行為醫(yī)學的基本理論課件

1、行為醫(yī)學的基本理論行為醫(yī)學的基本理論行為醫(yī)學的基本理論行為醫(yī)學的基本理論行為醫(yī)學的基本理論行為醫(yī)學的基本理論Behaviorism TheoryLearning Theory2021/1/122Behaviorism TheoryLearning TheBehaviorismJohn B.Watson 約翰.華生 （18781958） 2021/1/123Behaviorism 2021/1/123Behaviorism馮特“心理學是研究意識的科學” 華生：心理學應該研究可以被觀察和直接測量的行為，反對研究沒有科學根據的意識。他反對內省的研究方法，主張以純實驗的方法研究心理學。 2021/1/

2、124Behaviorism馮特“心理學是研究意識的科學” 202華生1919年行為主義觀點的心理學 1925年行為主義 行為主義觀點認為，心理學不應該研究意識，只應該研究行為。所謂行為就是有機體用以適應環(huán)境變化的各種身體反應的組合。這些反應不外是肌肉收縮和腺體分泌，它們有的表現在身體外部，有的隱藏在身體內部，強度有大有小。 2021/1/125華生1919年行為主義觀點的心理學 1925年行為華生認為心理學研究行為的任務就在于查明刺激與反應之間的規(guī)律性關系。這樣就能根據刺激推知反應，根據反應推知刺激，達到預測和控制行為的目的?？梢詠G開意識去考察 行為 。運用更客觀的方法去研究行為。S-R20

3、21/1/126華生認為心理學研究行為的任務就在于查明刺激與反應之間的規(guī)律性 “Give me a dozen health infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select, doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even begg

4、ar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,vocations, and race of his ancestors” (John B. Watson,1925)2021/1/127 “Give me a dozen health iBurrbus Frederick Skinner 斯金納 （19041990） 2021/1/128Burrbus Frederick Skinner 斯Albert Bandura 班杜拉 (1925-) 2021/1/129Albert Bandu

5、ra2021/1/129Behaviorism SRNew behaviorism SOR2021/1/1210Behaviorism2021/1/1210Basic styles of learning1. Classical conditioning2. Operant conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)3. Observational learning ( Social learning)2021/1/1211Basic styles of learning1. ClaPavlovian 巴甫洛夫 ( 1849-1936)2021/1/121

6、2Pavlovian 巴甫洛夫2021/1/1212Classical conditioning2021/1/1213Classical conditioning2021/1/12021/1/12142021/1/12142021/1/12152021/1/1215Classical conditioningA set of procedures, developed by Pavlov, used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditionin

7、g leads to the learning of relations between events- that occur outside of ones control.2021/1/1216Classical conditioningA set of（UCS）（UCR）（CS）+（UCS） (UCR)（CS）（CR）Classical conditioning2021/1/1217（UCS）（UCR）（CS）+（UCS） (UCR)2021/1/12182021/1/12182021/1/12192021/1/1219Operant conditioning2021/1/1220Ope

8、rant conditioning2021/1/122Skinners box2021/1/1221Skinners box2021/1/1221 Operant Conditioning A form of behaviorism based on the premise that reinforced behaviors tend to continue, while those that are punished or are not reinforced tend to gradually end. 2021/1/1222 Operant Conditioning A form Res

9、ponse(behavior)Consequence(reinforcer)Effect on behavior(increasing)Operant Conditioning (reformation)2021/1/1223ResponseConsequenceEffect on bObservational LearningObservational Learning Learning that occurs as a result of observing the experiences of others. Also called social learning2021/1/1224O

10、bservational LearningObservatBasic principles of learningreinforcement Punishmentextinction generalization habituation shaping modeling 2021/1/1225Basic principles of learningrhabituation habituation An event occurs repeatedly, but in this case, the reaction of the animal wanes with repeated exposur

11、e. A behavioural alteration where an organism gets accustomed to a particular stimuli, and no longer produces a response to it. 2021/1/1226habituation habituation 2021/1Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud（18561939）2021/1/1227Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychodynPsychoanalysis Unconsciou

12、s theoryTheories of personalityLibido: Stages of psychosexual developmentAnxiety and Defense MechanismsDream interpretation 2021/1/1228Psychoanalysis Unconscious th Conscious The contents of awareness those things that occupy the focus of ones current attention. Preconscious Information that is not

13、conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness. Unconscious A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness.2021/1/1229 Conscious 2021/1/1229Freuds personality theory Id The portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctu

14、al drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression. pleasure principle2021/1/1230Freuds personality theory Ego The portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. reality principle 2021/1/1231 E

15、go2021/1/1231 Superego The portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defined by parents and culture. idealistic principle2021/1/1232 Superego 2021/1/1232Anxiety and Defense MechanismsWhen we are unsuccessful in resolving a conflict

16、through normal constructive actions, we become anxious. Anxiety is considered both a symptom of conflict and a signal to use a defense mechanism. Defense mechanisms are psychological maneuvers by which we distort reality in ways that will help us avoid conflicts and reduce anxiety. 2021/1/1233Anxiet

17、y and Defense MechanismsDefense MechanismsRepressionDenialUndoing Regression Projection DisplacementReaction formationRationalizationCompensationIntellectualizationSublimation2021/1/1234Defense MechanismsRepressionRePsychoanalytic therapy TechniquesFree AssociationsThe Analysis of Dreams The Analysi

18、s of resistanceThe Analysis of transference Interpretation2021/1/1235Psychoanalytic therapy TechniqHumanism Theory Humanism Psychology. humanistic psychology as the third force in psychologyHumanism is a psychological approach that emphasises the study of the whole person, and the uniqueness of each

19、 individual. 2021/1/1236Humanism Theory Humanism PsycHumanism TheoryAbraham H. Maslow 馬斯洛(19081970)2021/1/1237Humanism TheoryAbraham H. Mas Carl Ranson. Rogers 羅杰斯(1902-1987 )2021/1/1238 Carl Ranson. Rogers2021/1/1232021/1/12392021/1/1239Self-actualization自我實現Kurt Goldsteinthe tendency to actualize

20、itself as fully as possible is the basic drive.the drive of self-actualization.“Carl Rogersthe curative force in psychotherapy-mans tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities.to express and activate all the capacities of the organism.2021/1/1240Self-actualization自我實現Kurt GoHumanism

21、PerspectiveIt views human nature is inherently and rational and as naturally moving toward self-actualization . Psychological disorders result when a persons natural tendency toward self-actualization is blocked. Remove the psychological blocks, and the person can move toward self-actualization2021/

22、1/1241Humanism PerspectiveIt views hCognitive TheoryCognitive psychology TheoryThe school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. 2021/1/1242Cognitive TheoryCognitive psycAaron Beck 貝克(1921 - )Becks cognitive therapy2021/1/12432021/1/1243A

23、lbert Ellis 艾里斯 (1913 -)rational-emotive therapy,RET; rational-emotive-behavior therapy, REBT2021/1/1244Albert Ellis 艾里斯2021/1/1244The cognitive perspective It suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders. For example, negative thinking is intimately involved in depression and anxiety. Treatment consiste