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住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I(帶答案詳解)(圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小)題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.填空題
Mostparents,Isuppose,havehadtheexperienceofreadingabedtimestorytotheir(1).Andtheymusthave
(2)
howdifficultitistowriteagoodchildren'sbook.Eithertheauthorhasaimedtoo
(3)
,sothatthechildrencan'tfollowwhatisinhis(ormoreoften,her)story,
(4)
thestoryseemstobetalkingtothereaders.
Thebestchildren'sbooksareneitherverydifficultnorverysimple,andsatisfyboththechildrenwho
(5)
thestoryandtheadultwho
(6)
it.Unfortunately,thereareinfact
(7)
bookslikethis,sotheproblemoffindingtherightbedtimestoryisnot
(8)
tosolve.Thismaybewhymanyofbooksregardedasworksofchildren'sliteraturewereinfactwrittenfor
(9)
.“Alice'sAdventureinWonderland”isperhapsthemostobviousofthis.Children,leftforthemselves,often
(10)
theworstpossibleinterestinliterature.Justleaveachildinbookshopor
(11)
andhewillmorewillinglychoosethebookswritteninanimaginativeway,orhavea
(12)
atmostchildren'scomics,fullofthestoriesandjokeswhicharetheobjectionsofteachersandright-thinkingparents.
Perhapsweparentsshould
(13)
tryingtobrainwashchildrenintoacceptingourtasteinliterature.Afterallchildrenandadultsareso
(14)
thatweparentsshouldnotexpectthattheywillenjoythe
(15)
books.SoIsupposewe'lljusthavetocompromiseoverthatbedtimestory.
【答案】(1)children
(2)realized
(3)high
(4)or
(5)hear
(6)read
(7)few
(8)easy
(9)grow-ups或adults
(10)show
(11)library
(12)look
(13)stop
(14)different
(15)same
【解析】(1)由空格前的their可知此處應(yīng)填入名詞。句中出現(xiàn)parents“父母”和bedtimestory“床頭故事”,空格前的their指parents,因此可知空格處可填入“children”。
(2)空格前的they依然指parents,空格后是how引導(dǎo)的從句,因此空格處為動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)句意“他們一定已經(jīng)……寫(xiě)一本好的兒童書(shū)有多難”。這里需要選擇一個(gè)動(dòng)詞表示父母?jìng)儭爸馈?、“認(rèn)知”寫(xiě)一本好的兒童書(shū)的有多難,可填入realized“意識(shí)到”,符合語(yǔ)境,
(3)由空格前的too可知此處應(yīng)填入形容詞。前面動(dòng)詞aim“設(shè)置目標(biāo)”,加上后面sothat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)“孩子們聽(tīng)不懂他(或她)的故事”,因此作者設(shè)置的目標(biāo)應(yīng)該是“過(guò)于高(high)”。
(4)空格后是一個(gè)完整句,因此空格處應(yīng)為連接詞或關(guān)聯(lián)詞。本句句首出現(xiàn)了either,結(jié)合后半句句意“這個(gè)故事似乎在與讀者對(duì)話(huà)”,可知本句就是在表達(dá)寫(xiě)故事的兩種后果——一種看不懂,一種似乎是對(duì)話(huà)??上氲脚ceither搭配的or,either…or…表示“要么……要么……”。
(5)空格處為who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞thechildren,主語(yǔ)who后面缺少?gòu)木涞闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞成分。賓語(yǔ)是thestory,children自然是“聽(tīng)”故事的人,因此此處填入hear。
(6)空格前后都有名詞,且這里有并列關(guān)系詞and,可知空格處應(yīng)填入動(dòng)詞。Theadult指的是parents,it指thestory,因此應(yīng)填入動(dòng)詞read。
(7)空格處應(yīng)填入形容詞來(lái)修飾名詞books。由句首的unfortunately可知,“像這樣的(上一句所說(shuō))故事書(shū)”應(yīng)該是“很難”找到,這個(gè)修飾詞表示否定含義,因此可用few修飾books,表示“幾乎沒(méi)有(很難找到)這樣的書(shū)”。
