科技文本翻譯@課件

1、科技文本的英譯科技語域的類別與層次Halliday的系統(tǒng)功能語法理論認(rèn)為：決定語言特征的三大語境因素是語場(chǎng)(field of discourse)、語旨(tenor of discourse)和語式(mode of discourse)。語場(chǎng)指談話題材或話語的范圍；語旨指講話者之間的關(guān)系，及角色關(guān)系、角色地位等；語式指交際的渠道、媒介，如口頭語或書面語、自然語或人工語等。語境的這三大因素任何一項(xiàng)的變化，都會(huì)引起交流意義的變化，從而引起語言的變異或文體的變化，產(chǎn)生不同類型的語域?？蓪⒖萍颊Z域分為兩個(gè)類別；九個(gè)次類（表現(xiàn)形式）：一、文本種類概說科技文本分為專用科技文本與通俗科技文本。專用科技文本包

2、括專著、論文集科學(xué)報(bào)告等；而通俗科技文本則主要指一些普及型的科技讀物。按其具體體現(xiàn)的形式，又可細(xì)分為：科技著述、科技論文、科技報(bào)告、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告和方案；各類科技情報(bào)和文字資料；科技使用手冊(cè)，包括對(duì)儀器、機(jī)械、工具等地描述和操作規(guī)程；有關(guān)科技文體的會(huì)談、會(huì)議、交談；相關(guān)的音頻、視頻資料?？萍加⒄Z（EST）泛指一切論及或談及科技的書面語和口頭語?？萍加⒄Z是伴隨專業(yè)英語（ESP）的出現(xiàn)而萌生的，并已發(fā)展為一種重要的英語語體。普通科技文體主要包括兩個(gè)方面：科普文章(popular science article)及技術(shù)文本(technical document)。其語場(chǎng)是傳播科技知識(shí)、描寫生產(chǎn)過程、說明產(chǎn)

3、品的使用方法等。語旨是內(nèi)行對(duì)外行(scientist-to-layperson writing)。語式是采用自然語言，用詞生動(dòng)，句法簡(jiǎn)易，文風(fēng)活潑，多用修辭格。無論是科普文章或是技術(shù)文本都有較強(qiáng)的勸導(dǎo)性(persuasiveness)，所以普通科技文體常以簡(jiǎn)潔的語言，生動(dòng)的方式把信息傳遞給受眾。通俗科技文體與專用科技文體舉例Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digestion begins in the

4、mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After it is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tube having muscles and going to the stomach.Food is digested as it passes along the alimentary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food

5、 is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach.通過對(duì)比，發(fā)現(xiàn)詞匯和句法上的差異是明顯的。專用科技文體用術(shù)語表達(dá)，普通科技文體常用解釋性的文字表示。專業(yè)術(shù)語專業(yè)術(shù)語的大量使用，排斥多義性，即一個(gè)術(shù)語在某個(gè)學(xué)科中一般只能具有唯一意義。（多義勢(shì)必造成歧義，從而引起概念混亂，論點(diǎn)模糊）有時(shí)，同一詞語在不同學(xué)科中甚至是概念截然不同的術(shù)語，如seed在植物學(xué)中意為“種子”，而在體育科學(xué)中則為“種子

6、選手”；transmission在無線電工程學(xué)中意為“發(fā)射、播送”，在機(jī)械學(xué)中意為“傳動(dòng)、變速”，在物理學(xué)中為“透射”，在醫(yī)學(xué)中為“遺傳”。專業(yè)術(shù)語來源：1.賦予已有詞語新意義，如memory，mouse，prompt（提示符）；2.從拉丁語或希臘語吸收而來，通常詞義狹窄，不易混淆，如atmosphere，autograph（親筆簽名），capsule（太空艙），parasite（寄生蟲），pneumonia（肺炎）。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，普通英語詞匯中46%來源于拉丁語，7.2%來源于希臘語，而科技英語詞匯中這些比率更高；3.新造詞語，如allergy（過敏），hormone（激素），reboot（重啟）

7、。A concentration process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possible. (富集)名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)顯著漢語以動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)，可以以動(dòng)詞連用表達(dá)動(dòng)作概念，科技英語以名詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)，尤其是科技文章，科技英語中大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)可以縮短句子的長(zhǎng)度,大大提高句子的信息功能。靜態(tài)特征Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicilin, pneumococcal disease co

