THE-PROSPECT-OF-SUSTAINABLE-ECOTOURISM-IN-生態(tài)旅游的可持續(xù)發(fā)展-課件

1、BY: LAMEED GBOLAGADE, A. STEPHENSCHOOL OF FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURENJALA UNIVERSITY,SIERRA LEONE.PRESENTED ON 30TH SEPTEMBER 2019; AT THEFORUM ORGANISED BY: Sustainable & Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development (STEWARD) THE PROSPECT OF SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTR

2、IES: CASE STUDY OF SIERRA LEONEBY: THE PROSPECT OF SUSTAINABLDEFINITIONEcotourism: also known as ecological tourism. It is responsible travel to fragile pristine and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scaleThe Australia commission on National Ecotourism strategy

3、calls it: “nature based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environmental and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”Ecotourism is a sector of tourism, based on nature travel and including the principles of sustainability. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES)

4、defines ecotourism as: “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people.” ECOTOURISM +ve impact on both natural areas Forest Ecosystem Protected PAs Park Ecosystem Areas Local communities Indigenes LivelihoodDEFINITIONEcotourism: also knoNa

5、ture tourism Non-ecotourism 50% Cultural tourism 13% Sustainable Tourism City tourism 76% Beach tourism 78%Patterns of Eco-tourism Beach tourism 78%What is sustainable tourism?The principles of sustainability can be applied to any type of tourism (WTO) declared in 1988 that sustainable tourism is en

6、visaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems.” What is sustainable tourism?ThAims For Making Tourism Susta

7、inable Economic Viability Environmental Purity: Local Prosperity Resource Efficiency Employment Quality Biological Diversity Social Equity Physical Integrity Visitor Fulfillment Rural Richness Local Control Community Wellbeing 12 AIMSAims For Making Tourism SustaiComponents of EcotourismContribute t

8、o the conservation of biodiversitySustain the well being of the local peopleInclude an interpretation and learning experienceInvolve responsible action on part of the tourist and tourism industryIs delivered primarily to small group by small scale businessRequires lowest possible consumption of non-

9、renewable resourcesStresses local participation, ownership and business opportunities, particularly for rural people Components of EcotourismContrECOTOURISM AS A MARKET SEGMENT AND DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTSUSTAINABLE TOURISMUNSUSTAINABLE TOURISM ACTIVITIESBUSINESS TRAVELLRURAL TOURISMEcotourismBEACH TOUR

10、ISMCULTURAL TOURISMNATURE TOURISMECOTOURISM AS A MARKET SEGMENTMARKET SEGMENT OF ECOTOURISM Tourism MarketCultural tourismRural tourismNature tourism Sun and Beach tourismBusiness tourism Fitness and Health tourism ECOTOURISMADVENTURE TOURISMMARKET SEGMENT OF ECOTOURISM The Global Impact of (Eco)tou

11、rismWorldwide tourism grow phenomenally, from 25 million arrival in 1950 to 808 million in 2019 (UNWTO, 2019)With annual growth rate of 6.5%Tourist arrival in Africa is 37million (5% of the world) As compared to 55% in Europe, 19% in Asia / Pacific, 16 % in America and 5% in Middle EastTourism gener

12、ate significant amount of Foreign Exchange EarningsAlso contribute to Economic growth of many Nations The contribution of (eco)tourism to economic growth and development is reflected in the form of exports It represents 40 percent of all exports of services, therefore making it one of the largest ca

13、tegories of international trade (UNWTO, 2019)It is the only service industry where there is a growing positive balanceof trade flowing from the developed countries to the poorest nations (Developing countries). The Global ImpacDeveloping Countries (Africa) Experience:SUCH INGREDIENT OF GROWTH HAS NO

14、T BEEN EFFECTIVELY HARNESSED IN MOST AFRICAN COUNTRIES WITH EXCEPTION OF SOME PARTS, SUCH AS EAST AND SOUTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES SUCH AS TANZANIA, KENYA, BOSWANIA AND GAMBIAECOTOURISM IN TANZANIA AND KENYA WORTHS US $2 BILLION ANNUALLYECOTOURISM CONTRIBUTE MASSIVELY TO THE EAST AFRICAN ECONOMYTHE NUMBE

15、R OF TOURISTS VISITING TANZANIA IS EXPECTED TO RISE FROM 580,000 IN 2019 TO ONE MILLION IN 2019.ALSO EACH YEAR TOURISTS SPEND US $500,000 TO VISIT LAKE NATRON, THE ONLY SUCCESSFUL EAST AFRICAN NEST INGAND BREEDING GROUND FOR LESSER FLAMINGOS. Developing Countries (Africa) WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES CASE

