F _Toc502843296 h 188 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843297 蛋白質(zhì)的核輸入信號圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843297 h 190 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843298 PPARa調(diào)節(jié)過氧化物酶體的增殖 PAGEREF _Toc502843298 h 192 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843299 對乙氨基酚（Acetaminophen）的活性和毒性機理 PAGEREF _Toc502843299 h 194 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843300 mCalpain在細胞運動中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502

32、843300 h 196 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843301 MAPK信號圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843301 h 198 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843302 MAPK抑制SMRT活化 PAGEREF _Toc502843302 h 200 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843303 蘋果酸和天門冬酸間的轉(zhuǎn)化 PAGEREF _Toc502843303 h 201 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843304 低密度脂蛋白（LDL）在動脈粥樣硬化中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843304 h 202 HYPERLINK l _T

33、oc502843305 LIS1基因在神經(jīng)細胞的發(fā)育和遷移中的作用圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843305 h 204 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843306 Pyk2與Mapk相連的信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843306 h 205 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843307 galactose代謝通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843307 h 206 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843308 Lectin誘導補體的通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843308 h 207 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843309 Lck和

34、Fyn在TCR活化中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843309 h 208 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843310 乳酸合成圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843310 h 209 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843311 Keratinocyte分化圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843311 h 210 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843312 離子通道在心血管內(nèi)皮細胞中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc502843312 h 211 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843313 離子通道和佛波脂（PhorbalEsters）信號 PAGER

35、EF _Toc502843313 h 213 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843314 內(nèi)源性Prothrombin激活通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843314 h 214 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843315 Ribosome內(nèi)化通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843315 h 216 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843316 整合素（Integrin）信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843316 h 217 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843317 胰島素（Insulin）信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843317

36、h 218 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843318 MatrixMetalloproteinases PAGEREF _Toc502843318 h 219 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843319 組氨酸去乙?；种苿┮种艸untington病 PAGEREF _Toc502843319 h 220 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843320 Gleevec誘導細胞增殖 PAGEREF _Toc502843320 h 222 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843321 Ras和Rho在細胞周期的G1/S轉(zhuǎn)換中的作用 PAGEREF _Toc5028433

37、21 h 224 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843322 DR3，4，5受體誘導細胞凋亡 PAGEREF _Toc502843322 h 225 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843323 AKT調(diào)控Gsk3圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843323 h 226 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843324 IL-7信號轉(zhuǎn)導 PAGEREF _Toc502843324 h 227 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843325 IL22可溶性受體信號轉(zhuǎn)導圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843325 h 229 HYPERLINK l _Toc50284332

38、6 IL-2活化T細胞圖 PAGEREF _Toc502843326 h 230 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843327 IL12和Stat4依賴的TH1細胞發(fā)育信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843327 h 232 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843328 IL-10信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843328 h 233 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843329 IL6信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc502843329 h 234 HYPERLINK l _Toc502843330 IL5信號通路 PAGEREF _Toc50284333

39、0 h 236actin肌絲Mammalian cell motility requires actin polymerization in the direction of movement to change membrane shape and extend cytoplasm into lamellipodia. The polymerization of actin to drive cell movement also involves branching of actin filaments into a network oriented with the growing end

40、s of the fibers near the cell membrane. Manipulation of this process helps bacteria like Salmonella gain entry into cells they infect. Two of the proteins involved in the formation of Y branches and in cell motility are Arp2 and Arp3, both members of a large multiprotein complex containing several o

41、ther polypeptides as well. The Arp2/3 complex is localized at the Y branch junction and induces actin polymerization. Activity of this complex is regulated by multiple different cell surface receptor signaling systems, activating WASP, and Arp2/3 in turn to cause changes in cell shape and cell motil

42、ity. Wasp and its cousin Wave-1 interact with the Arp2/3 complex through the p21 component of the complex. The crystal structure of the Arp2/3 complex has revealed further insights into the nature of how the complex works.Activation by Wave-1, another member of the WASP family, also induces actin al

43、terations in response to Rac1 signals upstream. Wave-1 is held in an inactive complex in the cytosol that is activated to allow Wave-1 to associate with Arp2/3. While WASP is activated by interaction with Cdc42, Wave-1, is activated by interaction with Rac1 and Nck. Wave-1 activation by Rac1 and Nck

