口語核心關(guān)聯(lián)詞

1、Some words and phrases used to begin a sentence that show linkage to the previous sentence (關(guān)聯(lián)詞)(Also called discourse markers)If you use any of these examples as the first words in an answer, the linkage is to the question the examiner asked or a statement the examiner made, or to a statement you h

2、ad previously made.As well as showing linkage, these words and phrases act as an introduction to what you are going to say.There is a slight pause after you say these expressions before you continue speaking. In writing, these words and expressions are followed by a comma.Remember: If you dont clear

3、ly show that you can use a lot of these,you wont get a 6 (or above) for Coherence and therefore you wont get a 6 (or above) for the Fluency and Coherence sub-score.Dont overuse any one of the examples shown below. Instead, show variety.Informal words and expressions are good to use in the Speakingte

4、st! (But not slang words and expressions.)Those words or expressions labeled as a little formal are most suitable when talking about rather serious or abstract topics, such as Part 3. However,dont use too many of those marked as, “a littlein the Speaking test and I suggest not using any one of those

5、 more once.Any words or expressions labeled as i-very formal should only be used in the most serious or academic-style language, which is usually either a formal speech or academic writing. It is not considered wrong if you do use these in the test but it will make your speaking sound a bit unnatura

6、l, like reading from a book. The only example here is moreover.Most of these are used to begin a sentence but a few are usually used as conjunctions within a sentence. However, in speaking, these sound almost as if they are beginning a new sentence.I recommend that you check in a good English-Chines

7、e dictionary (a big one) to see the Chinese translation of these words and expressions and to see the examples in the dictionary. Then write and speak a few of your own examples.Later, more examples and some Chinese translations will be added to this page.See also the list of ADVERBS. Those adverbs

8、listed under A are excellent ways to make your language more cohesive (=of these adverbs are included below.After youve read this page, you might want to try this online quiz.*1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *

9、1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1*Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, not emphasizing difference2 Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the differenceTalking about Similarity （相似，類似）Contradicting （反駁）Conce

10、ssion （concede （v）:承認某事屬實，有效，合理等）Concession and Counter Argument （反論點）Persuading （說服）Dismissal of Previous Discourse （解雇前話語）Adding; Giving More DetailsGiving ExamplesBeing More SpecificClarifyingSummarizingSpeaking in GeneralExceptionStating the PurposeEmphasizingGiving ReasonsTalking about the Resu

11、ltGiving a conclusion based on a logical argumentParallel Time22 Changing the SubjectReturning to a Previous SubjectGaining Time to ThinkTalking about the BeginningTalking about the End*1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1*

12、 *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1*1. Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, not emphasizing differenceOn the other hand （另一方面）I can

13、 t decide which country to study in. Britain has many universities and a long history, so it would be interesting to study there. On the other hand, Australia has a nicer climate. Its a difficult decision.Alternatively (作為一種選擇)You could get a degree in accountancy in Britain. Alternatively, you coul

14、d do it in Australia or New Zealand.Then again (然而) (Used when an alternative idea suddenly comes to mind.)We might get married this year. Then again, we might delay it for a year ortwo -we havent decided yet.Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the differenceHowever (A little formal)Im in

15、terested in science and computers. However, my sisters more interested in art and music.Nevertheless (a little formal) (不過, 雖然如此, 然而, 仍然)I wouldnt say that all advertisements are a bad influence on children -some of them are quite informative and entertaining.Nevertheless, I think some advertisement

16、s might be detrimental to children. For example, Having said that = That said（A little formal. Stress on the word, “said”. Meaning = “Even though I justsaid A, an alternative or opposing idea, B is also true.”）Learning English isnt easy; it takes hard work and practice.Having saidthat, many people d

17、o become quite fluent after a few years of study.At the same time （但是， 然而）I think good teachers have to be quite strict in order to keep the class under control.At the same time, teachers should be warm and friendly so the students can relate to them as human beings.All/Just the same （仍然，盡管如此）Studyi

18、ng overseas can be wonderful experience for students. All the same, they have to work very hard to make up for their language deficiencies.Mind you （你要知道）（Esp. British English. Stress on the word, you. Informal = good to use!Meaning = “Even though I just said A, dont forget this important opposing o

19、r contrasting point, B.”）To tell you the truth, I dont really like my job very much. Mind you, the salarys quite good!Still （還是，然而）Its going to take me a few years and quite a lot of money before I get my doctorate. Still, I think itll be worth it in the end because Yet （還是，然而）He does the least stud

20、y of any of us, yet he almost always gets the bestInstead (代替)Dont overuse any of the examples shown here. Instead, show a variety of ways to express your meaning.I dont read newspapers very often nowadays. Instead, I either watch the news on TV or I read it on the internet.In spite of (this, that);

21、 Despite this; Despite that (但仍然)The second hotel was more expensive than the first one, about double the room rate, in fact. In spite of the cost, we chose to stay at the second one because we wanted a taste of luxury for a night.Even so (盡管情況如此)(In writing this is within a single sentence but in s

