浙江版高考英語總復習專題十《主旨要義（講解練）》教與學

1、專題十 主旨要義高考英語 浙江專用一、利用段落主題句概括文章的中心主旨要義題有兩個設題方式:best title 和main idea。如果是main idea的主旨型題目,則有可能是特定的段落,也有可能是整篇文章的大意。在解題的時候,經常會利用到段落主題句。段落主題句是主旨要義題解題的重要參考信息。主題句有兩個功能:一是介紹段落的主題,二是控制段落中句子的方向。這些正是主題句的體現。文章的主旨一定和這些段落的主題句有密切的關系。如果有主題句,主題句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句,偶爾在段落中間。在非故事性文章中,主題句尤為明顯。有的文章無明顯的主題句,而是把主方法技巧題隱含在段意之中。段落中出

2、現轉折時,該句很可能是該段的主題句;作者有意識地重復的觀點通常是主旨;首段出現疑問句時,對該問題的解答通常就是文章主旨;同時還要注意那些提出文章主旨時常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等。1.主題句位于段首主題句位于段首是由作者先立論,后擺事實講道理的寫作手法形成的。這種段落稱作演繹型段落。據有關統(tǒng)計數字表明,在英語議論文或說明文中,60%90%的主題句是段落的第一句。這樣的段落模式可用倒三角()來表示。(1)尋找主題句一般來說,主題句是陳述主要觀點的句子,其后常有明顯的引出細節(jié)的信息詞,常見的信息詞有for example,an exam

3、ple of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that等。在閱讀中,應盡量利用上述信息詞確定主題句的位置。如果段落中出現for exam-ple等,則一般前一句是主題句。(2)選擇答案先徹底弄懂主題句的句意,然后閱讀A、B、C和D四個選項,選擇與主題句句意相吻合的答案,如主題句的再現、主題句句意的復述或推論等,排除與主題句句意無關的答案,如支撐細節(jié)和文章中未曾闡述的事實等。2.主題句位于段末主題句位于段末是作者采用了先擺事實,后作結論的手法。這種段

4、落稱作歸納型段落。這種段落的模式可用正三角()來表示。3.主題句位于段落的中間主題句偶爾也出現在段落的中間,但不一定就在正中間。有時第一句并非主題句,而是承上啟下的過渡句。在這種情況下,第二句便成了主題句。此外,主題句也可能是段落的倒數第二句。這種段落模式可用菱形()來表示。這種圖形可看作是和的合二為一(“” /“” )。這種段落是從支撐細節(jié)開始,發(fā)展到結論(出現主題句)。當主題句出現后,又進一步用細節(jié)支持說明,其安排順序是:次要主要次要。4.主題句隱含在段意之中有些段落沒有明顯的主題句,其中心思想包含在各個句子中,這就要求讀者依據已知的細節(jié),歸納出段落的中心思想。這種段落模式可用正方形()來

5、表示。例Helsinki is offering young people the chance to rent a cheap apartment in an old peoples home if they agree to spend time socializing with the elderly residents.The city council is seeking applications from renters under the age of 25 who will commit to spending between three and five hours each

6、 week with their older neighbours,at a care home in the eastern Laajasalo district.In exchange,theyll get a studio flat measuring 23 square meters with a private kitchen,bathroom and balcony for 250 euros per month.Currently only three flats are available, but the scheme is part of a wider effort to

7、 deal with a lack of accommodation for young people in the capital.Ordinarily a studio costs about 600 euros a month,depending on the area,one local university says. Those who apply dont need any specific care experience.“There are staff to look after the elderly,”project manager Miki Mielonen says.

8、“We are looking for young people who maybe have a different perspective on everyday life,who will bring variety and recreation to the elderly residents.”More than 60 people have applied for the spaces in less than a week,and the idea has also been widely recognized by Finns on social media.“Great pr

9、oject!Hopefully it will spread to other areas,”writes one person on Facebook,while another applauds the scheme for bringing different generations together.But some wish it were open to more people,with one user saying,“Its a shame that the flats are so small.It would have been nice if the elderly ha

10、d a small family with children or a single parent as their neighbour.”And one person has a different opinion about the cut-off age,writing,“Shame Im too old for thisI would have surely applied.”What would be the best title of the text?A.Young Finns offered cheap flats at a care homeB.New apartments

11、designed for the elderlyC.A new approach to caring for the oldD.A good chance for the needy families方法指導本文第一段就是主題句赫爾辛基給年輕人提供以低廉的租金在老人院租房子的機會。而這個主題句也是整篇文章的主旨,故答案為A項。這樣的主題句就可以幫助我們判斷文章的主旨。二、結合文章的高頻詞和核心詞文章的主旨或標題一般都是文章的核心詞。那么我們在閱讀時就要特別注意出現頻率比較高的詞匯,這些詞就是文章的核心詞匯。包含有高頻詞的選項大多是正確選項。例The meaning of silence var