44、 releases Wave-1 with Hspc300 to activate actin Y branching and polymerization by Arp2/3. Different members of this gene family may produce different actin cytoskeletal architectures. The immunological defects associated with mutation of the WASP gene, the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome for which WASP was

45、 named, indicates the importance of this system for normal cellular function.Cory GO, Ridley AJ. Cell motility: braking WAVEs. Nature. 2002 Aug 15;418(6899):732-3. No abstract available. Eden, S., et al. (2002) Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck. Nature 418(689

46、9), 790-3 Falet H, Hoffmeister KM, Neujahr R, Hartwig JH. Normal Arp2/3 complex activation in platelets lacking WASp. Blood. 2002 Sep 15;100(6):2113-22. Kreishman-Deitrick M, Rosen MK, Kreishman-Deltrick M. Ignition of a cellular machine. Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Feb;4(2):E31-3. No abstract available. Ma

47、chesky, L.M., Insall, R.H. (1998) Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton through the Arp2/3 complex. Curr Biol 8(25), 1347-56 Robinson, R.C. et al. (2001) Crystal structure of Arp2/3 complex. Science 294(5547), 1679-84 Weeds A, Yeoh S. Structure

48、. Action at the Y-branch. Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1660-1. No abstract available. Wnt/LRP6信號Wnt glycoproteins play a role in diverse processes during embryonic patterning in metazoa through interaction with frizzled-type seven-transmembrane-domain receptors (Frz) to stabilize b-catenin. LDL-re

49、ceptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a Wnt co-receptor, is required for this interaction. Dikkopf (dkk) proteins are both positive and negative modulators of this signalingWNT信號轉(zhuǎn)導WestNile西尼羅河病毒W(wǎng)est Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae, a plus-stranded virus family that includes St. Louis enc

50、ephalitis virus, Kunjin virus, yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. WNV was initially isolated in 1937 in the West Nile region of Uganda and has become prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Europe. WNV has rapidly spread across the United States through its insect host and cau

51、ses neurological symptoms and encephalitis, which can result in paralysis or death. Since 1999 about 3700 cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection and 200 deaths have been recorded in United States. The viral capsid protein likely contributes to the WNV-associated deadly inflammation via apoptosis i

52、nduced through the mitochondrial pathway. WNV particles (50 nm in diameter) consist of a dense core (viral protein C encapsidated virus RNA genome) surrounded by a membrane envelope (viral E and M proteins embedded in a lipid bilayer). The virus binds to a specific cell surface protein (not yet iden

53、tified), an interaction thought to involve E protein with highly sulfated neperan sulfate (HSHS) residues that are present on the surfaces of many cells and enters the cell by a process similar to that of endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the genome RNA is released into the cytoplasm via endosomal

54、release, a fusion process involving acidic pH induced conformation change in the E protein. The RNA genome serves as mRNA and is translated by ribosomes into ten mature viral proteins are produced via proteolytic cleavage, which include three structural components and seven different nonstructural c

55、omponents of the virus. These proteins assemble and transcribe complimentary minus strand RNAs from the genomic RNA. The complimentary minus strand RNA in turns serves as template for the synthesis of positive-stranded genomic RNAs. Once viral E, preM and C proteins have accumulated to sufficient le

56、vel, they assemble with the genomic RNA to form progeny virions, which migrate to the cell surface where they are surrounded with lipid envelop and released.VitaminC維生素C在大腦中的作用Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) was first identified by virtue of the essential role it plays in collagen modification, preventing

57、 the nutritional deficiency scurvy. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for hydroxylase enzymes that post-translationally modify collagen to increase the strength and elasticity of tissues. Vitamin C reduces the metal ion prosthetic groups of many enzymes, maintaining activity of enzymes, also acts as an a

58、nti-oxidant. Although the prevention of scurvy through modification of collagen may be the most obvious role for vitamin C, it is not necessarily the only role of vitamin C. Svct1 and Svct2 are ascorbate transporters for vitamin C import into tissues and into cells. Both of these transporters specif

59、ically transport reduced L-ascorbic acid against a concentration gradient using the intracellular sodium gradient to drive ascorbate transport. Svct1 is expressed in epithelial cells in the intestine, upregulated in cellular models for intestinal epithelium and appears to be responsible for the impo

60、rt of dietary vitamin C from the intestinal lumen. The vitamin C imported from the intestine is present in plasma at approximately 50 uM, almost exclusively in the reduced form, and is transported to tissues to play a variety of roles. Svct2 imports reduced ascorbate from the plasma into very active