22、peaking it sounds like it is beginning a new sentence.)Studying a foreign language overseas is much more expensive than studying it at home; (but,) even so, its definitely the best way to learn a language.Conversely （相反. Very good for academic writing, especially Task 1 in theWriting test, but too f

23、ormal for everyday speech）Global warming will probably result in some farming areas in the warm parts of the world becoming arid and unusable. Conversely, places that are too cold for farming now might become suitable for farming as they become warmer.In contrast （相反）Young people like films that are

24、 full of excitement and romance, reflecting how they feel about things. In contrast, older people prefer more subtle and thoughtful films.3 Talking about Sim訂arit似，類似）likewise;Similarly （也，同樣） （Hard to pronounce!）Yes, I think there should be a little more emphasis on practical skills, especially in

25、primary school. Similarly, in high school and university, there should be more emphasis on the practical application of what students learn at school.In the same way （Also: In a similar way）My grandmother taught my mother how to cook when she was just a child. In the same way, my mother taught me wh

26、en I was about ten years old.By the same token （相應(yīng)地；基于同一理由）Yes, I think we should try to follow the advice of our parents. By the same token, parents should consider what their children really want, not just what they themselves want.4. Contradicting （反駁）On the contrary （恰恰相反, 那不對）Note: Many student

27、s incorrectly think that this means the same as, On the other hand. It does not. There are two usages of, on the contrary.Usage a）: The most common meaning is: Thats untrue and Ill tell you the true situation. Or, / disagree and this is what I think.Examples:A: “I guess youre Canadian.”B: “On the co

28、ntrary, Im Australian.A: “I heard you live in a big house.”B: “On the contrary, I live in a small apartment.A: “But it was completely unexpected.”B: “On the contrary, (I think) it was planned to happen that way.Usage b):Here is an example of Usage b.Speaker 1: “I think thats ugly.”Speaker 2: “I dont

29、 think its ugly at all. On the contrary, I think its quitebeautiful.”Here, “I dont think its ugly” = “I think its beautiful” in meaning. Both of these statements contradict what Speaker 1 said but the second, positive statement is more emphatic than the first, negative statement.It is possible for S

30、peaker 2 to simply answer, “On the contrary, I think itsquite beautiful.”but the usual usage is to first contradicWhat the other person said.In usage b), the form of the statement is this: negative statement + On the contrary + positive statement.And, the negative statement = the positive statement

31、in meaning.The meaning of “On the contrary here is similar to saying, “in fact” “as a matter of fact or actually.In both usage a) and usage b), “On the contrary” is used when talking (or writing) about two ideas (facts, opinions, beliefs or feelings) that are 180 in opposition to each other.In the f

32、ollowing example, the speaker or writer first makes a negative statement, “would not fail.”“Eventually, I came to believe that I wouldnt fail. On the contrarybecame convinced that I would succeed very well.This could either be a written statement or a spoken statement. It either case, it has a rathe

33、r literary （文學的） or formal tone. The statement is similar to correcting or contradicting another person where, in this case, the other person is the speaker or writer himself and his earlier feelings about his own success. That is, originally this person believed, I might fail then he changed to hav

34、e confidence that he would not fail.The following example is similar to the one above in structure. However, although the use of, “On the contrary” here is acceptable it would be more suit ablo use, “in fct” or, as a matter of fact ” because the speaker or writer is not correcting or contradicting a

35、nother person but instead, is simply writing a description of the cost of houses in Beijing, a description that begins with a negative statement.A house with a garden in Beijing is not cheap. On the contrary, a house with a garden in Beijing is very expensive.On the other hand, the following example

36、 of usage a） is suitable because Speaker 2 is correcting Speaker 1.Speaker 1: I was told that a house with a garden in Beijing was quite cheap.”Speaker 2: On the contrary, a house with a garden in Beijing is very expensive.”Advice about using, On the contrary in the Writing testIn general, I think m

37、ost IELTS candidates should be careful about using On the contrary in the Writing test. In fact, it would be better to use alternative ways to express yourself, such as, in fact or,“as a matter of fact”. “On the contrary” is mostly used in speaking (usage a) and its use in writing (usage b) can some

38、times have a tone that is unnecessarily formal or literary. Not only that, when you use the words, On the contrary, you should be contradicting or correcting someone. In the writing test, this someone would usually be some people who believe or state a certain opinion, which you feel you can prove t

39、o be erroneous.5Concision (concede (v):承認某事屬實，有效，合理等)(These examples of concession are often followed by a counter argument (反論點) beginning with but or some similar word or phrase.)These beginning words can be used to concede that the other speaker is correct.Of course; Admittedly; Naturally; Obviou

40、sly; Clearly; Undeniably; UndoubtedlyOf course, theres always an exception to the rule but, in general, I still stand by what I said.Admittedly, some people do waste money but I think the majority of people are pretty careful with their money.Naturally, I hope to find a job thats both interesting an

