高二英語Unit One Grammar.課件 人教

1、 Grammar 名 詞 性 從 句1.概念 在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等, 因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句Who will win the match is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we won the game is exciting.

2、主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句 連接這些從句與主句的關(guān)系詞主要有三類：1.附屬連詞：that無有詞義 , whether是否 ,if 是否2.連接代詞：who誰，主格 , whom誰，賓格,whose誰的，所有格 , what什么,which哪個，哪些3.連接副詞：when什么時候 where什么地方why為什么 , how怎樣名詞從句中的附屬連詞在從句里不擔(dān)任任何成分，只起連接的作用；而關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞不僅僅是起連接的作用，而且還在從句里擔(dān)任一定的成分;關(guān)系代詞常在從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語或表語等成分；關(guān)系副詞常在從句中擔(dān)任狀語。 另外，在使用上面的這些關(guān)系詞時，有幾個問題值得我們注意：首

3、先，只能用whether而不能用if的情況.1引導(dǎo)主語從句，例如：Whether well make a loan for the project has not been decided 正確OR: It has not been decided whether well make a loan for the project . 正確If well make a loan for the project has not been decided .錯誤OR: It has not been decided if well make a loan for the project . 錯誤2作

4、介詞的賓語， I have no idea about whether I can raise the money forbuying a car . 正確我不知道我是否能為買車籌措到資金。I have no idea about if I can raise the money for buyinga car . 錯誤3后接不定式 He didnt know whether to go all himself first or wait for her here.(正確) He didnt know if to go all himself or wait for her here . 錯誤

5、4后接or not We wonder whether theyll come in time or not.(正確)我們擔(dān)憂他們會不會準(zhǔn)時到。We wonder if theyll come in time or not . 錯誤 其次，what引導(dǎo)的名詞從句表達(dá)的意思是所的。這個所怎么的定義根據(jù)從句謂語的動作意義而定。 I dont understand what you said.What he needs is to practice more. Money is what she is really after.People have different ideas about wh

6、at happiness means . 最后，要了解 -ever = no matter ，用于表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為無論。也就是說： whatever = no matter what無論什么whoever = no matter who無論誰whichever = no matter which無論那個whenever =no matter when 無論何時wherever = no matter where無論何地however = no matter how 無論怎樣 但 ever 在句中作主語、賓語和表語;而 no matter 引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句.Whoever breaks the

7、 law will be punished. ( 作主語 )No matter who breaks the law, he will be punished. (讓步狀語從句) 不可省略的連詞：1) 介詞后的連詞 2)引導(dǎo)主語從句,表語從句和同位語從句的連詞 that不可省略。 Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon. 一. 主語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語, 它可以位于句首, 但常見的主語從句多放在句末,句首那么用形式主語it。That the earth is round is true. = It is t

8、rue that the earth is round. 主語從句的用法2. Whether he will come hasnt been decided. = It hasnt been decided whether he will come. 注意: 連詞that, whether在從句中不擔(dān)任句子成分,只起連接作用,不能省略 (注:if不可用來引導(dǎo)主語從句二. 用it 作形式主語的構(gòu)造(1) It is名詞從句 It is a fact that 事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that是常識(2) It is形

9、容詞從句 (多用 should) It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物動詞從句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It is 過去分詞從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It has been proved that 已證實(shí) It is said that 據(jù)說 It is certain that he will come.It is said that some American friends will v

10、isit our school next week.It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday evening.It doesnt matter whether I stay or not.三. 用帶-ever的引導(dǎo)詞 (如whoever, whatever) 引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般不后置。 Whoever leaves the room last should close the door. Whatever we do must be in the interests of the people.四. it 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比

11、較 it 作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子構(gòu)造, 主語從句的連接詞有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句那么是對句子某一局部進(jìn)展強(qiáng)調(diào),無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)局部指人是也可用who/whom。例如:It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.五. what與that

12、在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語、賓語、表語,而that 那么不然,即不擔(dān)任成分。例如： What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a consolation. 3在It + be +形容詞/ 名詞 + that從句的構(gòu)造中，由于某些形容詞/ 名詞的原因，that從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬式。這類形容詞/名詞常見的有：essential絕對必要的, important重要的，natural自然的, necessary必要的, regretful遺憾的, strange奇怪的