8、ntinues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.盡管有效地抗菌素特別是青霉素應(yīng)用已久，但肺炎球菌病仍然造成大量死亡，患有慢性病的人尤甚。The researchers found a 12 percent reduction in the patients blood cholesterol from a level of 349 milligrams per 100 milliters of blood.研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，病人血液中的膽固醇含量從

9、每100毫升血液349毫克的水平下降了12%。The transfer of information from one part of the computer to another depends on the electric current being conducted over wires. 信息從計(jì)算機(jī)的一個(gè)部分傳輸?shù)搅硪徊糠郑蕾囉陔娋€中傳導(dǎo)的電流。The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic

10、dyes.氧化膜表面具有輕微的滲透性，因此可以用有機(jī)或無機(jī)染料著色。詞匯特點(diǎn)：書面語動(dòng)詞 在專用英語中常用規(guī)范的書面語動(dòng)詞來代替普通語中的短語動(dòng)詞或詞組。前者語義明確，后者容易產(chǎn)生歧義。English for specific purposeCommon Englishabsorbtake in decomposebreak upemergecome outextracttake outtransmitpass oneliminateget rid of 練一練to use upto put intoto sendto changesufficientto consumeto insertto

11、 transmitto convertsufficient用詞替換練習(xí)1.用常用詞代替專業(yè)術(shù)語 Scientist have made maps showing the “earthquake belts”. “地震帶”的專業(yè)術(shù)語為 “seismic regions”。2. 用動(dòng)詞代替抽象名詞 The property was acquired through long and hard negotiations. 在普通科技文體中，少用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。 The acquisition of the property was accomplished through long and hard n

12、egotiations.句法簡(jiǎn)單使用短句：普通科技文體多用短句，使文字簡(jiǎn)潔有力，生動(dòng)活潑。試用短句來翻譯下面的文段： 該項(xiàng)目的實(shí)地考察要求我們?cè)诖髧竭M(jìn)行研究工作。在那里，我們觀察到了以往實(shí)地考察所未看到的動(dòng)物。野兔比較溫順而猴子卻十分大膽。我們用餐的時(shí)候，猴子常出來跑到營(yíng)火旁乞討。我們也遇到了大圍山著名的穿山甲，那是幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以前打獵的人引進(jìn)的。另一件有趣的事是我們看到了一對(duì)狼，是最近人們?yōu)榱丝刂迫找嬖鲩L(zhǎng)的野兔的數(shù)量而引進(jìn)的。試比較 Our field trip for the project required that we conduct research in the Dawei Mou

13、ntain, where we observed a number of species that we had not seen on previous field trips. Hares were common in the campgrounds, along with monkeys that were so aggressive that they would come out toward the campfire for a handout while we were still eating. We saw pangolins that are fairly common i

14、n the area and were introduced there by hunters centuries ago, as well as a few wolves that were introduced fairly recently in hopes of checking the expanding population on hares.三、科技文體修辭特點(diǎn)科技文體并不追求語言的藝術(shù)美，不過隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)進(jìn)步，科技的發(fā)展給人類的生產(chǎn)和生活帶來了前所未有的效率和樂趣，也對(duì)社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響，科技文章逐步擺脫了苦澀沉悶和刻板單調(diào)的傾向。尤其是通俗的科技文章，既有正式的書面語

15、言特點(diǎn)，又有通俗易懂的修辭風(fēng)格。通俗的科技文章盡量少用術(shù)語、符號(hào)和公式，而采用淺顯易懂的語言想讀者闡明事理，也會(huì)適當(dāng)采用一些常見的修辭手法，如比喻、比擬等。但是，夸張、雙關(guān)、反諷、押韻等修辭手法卻不宜采用。2. 暗喻(metaphor) But we are brainwashed by our economic system until we end up in a tomb beneath a pyramid of time payments, mortgages, preposterous gadgetry, playthings that divert our attention fr

16、om the sheer idiocy of the charade. 但是，經(jīng)濟(jì)制度卻說服我們?nèi)ベ?gòu)買商品，直到我們進(jìn)入“金字塔之墓”而告終。這個(gè)金字塔是由轉(zhuǎn)移我們對(duì)赤裸裸愚蠢行為注意力的分期付款、抵押貸款、怪誕的小東西，以及各種玩物筑成的。3. 擬人(personification) 在翻譯擬人這一修辭格時(shí)，各相關(guān)詞均要求作合乎情境的處理。 It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and who takes everything literally. 這