16、 STUDY The tourism sector accounted for 3 % to 10% of the GDP of developing countries (UNWTO, 2019).It is a viable export-oriented economic growth strategy Help bring jobs and development to the people and reduction of abject poverty.Despite its increasing importance in West African economies, howev

17、er, tourism has attracted relatively little attentioncross-country rates of growth and development have largely focused on the contributions of exports from the agricultural, minerals/oil mining, and manufacturing sectors, rather than those of the service industry (Ecotourism). WEST AFEcotourism in

18、West Africa is mainly based on remnant Forest or Protected Areas availableThis has been plague with widespread rainforest clearing, poaching and growing human population Most of the countries are also affected by growing political instability, armed conflict, poverty, disease and corruption (Brown,

19、Weaver 2019)A few West African countries have developed indigenous ecotourism venturesSupported by conservation NGOs, aid groups, local tourism and Park Protected Area agenciesTHE-PROSPECT-OF-SUSTAINABLE-ECOTOURISM-IN-生態(tài)旅游的可持續(xù)發(fā)展-課件 Some Sampled Countries GHANAGhana Community Based Ecotourism Project

20、 (CBEP)started in 2019 has a collaborative venture between Nature Conservation Research Centre(NCRC), Ghana Tourist Board (GTB) and 14 Local communities Visitors revenue at these 14 ecotourism sites doubled in 2019 with four operators featuring the sitesGhana Ministry of Tourism gave priority to eco

21、tourism as a key sector to alleviate poverty in such rural areas.Key sustainability criteria were community ownership structures, distributing benefits, involving youth and women, carrying capacity, poverty alleviation and conservationThese were underpinned by funding support through loan and grants

22、 Other ecotourism projects that enjoyed the same privilege in Ghana are Amasuri Wetland, Tafi Atome Monkey Sanctuary and Kakum Canopy work way Some Sampled C GAMBIABird watching generate nearly a third of ecotourism revenue (Stratton 2019)Government has designed seven protected areas to serve as san

23、ctuary for birds and other wildlifeGambia has 570 Bird species and local communities are protecting the habitatKey bird species supported by the West African Bird Study Association (WABSA)Tourists are charged 25 Dalasi per head to enter the reserve while the community retaining 12 dalasi Other key e

24、cotourism centres in Gambia are Makasutu cultural Forest, Tumani Tenda Eco-camp and Bansang Quarry where the local community is protecting Red throated monkey SENEGAL The Senegal Ministry of Tourism and National Commission on Sustainable Development has promoted ecotourism since 2019.These include:

25、Eco-village study programme organized through the EcoYoff Center in the city of Dakar and village based eco-tourism Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary in the Senegal river Delta.The Casamance village tourism also receive support from French Ornithologists (NGO), with availability of tourism accommodatio

26、n facilities of beds, vehicles, and staff equipment NIGERThe last giraffe population in West Africa is found in Kuore Region of Niger, 40 km East of the capital Niamey.The Giraffe live year round with farming community & domestic cattleThe free roaming giraffe damage crops and the farmers drove them

27、 away, but were not permitted to kill themBecause the giraffe conservation project funded by EU and Netherland Development Agencies supported local farmers and herdersTourists visiting the place pay local guide there by contributing to the local development project The number increased yearly, but d

28、ue to recent incidence of drought and famine, their population have been affected. OTHERSTime will not permit to talk about NIGERIA, IVORY COAST,CAMEROON etc. Tai National ParkMount Cameroon Ecotourism Organization2 Bird Sanctuaries, 7 National Parks, 36 Forest Reserves and 16 Game Reserves OTHERSTi

29、m ECO-TOURISTIC POTENTIALS IN SIERRA LEONEFigure A: Protected Areas Location within the Country (Sierra Leone)Figure B: Political Maps of the Country indicating the RegionsFigure C: Road Network and major Important Towns within the Country ECO-TOURISTIC POTENTIALS IN BASIC ELEMENT OF ECOTOURISM IN S

30、IERRA LEONESierra Leone still conjures with images of the countrys decade-long civil war and subsequent war crimes trials.Filippo Bozotti, co-founder of Tribewanted, told CNN,: “Ecotourism is the perfect project for Tribewanted to partner up with the local community for sustainable developmentAs tou

31、rism is still a developing industry in Sierra Leone, the beaches are not overwhelmed with visitors which means that most are still in pristine conditionon a weekday you could have an amazing beach entirely to yourself.“years after the end of the war, hope is that tourism will be the key to future pr

32、osperity of the country.John Obey Beach Sustainable tourists village on the beach.The project hopes to attract tourists paying $450 a week BASIC ELEMENT OF ECOTOUR OUTLOOK OF ECO-TOURISMEco-tourism in Sierra Leone is in a period of rapid transitionthe country holds a varietyof tourist attractions th