12、ies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill

13、every gap(間隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, wh

14、en a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when d

15、ealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a p

16、erson in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence

17、 when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈)value of s

18、ilence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold方法指導本題是利用高頻詞和核心詞解題的典例。本文主要講述的是沉默在各個風俗中所表達的

19、不同意義及其在醫(yī)療方面的作用,其核心詞是meaning和silence, 在文章多次出現。故選B項,意為“沉默的意義”。A項“聲音和沉默”,文中未提及聲音。屬于以偏概全,概括不夠。C項顯然只是說美國人,也是以偏概全。D項沒有涉及文章的重點核心詞,而是出現了其中一個核心詞的對比項,這樣就偏離文章的主旨。三、借助標題有些文章會出現小標題,這些標題是段落中心思想的精練表達形式。在閱讀中,不僅要求讀者能夠通過自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想,而且還要借助這些小標題來總結文章的主旨。例Suppose youre in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attentio

20、n to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame.What to do?Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.Clicking “send”too soonDont waste your time trying t

21、o find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.Writing the wrong nameThe sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologisin

22、g for your mistake. Keep the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly, as peo-ple can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).Clicking “reply all”unintentionallyYou accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what

23、menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday youd like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a

24、 long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.Sending an offensive message to its subjectThe most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but a

25、ccidentally send it to the person youre discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensiblysee it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.What is the passage mainly about?A.Defining ema

26、il errors.B.Reducing email mistakes.C.Handling email accidents.D.Improving email writing.方法指導在日常生活中你可能會不經意發(fā)錯電子郵件,造成不必要的尷尬或冒犯別人。本文就這個問題提出了幾種解決的辦法。本文的主題就是發(fā)錯郵件時你應該如何補救。本文列舉了四種常見的錯誤以及相應的補救措施,所以答案為C項。本文出現了四個小標題,而這四個小標題就是四種常見的出錯的方式。綜合這四個小標題,就可以幫助我們理解文章的主旨。四、根據文章的段落結構歸納主旨 一篇文章要表達一定的主題思想,那么它就需要一定的,經常是大量的篇幅來

27、說明整個主題。因此,文章的段落涉及最多的主題,就是文章的主旨。例Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning,and play a significant role in a family or cultures celebrations or tradition

28、s.The foods we eatand when and how we eat themare often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural(農村的)and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread,whether during a special occasion(時刻)or at the family dinner table,is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebr

29、ate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread,so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States,pieces of corn

30、bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity(興旺)in the New Year.In Greece,people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake,which signifies(預示)success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child,and food can

31、play a significant role.In China,when a baby is one month old,families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests.In many cultures,round foods such as grapes,bread,and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition

32、is necessary for life,so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.What is the passage mainly about?A.The custom of sharing food.B.The specific meaning of food.C.The role of food in ceremonies.D.The importance of food in culture.方法指導本文是利用文章篇幅和結構解

33、題的典例。文章主要介紹了食物在文化交流中的重要意義。文章兩段的內容都與此有關,因此選D。A、B、C三項都是重要性的一個方面,所以都不能做整個文章的主旨。五、主旨題常見的錯誤是:核心詞把握不準,以偏概全或過度概括例Seamounts are mountains, usually volcanoes, which rise up from the sea floor. Some of the volcanoes are extinct; some are still active. But they are hard to find because they do not reach the su

34、rface of the water. Scientists say seamounts cover nearly 29 million square kilometers of this planet under the sea. Marine(海洋的)life gathers at seamounts because they carry nutrient-rich water upward from the sea floor.In September, 2016, a group of scientists set out to explore Cook Seamount which

35、rises almost 4,000 meters from the Pacific Ocean floor about 160 kilometers off the island of Hawaii. Humans had never seen it up close before.Three people went in a submarine(潛水艇)down to over 900 meters below the ocean surface to the top of the seamount. As the blue waters became darker, underwater

36、 creatures that chemically create their own light began to swim past the submarine. The scientists found several kinds of deep sea corals(珊瑚蟲)on the seamounts sides. These included a possible new species of coral they named “Purple Haze”.Conservation International and the University of Hawaii worked together for the trip to Cook Seamount. Greg Stone, the lead scientist, said,“This three-day research is the start of an effort to survey seamounts throughout the Pacific Ocean over the next five years. And we hope to study a total of 50 seamounts.”He said