13、, proper適當(dāng)?shù)? urgent緊急的duty義務(wù)、責(zé)任, a pity 遺憾, no wonder難怪, a regret遺憾。例如：It is strange that he ( should ) say so . 他居然會這樣說，真是奇怪。It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然會這樣想，真是一件憾事。It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鳥在樹上安歇是很自然的。It is a wonder that he should have passed th

14、e exam. 他這次考試居然會及格，真是個奇跡。4以what引導(dǎo)的主語從句常用于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。What they need now is financial aid . 他們現(xiàn)在所需要的是經(jīng)濟(jì)援助。What she thinks of me doesnt mean much to me . 她怎么樣看我，對我來說無所謂。What you have said hurt her a lot .你所說的話對她傷害很大。句子構(gòu)造：主句 + 連接詞(引導(dǎo)詞) + 賓語從句連接詞: 附屬連詞that, whether, if 連接代詞 Who, whom, whose, which, what 連接副詞

15、 where, how, why, when 賓語從句的用法：He has got a pen. I thinkI think ( that ) he has got a pen.Where do they study English? Lily asksLily asks where they study English. Will you help me? I askI ask if you will help me.一. 連詞 (引導(dǎo)詞)1. 當(dāng)賓語從句是陳述句時(包括肯定句和否認(rèn)句), 連詞由that引導(dǎo), 因?yàn)閠hat在從句中不作任何成分, 也沒有任何具體意思, 因此在口語或非正式文

16、體中常省略。 He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.Jane said (that) she wasnt late for the meeting. 2. 當(dāng)賓語從句是特殊疑問句時, 由特殊疑問詞充當(dāng)連接詞, 因?yàn)樵撎厥庖蓡栐~(即連接詞)在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分, 具有一定的意義, 所以不可以省略。Do you know what he said just now?I dont remember when we arrived. I asked him where I could get so much money.Please

17、 tell me who we have to see.Do you know what time the plane leaves? Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game.A. why B. whatC. who D. that I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize_ silly mistakes I had made.A. what B. thatC. how D. which3. 當(dāng)賓語從句是一般疑問句時,由連詞whether或if

18、引導(dǎo)(口語中常用if),因?yàn)閕f/whether翻譯成是否,具有一定的意義,所以不能省略。 Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag . Lets see if /whether we can find out some information about that city . 關(guān)聯(lián)詞if, whether均可使用的情況如下： A) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句。如： I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not. B) 在 “be+形容詞 之后。如： He was not sur

19、e whether (if) it is right or wrong. 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用 whether或if, 不能用that的情況如下： 假設(shè)doubt一詞作“疑心解接賓語從句時，主句為肯定句用whether或if，主句為否認(rèn)句或疑問句用that。如： I doubt whether he will come soon. I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come soon注意: 下面這個例句中doubt的含義為“認(rèn)為未必可能。 I doubt that he will come.4. 跟在介詞后的

20、賓語從句: 賓語從句放在介詞后作介詞的賓語, 在使用這種構(gòu)造時不能丟掉介詞。 There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built. We are considering of where these trees should be planted.二. 語序: 連接詞陳述句 合成一個句子：He would be back in an hour. He said He said (that) he would be back in an hour.Do they speak English? We want to know We w

21、ant to know if/whether they can speak English.What is her name? He asks me He asks me what her name is.三. 時態(tài)： 如果主句是過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時,過去進(jìn)展時),那么從句的時態(tài)一定要用相對應(yīng)的過去的某種時態(tài)。When will Professor Li give us a talk? We wanted to know We want to know when Professor Li would give us a talk.Jim is a good student. The te

22、acher said The teacher (that) Jim was a good student. Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijing for five years.四. 在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動詞之后,賓語從句中謂語的否認(rèn)常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語上。 I dont think he will see you. I dont believe he will go. We do

23、nt expect he is coming. I dont think he can do it, can he? 注: 此種用法主句的主語必須是第一人稱I或we. 而且它的反意疑問句的助動詞由從句的助動詞來定。 I dont think he can do it, can he? I dont think you are right, are you? 在suggest, insist, demand, order, require , command, desire, propose, recommend, request等表示建議,命令,要求的動詞后,從句的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。如:

24、I insisted that heshoulddo it at once. She suggested that the work (should) be finished at once. 注意:1. 當(dāng)從句是客觀真理,定義,公理,定理時用一般現(xiàn)在時。2. 如果主句的謂語動詞是ask時,連詞不可能是that;如果主句的謂語動詞是say時, 連詞用that。1) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.2) He asks if I like playing the piano .3. 如果從句中含有or或or not時,只能

25、用whether而不用if。 Do you know whether he is right or not? I dont care whether hell stay here or not. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.2) He asks if I like playing the piano .3. 如果從句中含有or或or not時,只能用whether而不用if。 Do you know whether he is right or not? I dont care whether hell stay here or

26、 not. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.五. 在接復(fù)合賓語的句子中, 為了保持句子平衡, 用it 作形式賓語,將從句放于句尾, 常接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. Ithinkitapitytowastethefood. 2) He asks if I like playing the piano .3. 如果從句中含有or或or not時,

27、只能用whether而不用if。 Do you know whether he is right or not? I dont care whether hell stay here or not. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.I hate _when people talk with their mouths full.A. it B. thatC. these D. them 在復(fù)合句中用作表語的從句是表語從句, 引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語從句位于連系動詞后,有時用as if引導(dǎo)。其根本構(gòu)造為:

28、主語 + 系動詞 + that從句。 Thats what we should do. Thats why I want to see you. 表語從句的用法 The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 1. be, seem, look等動詞后均可跟表語從句： My suggestion is that we should go shopping. It seems that it is going to rain. 2. as if, because 也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。 It looks as if its going to rain. I

29、t was because I got up late. 3. 在非正式文體中,引導(dǎo)表語從句的that可以省略。如: The trouble is (that) he is ill. 注意:在表語從句中,當(dāng)reason做主語時,引導(dǎo)詞只能用that,不能用because,如:他遲到的原因是因?yàn)樗麤]有趕上早班車。 The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus. 4. 主句的主語是名詞idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement時, 表語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣

30、,即: (should) +v. My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside. -Do you think it necessary that he _to Miami but to New York?-I agree, but the problem is_ he has refused to.will not be sent; that B. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; what D

31、. should not send; what同位語從句同位語從句就是在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)同位語的主謂構(gòu)造.在使用同位語從句時要特別注意：盡管主從連詞that在同位語從句中沒有任何意義，但卻不能省略。另外，同位語從句常用于下面這些名詞的后面:fact事實(shí), fear擔(dān)憂、害怕, belief信念,意見, evidence證據(jù), hope希望, idea想法news新聞, doubt疑心, suggestion建議, proposal提議, order命令, recommendation推薦，等等。例如：There is the news that an American delegation will

32、 arrive in Beijing tomorrow afternoon . 有消息說一個美國代表團(tuán)將于明天下午抵達(dá)北京。Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals ?是否有任何證據(jù)可以說明植物性的食物不同于動物性的食物呢？We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.我們都知道這樣一個事實(shí)：把要記憶的材料組織起來有助于記憶。What do you think of his proposal that we ( sho

33、uld ) put on a play at the English evening ? 他建議我們在英語晚會上演一個劇，你覺得怎么樣？當(dāng)從句是作 order, suggestion, requirement, advice, request等的同位語時,從句的謂語要用虛擬語氣 should + 動詞原形, should可省略. The order that he (should) start at once has come. The advice that the thief be punished sounded reasonable. The requirement that more

34、 money be spent on the project was accepted.1) The news that he told me is true. (which)他告訴我的消息是真的that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.湯姆將出國這個消息是他講的。 that 引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句同位語從句定語從句引導(dǎo)詞that只起連接的作用不充當(dāng)句子成分引導(dǎo)詞that除了引導(dǎo)句子外還充當(dāng)一定的句子成分（主語或賓語）同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系表示這個名詞的內(nèi)容定語從句對先行詞起修飾作用，表示“的”。同位

35、語從句的that 不能省略而定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞that，當(dāng)其在從句中做賓語時，常省略一.同位語從句注意點(diǎn) 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引導(dǎo)同位語從句. I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea when he did it.I have no idea what he did.Can you make sure _ the gold ring? (MET 89) A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice out C. where Alice has put D. where has