(8)空格前有be動(dòng)詞,后面是動(dòng)詞不定式tosolve,需要解決的是“theproblem”,且本句后半部分是so引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),原因在前半句“不幸的是,事實(shí)上像這樣的書(shū)沒(méi)有幾本”,由此可知這個(gè)問(wèn)題“不容易解決”,應(yīng)填入easy。
(9)本句句首的“thismaybewhy”說(shuō)明本句是順承上句而來(lái)的結(jié)果,上句說(shuō)到“真正的兒童書(shū)籍幾乎沒(méi)有”,因此本句表示“兒童文學(xué)作品實(shí)際上是為成年人而寫(xiě)”??崭裉帒?yīng)填入表示“成年人”的詞,adults或grow-ups。
(10)空格處詞語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)是interest“興趣”,因此這里說(shuō)的是“讓孩子自己讀書(shū)時(shí),他們常常對(duì)文學(xué)毫無(wú)興趣”?!氨憩F(xiàn)興趣”應(yīng)用“showtheinterest”表示,空格處填入show。
(11)空格前的or在本句表示并列,or前后的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)該詞性一致、并具有同一特點(diǎn),bookshop“書(shū)店”有書(shū)供孩子閱讀,另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)同類(lèi)地方就是library“圖書(shū)館”。
(12)本句表示“讓孩子們?cè)跁?shū)店或圖書(shū)館自行選書(shū)閱讀”,空格后是一類(lèi)圖書(shū)children’scomics“兒童漫畫(huà)”,因此前面應(yīng)是表示“閱讀”的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組,加上空格前后的havea…at,可推知此處應(yīng)是“havealookat”。
(13)本句句意:也許我們父母應(yīng)該……嘗試給孩子洗腦,讓他們接受我們對(duì)文學(xué)的品味。上一段表示兒童文學(xué)作品大多為成年人而寫(xiě),真正的兒童讀物很少。由此推測(cè)本句是在呼吁“停止嘗試給孩子洗腦”。stopdoingsth.表示“停止做某事”。
(14)本句句意:畢竟兒童和成人間有著很大的……,因此父母不應(yīng)期待他們會(huì)喜歡讀……的書(shū),接上文,兒童不會(huì)喜歡成人化的作品,說(shuō)明兒童與成人是“不同的”,因此此處應(yīng)填入different。
(15)接上題解析,由于兒童和成人有很大不同,因此他們不會(huì)讀“相同的”書(shū)籍,應(yīng)填入same。
2.單選題
RecombinantDNAtechnologyallowsscientiststocutsegmentsofDNAfromonetypeoforganismandcombinethemwiththegenesofasecondorganism.AlsocalledgeneticengineeringrecombinantDNAtechnologyisamethodbywhichrelativelysimpleorganisms,suchasbacteriaoryeast,orevenmammaliancellsinculture,canbeinducedtomakequantitiesofhumanproteins,includinginterferonsorgrowtobaccoplantsthatproducemonoclonalantibodies,andgoatsthatsecreteaclot-dissolvingheartattackdrug,tissueplasminogenactivator(TPA),intheirmilk.
AnotherfacetofrecombinantDNAtechnologyinvolvesgenetherapy.Thegoalofthistherapyistoreplacedefectivegenes,ortoendowacellwithnewcapabilities.In1989,thefeasibilityandsafetyofgenetransferwasdemonstratedwhentumor-infiltratinglymphocytes(TILS)wereextractedfromapatient,equippedwithamarkergene(sotheycouldbetrackedandmonitored),andthenre-injectedintopatientswithadvancedcancer.TodeliverthegeneintotheTILS,thescientistsusedavirus,exploitingitsnaturaltendencytoinvadecells,beforebeingusedasavector,theviruswasalteredsothatitcouldnotreproduceorcausedisease.Thisexperimentdemonstratedthatgene-modifiedcellscouldsurviveforlongperiodsinthebloodstreamandintumordepositswithoutharmtothepatient.
Theearliestattemptstousegenestherapeuticallyfocusedonaformofseverecombinedimmunodeficiencydisease(SCID),whichiscausedbythelackofanenzymeduetoasingleabnormalgene.Thegeneforthisenzyme-adenosinedeaminase(ADA)—isdeliveredintothepatient'sTcellsbyamodifiedretrovirus.WhenthevirussplicesitsgenesintothoseoftheTcells,itsimultaneouslyintroducesthegeneforthemissingenzyme.AfterthetreatedTcellsbegintoproducethemissingenzyme,theyareinjectedbackintothepatient.