33、ese offer potential investors tremendous possibilities and opportunitiesEven though many forests and much wildlife were either disturbed or destroyed during the civil war between 1991 and 2019,the government is aware of the importance of conserving and protecting the environmentThe Sierra Leone Nati

34、onal Tourist Board (SLNTB) continue to develop the countrys travel and tourism industry travel and tourism industry is still at a developing stage,There is long-term advantage by exploiting international tourism.The success of these objectives has resulted in tourists renewing their interest in the

35、country with arrival numbersThe number of tourist arrivals was up by 3% in 2009.Although nowhere near the peak of the 1980s and early 1990s tourism boom OUTLOOK OF ECO-TOURISMEc THE POTENTIALSSierra Leone is fortunate to have several primary attractions with international market potentialThe Western

36、 Peninsula with 40 kilometers of pristineBeachesforested mountainsgood access to Freetown, excellent climatebeautiful scenery just a 4-5hour flight from Europe,good potential to compete for the winter European adventure/beach marketcountry can begin to recover its tourism economy by tapping into the

37、 “Social and Environmental Responsibility Economy”: (SERE) THE POTENTIALSSie THE PROTECTED AREAS (PAs) In Sierra Leone:There are more than 30 Forest Reserves5 Game Reserves2 Game Sanctuaries6 National Parks4 Non-hunting Forest Reserves9 Strict Nature Reserves1 Wetland of International Importance THE

38、 PROTECTED AREAS (PAs) NameStatusArea (km)Bojeni HillsDesignated7.38Dodo HillsDesignated21.8FabinaDesignated3.82FarangbaiaDesignated12.60Freetown Water WorksDesignated11.34Gboi HillsDesignated2.07Gola EastDesignated228.00Gola WestDesignated62.00Golamo SouthDesignated11.60Gori HillsDesignated79.40Joh

39、n ObeyDesignated2.07Kambui HillsDesignated143.35Kambui NorthDesignated203.48Forest ReservesNameStatusArea (km)Bojeni HilKambui SouthDesignated8.80KandesuriDesignated59.57KaseweDesignated12.24Kent ExtensionDesignated6.44Kuru HillsDesignated69.93LalayDesignated4.76Leicester PeakDesignated0.52Lhei Hill

40、sDesignated1.55Malal HillsDesignated3.39MateteDesignated8.50Moku HillDesignated1.46Moyamba HillsDesignated1.89Nimini SouthDesignated25.90No. 2 RiverDesignated6.99Occra HillsDesignated2.48Kambui SouthDesignated8.80KandesuriDesignated59.57KaseweDesignated12.24Kent ExtensionDesignated6.44Kuru HillsDesi

41、gnated69.93LalayDesignated4.76Leicester PeakDesignated0.52Lhei HillsDesignated1.55Malal HillsDesignated3.39MateteDesignated8.50Moku HillDesignated1.46Moyamba HillsDesignated1.89Nimini SouthDesignated25.90No. 2 RiverDesignated6.99Occra HillsDesignated2.48Kambui SouthDesignated8.80KandesuriDesignated5

42、9.57KaseweDesignated12.24Kent ExtensionDesignated6.44Kuru HillsDesignated69.93LalayDesignated4.76Leicester PeakDesignated0.52Lhei HillsDesignated1.55Malal HillsDesignated3.39MateteDesignated8.50Moku HillDesignated1.46Moyamba HillsDesignated1.89Nimini SouthDesignated25.90No. 2 RiverDesignated6.99Occr

43、a HillsDesignated2.48Forest Reserves ContinuesKambui SouthDesignated8.80KandPeninsulaDesignated178.00Port LokoDesignated2.16SingambaDesignated2.99SipendeDesignated8.29TabeDesignated3.25TamaDesignated170.00TobiDesignated16.71TonkoliDesignated71.04Wara Wara HillsDesignated10.41WaterlooDesignated0.85Na

44、meStatusArea (km)Bagru-Moteva CreeksProposed50.00Bumpe Mangrove SwampProposed49.21Kagboro Creek (Yawri Bay)Proposed50.00Game ReservesPeninsulaDesignated178.00Port NameStatusArea (km)Bo PlainsProposed25.90Tiwai IslandDesignated12.00Game SanctuariesNameStatusArea (km)Kuru HillsProposed69.93Lake Mape/M

45、abesiProposed75.11Lake SonfonProposed51.80Loma MountainsProposed332.01Outamba-KilimiDesignated808.13Western AreaProposed176.88 National ParksNameStatusArea (km)Bo PlainsPNameStatusArea (km)Kangari HillsDesignated85.73Loma MountainsDesignated332.01Tingi Hills (Sankan Biriwa)Designated118.85Western Ar