36、Alice put2. _we need money is quite clear. A. If B. What C. That D. 練習(xí)：3. _ the car can be used has not been known yet. A. If B. What C. That D. Whether4. _we cant understand is _he didnt join us in our discussion. A. That; why B. Which; how C. What; what D. What; why5. They expressed the hope _ the

37、y would come over to China again. A. which B. whom C. what D. that6. Word came _ his poem won the first prize. A. that B. whether C. as D. because7.The young man asked _ its summer or winter. A. either B. that C. weather D. whether8.We dont know _ they did it. A. how B. who C. what D. which 9. The t

38、eacher asks us _ Jim can come back on time. A. that B. if C. when D. what time10. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not. A. if B. where C. whether D. that 11. Could you tell me where we _ next week. A. would go B. to go C. had to go D. will go12. Could you tell me how

39、 much _to fly to Hainan? A. do it cost B. does it cost C. it cost D. it costs13. The small children dont know _. A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings C. where is their stockings in D. what in their stockings14. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _ . A. who is he B. w

40、ho he is C. who is it D. who it is 15. Could you tell me how long _? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this science book C. have you been away from China D. have you been a member of Greener China16. He says that if it _ tomorrow, he _ fishing. A. will rain, wont go B. rained, wasnt go C

41、. rains, wont go D. rain, will go 17. Did you understand_? A. what she said B. what to say C. what did she said D. how she had said18. The girl is thinking about _she will go abroad to study English next year. A. if B. what C. whether D. when19. The teacher said that_. A. the sun moves around the ea

42、rth B. the earth moved around the sun C. the moon is our satellite D. the moon was our satellite20. I dont know when he _back. Please tell him the news when he _back. A. come; will come B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. will come; will come 21. I dont know if his uncle _. I think he _if he is f

43、ree. A. will come; comes B. will come; will come C. comes; comes D. comes; will come22. There is not much different between the two. I really dont know_. A. what should I choose B. which I should choose C. which should I chose D. what I choose23. No one knows_. A. which gate we have to go B. which g

44、ate we must go C. which gate do we have to go to D. which gate we have to go to24. - Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? -Oh, thats_. A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 25. -I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last we

45、ek. (NMET 99) -Is that_ you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. what D. where 26. I _that you _here in the classroom. A. dont know ; are B. didnt know ; were C. didnt know ; are D. dont know ; were27. _fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. A.

46、 What B. That C. This D. Which 28. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that 29. A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when30. We believe _ you have been

47、 devoted to _ naturally of great necessity. A. That; being B. all that; be C. that all; are D. what; is31. My mother asked _ with me. A. what wrong was B. what the matter was C. what was the matter D. what is wrong 32. A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do . A. how B. after C. what D

48、. when33. My hometown is different from _it used to be. A. that B. when C. what D. which34. I am interested in _is helpful to him. A. that B. what C. which D. wherethat比較: I am interested in all _ is helpful to him.35. This reminded me of _ he had once told us. A. what B. that C. which D. when36. Th

49、e teacher ordered all the exercise books _ before school is over. A. must be handed in B. would be handed in C. be handed in D. should hand in 37. If depends on _ we will be ready in time. A. whether B. that C. if D. when38. _ do you think is the best doctor in the hospital? A. Whom B. What C. Who D

50、. Whose 39. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and _it is rough or smooth. A.不填 B. whether C. how D. what 40. Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game . A. why B. what C. who D. that 改錯：1). I want to know that what it is. I want to know what it is.2). I

51、 cant understand that the teacher said. I cant understand what the teacher said.3). I dont know this is whose bike. I dont know whose bike this is.4). He asked me where was Mary. He asked me where Mary was .5). Do you remember how much did you pay for the book? Do you remember how much you paid for the book?Thank you9、靜夜四無鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。2022/10/132022/10/13Thursday, October 13, 202210、雨中黃葉樹，燈下白頭人。2022/10/132022/10/132022/10/1310/13/2022 6:40:19 AM11、以我獨(dú)沈久，愧君相見頻。2022/10/132022/10/132022/10/13Oct-2213-Oct-2212、故人江海別，幾度隔山川。2022/10/132022