Genetherapyisnowbeingusedwithsomecancerpatients.TILSreinforcedwithagenefortheantitumorcytokineknownastumornecrosisfactor(TNF)havebeenadministeredtopatientswithadvancedmelanoma,adeadlyformofskincancer.Plansareunderwaytoengineeracancer“vaccine”designedtoimproveanticancerimmuneresponsesbytakingsmallbitsoftumorfrompatientswithcancer,outfittingthetumorcellswithgenesforimmunecellactivatingcytokinessuchasLL2,andre-injectingthesegene-modifiedtumorsintothepatient.Whilethethoughtofreintroducingacanceroustumorintoapatientseemssomewhatfrightening,theenhancedimmuneresponsetriggeredbythistechniquemayhelppreventtherecurrenceofcancer.
1.WhatinnatecharacteristicofvirusesdidresearcherstakeadvantageofinordertotransportgenesintoTILS?
2.Accordingtothepassage,SCIDiscausedby(
).
3.Whymightcancerpatientsbeleeryoftheprospectofacancer“vaccine”asdiscussedinthispassage?
4.Adenosinedeaminase(ADA)istransferredintotheTcellsofapatientviawhichofthefollowing?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.protectiveproteincoat
B.affinityforinvadingcells
C.non-cellularconsistency
D.abilitytoproduceDNAfromRNA
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.anoverabundanceofmonoclonalantibodies
B.anoverabundanceoftumornecrosisfactor
C.alackoftumornecrosisfactor
D.alackofadenosinedeaminase
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Vaccinerecipientswillbere-injectedwithcancerousmaterial
B.Thevaccineisderivedfromthetobaccoplant.
C.Thesafetyofgenetictransferhasnotyetbeenproven.
D.Geneticmaterialfromthevectorcouldinvadethevaccinerecipient’sbloodstream.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.markergene
B.TILS
C.interferon
D.modifiedretrovirus
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:D
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘研究人員利用病毒的什么固有特性來(lái)將基因?qū)隩ILS?’根據(jù)文章第二段第四句的“TodeliverthegeneintotheTILS,thescientistsusedavirus,exploitingitsnaturaltendencytoinvadecells.為了將這種基因?qū)隩ILS,科學(xué)家們使用了一種病毒,利用它入侵細(xì)胞的自然傾向。”確定B選項(xiàng)‘入侵細(xì)胞的傾向’正確。
2.題目提問(wèn)‘根據(jù)文章,SCID是由……導(dǎo)致的?!鶕?jù)第三段第一句與第二句中的“aformofseverecombinedimmunodeficiencydisease(SCID),whichiscausedbythelackofanenzymeduetoasingleabnormalgene.Thegeneforthisenzyme-adenosinedeaminase(ADA)—isdeliveredintothepatient’sTcellsbyamodifiedretrovirus.一種嚴(yán)重的聯(lián)合免疫缺陷病(SCID),由單個(gè)異?;蛞鸬拿溉狈σ?。這種酶的基因——腺苷脫氨酶(ADA)——通過(guò)一種改良的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒進(jìn)入病人的T細(xì)胞”中的lackof可以排除A選項(xiàng)‘單克隆抗體過(guò)量’、B選項(xiàng)‘腫瘤壞死因子過(guò)多’和C選項(xiàng)‘缺乏腫瘤壞死因子’。從第一句與第二句的前后關(guān)系及this這個(gè)詞知道第一句的enzyme就是指第二句的enzyme-adenosinedeaminase(ADA),所以D選項(xiàng)‘缺乏腺哲脫氨酶’正確。
3.題目提問(wèn)‘為什么癌癥患者會(huì)對(duì)這篇文章中所討論的癌癥“疫苗”的前景持懷疑態(tài)度?’根據(jù)最后一段最后一句中的“Whilethethoughtofreintroducingacanceroustumorintoapatientseemssomewhatfrightening,盡管將惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞重新植入患者體內(nèi)的想法似乎有點(diǎn)嚇人”推知A選項(xiàng)‘疫苗接種者將被重新注入癌物質(zhì)’正確。B選項(xiàng)‘疫苗是來(lái)自煙草植物’和D選項(xiàng)‘載體中的遺傳物質(zhì)可以入侵疫苗接受者的血液’在文章中沒(méi)有提及,排除;C選項(xiàng)‘基因轉(zhuǎn)移的安全性尚未得到證實(shí)’與文中第二第三句中的“In1989,thefeasibilityandsafetyofgenetransferwasdemonstrated.在1989年,基因轉(zhuǎn)移的可行性與安全性己經(jīng)得到證明。”互相矛盾,排除。
4.題目提問(wèn)‘ADA通過(guò)下列哪一種途徑轉(zhuǎn)移到患者的T細(xì)胞中?’根據(jù)文章第三段第二句“Thegeneforthisenzyme-adenosinedeaminase(ADA)—isdeliveredintothepatient'sTcellsbyamodifiedretrovirus.這種酶的基因---ADA---通過(guò)一種改良的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒進(jìn)入病人的T細(xì)胞?!贝_定D選項(xiàng)‘modifiedretrovirus經(jīng)過(guò)修改的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶病毒’正確。