41、d well paid but, realistically, such jobs are hard to find when a person first starts working.Obviously, thered be fewer cars on the roads if they were much more expensive to buy.Undoubtedly, millions of cars do produce air pollution but Id say that the thousands of trucks that come into and leave t

42、he city during the night produce a lot of the air pollution that we see when we wake up in the morning. You only have to see the pollution produced by one dirty, old truck to know that.6. Concession and Counter ArgumentAll the same （see above） is another way to continue defending your opinion after

43、conceding that the other person is not 100% wrong in his/her opinion.Yes, I agree that some young people are spendthrifts but, all the same, the majority are not like that.7.Persuading （說服）After all （畢竟，終究，歸根結(jié)底 ）; You have to admitMost Chinese people about the age of twenty make their own decisions

44、about important things in life. After all, theyre adults at that age.& Dismissal of Previous Discourse （解雇前話語）（See also besides in 9. Adding, below.）Anyway = Anyhow （無論如何） =At any rate （無論如何, 不管怎樣） = In any case （無論如何, 總之）Anyway, I eventually got there and nobody noticed that I was late! （After tell

45、ing a story about being late.）At least （反正，無論如何）At least I got there before the main part of the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.)(Notice no comma used after, At least)Adding; Giving More DetailsAs well as that (= Not only that) (informal; good for speaking)Art classes for, say, pr

46、imary school children encourage the development of the imagination, creativity and self-expression. As well as that, these art classes provide an opportunity for those who have special artistic talent to become aware of this talent; they might never have known they had this talent if they had never

47、had the opportunity to attend an art class.On top of that (informal; good for speaking)Well, firstly, emails are much faster and cheaper than handwritten letters. On top of that, theyre muchmore convenient you can read or write emails with just a few strokes of the keyboard, without worrying about p

48、aper, envelopes and stamps and going out to mail your letters.Another thing isI think the latest video technology is in many ways superior to books in educational value because this technology has written words but also has information in audio and video form. Another thing is, its easier to store a

49、nd carry around a disc than a book that holds the same amount of information.For that matter(Similar to, “As a matter of fact”, “In fact” and “Actually”)To tell you the truth, Im not very interested in basketball. For that matter, Im not very interested inany sport.Besides (= “而且” + “無論如何” or “而且” +

50、 “不管怎樣” 的意思)I havent seen that film. Besides, Ive heard its not very good.Theres a restaurant near my home but I dont often go there because its too expensive and, to be quite frank, I dont like their service theyre much too slow. Besides, right now Im too busy to eat out very often.Note： Besides is

51、 different to, in addition because the word besides introduces another idea that is in a different category, or a different train of thought to the other idea(s). In the previous example, the first two reasons were criticisms of the restaurant; the last reason was separate from these reasons but, ov

52、erall, was still an additional reason why the speaker does not eat at the restaurant very often.Whats more (This sounds a little too formal and unnatural if not spoken in the contracted form. In other words, dont say, “What is more”)Yes, I think the internet has changed peoples reading habits for th

53、e better. I say that because now we can tap into a much larger range of, and volume of reading material than we could when we just relied on our collection of books at home. Whats more, topics such as current events are being updated daily so we can always be up to date with the news.Furthermore (a

54、little formal)Actually, I think academic skills are more important than practical skills because, if you have highly developed academic skills you can usually get highly paid work. Furthermore, I think in the future, society will value those who have brainpower more than those people who can do prac

55、tical things with their hands.In addition (a little formal)Reading allows people to become aware of their society and, in fact the whole world. In addition, reading is the main way that people increase their education and we all need to continually learn in order to make progress in our careers.More

56、over (Very formal. It is best not to use this in the speaking test but it is suitable for academic writing)Advertisements that glorify violence are a negative influence on children. Moreover, I think theyre a negative influence on anyone who sees them, not just children.Giving ExamplesFor example; F

57、or instance; As an example; To begin with; To start with; For a start ;Being More SpecificSpecifically; To be more specific; In particular; As a matter of fact; In fact; ActuallyClarifyingI mean; What I mean is; To put that another way; What Im trying to say is; My point is ;In other words; That is

58、(a little formal); That is to say (a little formal)SummarizingOverall; On the whole; Basically; Fundamentally;Speaking in GeneralGenerally, In general; TypicallyExceptionOtherwiseStating the Purpose(In order) to (+ verb); (In order) to achieve thisEmphasizingAbove all;Indeed (a little formal)Q: Do y

59、our friends also like that kind of film?A: Indeed they do!Giving ReasonsIn the first place; For one thing; The main reason why ; One of the reasons why ; One reasonwhy Talking about the ResultAs a result; As a consequence; Consequently; So; Because of this; In this/that wayGiving a conclusion based

60、on a logical argumentSo; Therefore (a little formal); Thus and hence are too formal even for theWriting testParallel TimeAt the same time; Simultaneously; Meanwhile; In the meantimeChanging the Subject(It is uncommon to suddenly and completely change the subject when you speak in the IELTS test.)By