17、就很像和一絲不茍的機(jī)器人講話，它只有很少詞匯，而且你怎么說它就怎么做。4. 借代(metonymy) More often, the heart disease process progresses silently until symptoms occur because the pump is not supplying blood in sufficient quantity to other organs. 更常見的是，這種心臟病在發(fā)作過程中并無癥狀，后來發(fā)生癥狀是因?yàn)樾呐K不能給其他器官供應(yīng)充足的血液。 句中用pump代heart，醫(yī)學(xué)上常按功能用泵比作心臟，用過濾器(filter)比

18、作腎(kidney)。由于英漢借代習(xí)慣很不相同，漢譯時(shí)通常譯出實(shí)稱。第一節(jié) 科技英語詞匯的特點(diǎn)與翻譯 練習(xí)題請(qǐng)把下列句子譯成漢語，注意斜體詞的譯法。 Electric power became the servants of man only after the motor was invented. 只是在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)明之后，電力才開始造福人類。 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)練習(xí) Various attempts were made to calculate levels on this basis, with only very limited success. About 1925 the new quant

19、um theory originated and gave immediate and continued success in the mathematical solution of this problem. 在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上，人們?yōu)橛?jì)算能級(jí)做了各種努力，但收效甚微。約在1925年，新的量子理論產(chǎn)生了，并在求得這個(gè)問題的數(shù)學(xué)解答方面立見功效，且不斷有所成就。 本工藝具有造型速度快、生產(chǎn)效率高、工藝性能優(yōu)良等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，引起世界鑄造工作者的關(guān)注。 This technology has the advantages of great molding speed, high production ef

20、ficiency and fine technological performances. Therefore, it has been taken notice of by foundry businessmen all over the world. Vehicles steering in the conventional manner lacked the rapid response, short turning radius, and ease of handling. 傳統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)向工具反應(yīng)遲鈍、轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑大、操作不便。四、科技英語句法特征（一）、科技英語中長(zhǎng)句較多科技英語重表示某些復(fù)

21、雜概念時(shí)用的長(zhǎng)復(fù)合句大大多于一般英語。長(zhǎng)句特點(diǎn)是從句和短語多，同時(shí)兼有并列結(jié)構(gòu)或省略，倒裝順序，結(jié)構(gòu)顯得復(fù)雜。但其所表達(dá)的科技內(nèi)容嚴(yán)密性、準(zhǔn)確性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)。第二節(jié) 科技英語的句法特點(diǎn)與翻譯 練習(xí)題 It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and

22、 rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt has been continuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved. 只有在水中或水邊生活的動(dòng)物和植物，才能把遺骸保留下來，因?yàn)檫z骸能夠得以保留的條件之一就是迅速埋葬。而只有在泥漿和淤泥能夠不斷沉積的地方如海洋、河川、還有湖泊里，動(dòng)植物的遺骸及類似之物，才能很快得以覆蓋而保留下來。 （二）、大量使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用正好符合科技英語客觀敘事的要求，因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)將重

23、要的概念、問題、事實(shí)、或結(jié)構(gòu)置于句首，這使讀者注意力集中在所描述的事物、現(xiàn)象或過程上，并給人一種排除“主觀臆斷”的感覺。被動(dòng)語態(tài)更有利于句子的擴(kuò)展，可以大量使用名詞化短語、定語從句或狀語從句。電路被絕緣材料隔斷了，所以電流不再繼續(xù)流動(dòng)。Current will not flow continuously, since the circuits are broken by the insulating material. 已經(jīng)證明這一理論是站不住腳的。It is demonstrated that the theory is groundless.人們確信，所有物質(zhì)的分子都在不停運(yùn)動(dòng)。The m

24、olecules of all matters are believed to be moving always/ceaselessly.第一節(jié) 科技英語詞匯的特點(diǎn)與翻譯 練習(xí)題More than 100 chemical elements are known to man; of these, about 80 are metals. 人類已知的化學(xué)元素在100種以上，其中約有80種是金屬。 Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid known as latex. This is treated

25、 with acid and dried, before being dispatched to countries all over the world.天然橡膠取自橡膠樹，是一種叫“乳膠”的白色乳狀液體。在運(yùn)往世界各國(guó)之前，橡膠要經(jīng)過酸處理和烘干。（三）、科技英語時(shí)態(tài)變化不明顯?？萍加⒄Z主要敘述普遍真理，描述工作原理、實(shí)驗(yàn)效果與結(jié)論、物質(zhì)特性和功能。通常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。除描述科學(xué)史實(shí)時(shí)仍需使用過去時(shí)態(tài)。The loads (荷載)a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads(靜負(fù)載), which include the w