46、eaDesignated176.88Non-Hunting Forest ReservesNameStatusArea (km)Kangari HiNameStatusArea (km)Bonthe Mangrove SwampProposed998.54Gola (West) ForestProposed62.00Gola NorthProposed40.00Mamunta-Mayoso SanctuaryProposed20.72Mogbai (Gola North) (proposed)ProposedPort Loko PlainsProposed25.90Sulima Mangrov

47、e SwampProposed25.90Wemago (Gola East)Proposed35.00Yelibuya IslandProposed38.85Strict Nature ReservesNameStatusArea (km)Bonthe ManNameStatusArea (km)Sierra Leone River EstuaryDesignated2950.00Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)NameStatusArea (km)Sierra LeoEXPOSITION OF SOME PAs TIWAI FORES

48、T RESERVETiwai is a wildlife sanctuary of profound ecological importanceone of the last remaining tracts of Upper Guinean Congolese Rainforest Established in 1979 as a research centre by leading primatologist, John OatesHISTORY: late 1800s widowed Queen Nyarroh of Barri Chief of Koya (opposite Moa r

49、iver)just 12 sq km in size:host to 11 primate species, over 135 bird species, numerous butterfly species at least 627 known plant specieshome to the extremely rare and elusive pygmy hippopotamus EXPOSITION OF SOME PAs Some Touristic Facilities & Species at Tiwai IslandCamp Tent Facilities and Boatin

50、gYellow Barked Duiker West African thrushTree and Land Pangolin Senegal King FisherCommon Bulbul Some Touristic Facilitie Outamba-Kilimi National ParkLocated at the extreme north, about 296 km north of Freetownlies adjacent to the border with the Republic of Guinea, in the Tambakha Chiefdom, Bombali

51、 District, Northern provinceConsist of two areas:Outamba (74,100 ha)Kilimi (36,800 ha), separated by a stretch of land 1000 km 2 in size. vegetation is characterised by a mosaic of grassland, closed woodland and gallery forestOutamba has a predominance of tall grasses and woodland, and patches of cl

52、osed canopy forestKilimi has more grassland and more open woodlandOutamba has a perennial lake, Lake IdrissaThe region is drained by several streams Mongo and Little Scarcies flow into large rivers of national importance Great Scarcies at KilimiThe Outamba-Kilimi National Park is an attraction for i

53、ts chimpanzee population Outamba-Kilimi NSome Touristic Facilities & Species at OKNPWestern Elephant Black and White Colobus Monkey Savanna BuffaloLeopardBoating facilityBaboonSome Touristic Facilities & SpGOLA FORESTEndowed with significant biodiversity richness Endemic amphibians, elephants, hippo

54、s, birds, plants, etc.A number of unique habitats such as forests, gallery forest, swamp forest and farm bushes.Potential effectiveness of trans boundary/peace park management being regarded as hotspot in the Upper Guinea ForestGola Forest comprises 74,800 Hectares of primary and secondary rainfores

55、t habitatHome to dozens of endangered and rare species, and is an essential migration corridor This is a priority area for biodiversity conservation in the Upper Guinea Forest Zone The key forest conservation area in Sierra Leone, Representing 50 percent of the countrys remaining Upper Guinea Lowlan

56、d RainforestRSPB and CSSL help to achieve some of the protected area objectives GOLA FORESTEndowed with signifSome Touristic Facilities & Species at Gola ForestBaboonBaboonBaboonBaboonBaboonBaboonBaboonYellow backed duickerBaboonLeopardGolla Forest EcosystemHareYellow fronted duickerSome Touristic F

57、acilities & SpTacugama Chimpanze SancturySituated outside of the pictureque regent village30 minutes drive from FreetownLocated along the Regent/Bathurst mountain road, It is sanctuary for orphaned and habituated chimpanzees a refuge for human visitors as well3 eco-huts for overnight stays, perfect

58、place for those wishing to escape the heat and hustle of Freetown The Sanctuary offers self-catering accommodation in the form of 3 beautifully crafted lodgesTacugama Chimpanze SancturySitEco-huts for overnight staysEco-huts for overnight stays Banana IslandSituated southwest of the Freetown Penisul

59、laThe Islands are about a 20 minutes boat ride from Kentoffer good opportunities for snorkeling and fishinga canoe trip around the Islandoptions for accommodation is Banana Island Guest Housethis lodge is owned and operated by the Banana Island Youth Associationproviding sustainable livelihoods to t

60、he islands inhabitants Banana IslandSituated southweBanana Island Guest HouseBanana Island Guest HouseNo 2 River Forest ReserveOne of the most popular tourism destinations along the Freetown peninsulaNo 2 River is about 14 km form Freetowna non hunting forest reserve within the Western Area Forest (