26、eights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads(活負(fù)載), which are due to the weights of people, moveable equipment, etc.一個(gè)構(gòu)件受到的荷載可以分為靜載和活載兩種。靜載包括這個(gè)構(gòu)件各部分的重量?；钶d是由人的重量、可移動(dòng)設(shè)備的重量以及其他東西所引起的。第二節(jié) 科技英語的句法特點(diǎn)與翻譯 三、名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)多 Most of what we know about the earth below the limited depth to which boreholes or

27、mine shafts have penetrated has come from geophysical observations. 鉆孔或礦井已達(dá)到的深度是有限的，我們對(duì)于這深度以下的地球的了解，大部分來自地球物理學(xué)方面的觀測(cè)。 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen,

28、for which it has strong affinity. 鋁總是和其他元素結(jié)合在一起，最普遍的是和氧結(jié)合在一起，因?yàn)殇X對(duì)氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。由于這個(gè)原因，在自然界中任何地方都找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁；所以一直到19世紀(jì)人們才知道有鋁?？萍嘉谋居⒆g應(yīng)注意的問題科技英語中長(zhǎng)句較多, 漢譯英時(shí)注意合并與拆分科技英語重表示某些復(fù)雜概念時(shí)用的長(zhǎng)復(fù)合句大大多于一般英語。長(zhǎng)句特點(diǎn)是從句和短語多，同時(shí)兼有并列結(jié)構(gòu)或省略，倒裝順序，結(jié)構(gòu)顯得復(fù)雜。但其所表達(dá)的科技內(nèi)容嚴(yán)密性、準(zhǔn)確性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)。中國(guó)已成功地發(fā)射了第一顆試驗(yàn)通訊衛(wèi)星。這顆衛(wèi)星是由三級(jí)火箭推動(dòng)的，一直運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。它標(biāo)志著我國(guó)在發(fā)展運(yùn)載工具和電子技術(shù)方

29、面進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新階段。The successful launching of Chinas first experimental communication satellite, which was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has been in operation ever since, indicates that our nation has entered a new stage in the development of carrier rockets and electronics.科技英語專業(yè)術(shù)語性強(qiáng)，漢譯英是強(qiáng)調(diào)術(shù)語翻譯的正確性

30、。專業(yè)術(shù)語語義具有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和單一性，平時(shí)閱讀與所譯材料同類的英文材料給概念以約定俗成的譯名e.g.：藥品的“保存期”是“shelf life”而不是“storage period”。肺活量是“vital capacity”而不是“l(fā)ung capacity”科技英語重縮略語情況也比較多，需勤查相關(guān)專業(yè)詞典或參考書，采用公認(rèn)的縮略形式。e.g.：“原始地面線”（Original Ground Surface）可用“OGS”“最優(yōu)含水量”（Optimal Moisture Content）可用“OMC”科技英語大量使用抽象名詞和介詞，漢譯英時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意動(dòng)態(tài)語言和靜態(tài)語言的轉(zhuǎn)化。中國(guó)已成功地發(fā)射了第一顆

31、試驗(yàn)通訊衛(wèi)星。這顆衛(wèi)星是由三級(jí)火箭推動(dòng)的，一直運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。它標(biāo)志著我國(guó)在發(fā)展運(yùn)載工具和電子技術(shù)方面進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新階段。The successful launching of Chinas first experimental communication satellite, which was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has been in operation ever since, indicates that our nation has entered a new stage in the development of carrier rockets and electronics.科技英語時(shí)態(tài)變化不明顯，漢譯英是多采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。科技英語主要敘述普遍真理，描述工作原理、實(shí)驗(yàn)效果與結(jié)論、物質(zhì)特性和功能。通常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。除描述科學(xué)史實(shí)時(shí)仍需使用過去時(shí)態(tài)。這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的事實(shí)表明，摩擦力去除得越多，球會(huì)滾得越遠(yuǎn)；由此我們可以推論出，如果一切起阻礙作用的引力和阻力能夠去除的話，就沒有理由認(rèn)為處于運(yùn)動(dòng)中的球還會(huì)停下來。The simple f