3.單選題
Afteryou’vestartedtomasterthetechniques,therealstruggleisjustbeginning.It’s(
)thatmakesyougreat.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.persistence
B.insistence
C.continuation
D.mentality
【答案】A
【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:當(dāng)你開(kāi)始掌握技術(shù)后,真正的斗爭(zhēng)才開(kāi)始。讓你變得偉大的是堅(jiān)持。persistence“堅(jiān)持不懈”;insistence“堅(jiān)持,強(qiáng)調(diào)”;continuation“繼續(xù)”;mentality“心態(tài)”。根據(jù)句意,選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
4.單選題
(
)isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.There
B.This
C.That
D.It
【答案】D
【解析】考查形式主語(yǔ)的用法。本句缺少主語(yǔ)。that引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)完整的句子,由此可知句首只需要一個(gè)形式主語(yǔ)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D選項(xiàng)it可充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。句意:英語(yǔ)正在被接受為一種國(guó)際語(yǔ)言,這是一個(gè)事實(shí)。
5.單選題
Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproductionandisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe'SecondIndustrialRevolution'.
Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventuallytheresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.
Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.
1.Thoughthelaborworriesabouttheeffectsofautomation,itneverdoubtsthat(
).
2.Theideaofthe"improvementfactor'(Para.3)impliesroughly
(
).
3.Inordertogetthefullbenefitsofautomation,laborwilldependmostlyon
(
).
4.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.automationwilleventuallypreventunemployment
B.automationwillhelpworkersacquirenewskills
C.automationwilleventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthantheemployers
D.automationisatrendwhichcannotbestopped
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofservice
B.thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkers
C.supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromoted
D.thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstoworkers
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.shorterworkinghoursandmoreleisuretime
B.theincreaseofwagesinproportiontotheincreaseinproductivity
C.additionalpaymenttothepermanentlydismissalworkers
D.strongdriveforplanningnewinstallations
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation
B.Laborandtheeffectsofautomation
C.Unemploymentbenefitsplansandautomation.
D.Socialbenefitsofautomation
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:A
第4題:B
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘盡管工人們擔(dān)心自動(dòng)化的影響,但他們從不懷疑……?’根據(jù)第二段中“Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.勞工基本上的觀點(diǎn)是抵抗技術(shù)變革是徒然的”確定D選項(xiàng)“自動(dòng)化是一種不能被阻止的趨勢(shì)”正確。
2.推理判斷題。題目提問(wèn)‘“改善因素”的概念(第3段)粗略地表示……?’根據(jù)第三段中“Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.另一種方法是“改善因素”的想法,它要求在提高生產(chǎn)力的基礎(chǔ)上增加工資?!贝_定B選項(xiàng)“工人應(yīng)該共享生產(chǎn)增加和成本降低的福利”正確。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘為了獲得自動(dòng)化的全部好處,勞動(dòng)力將主要依靠……?’根據(jù)最后一段中“Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.然而,勞動(dòng)力有可能主要依靠減少工作時(shí)間來(lái)充分分享自動(dòng)化的成果?!贝_定A選項(xiàng)“更短的工作時(shí)間和更多的休閑吋間”正確。
4.主旨大意題。全文主要是講“自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展對(duì)勞工在工作與就業(yè)等方而帶來(lái)的影響”,所以B選項(xiàng)“勞工與自動(dòng)化的影響”正確。文章并沒(méi)有對(duì)自動(dòng)化的劣勢(shì)展開(kāi)討論,所以A選項(xiàng)“自動(dòng)化的優(yōu)勢(shì)與劣勢(shì)”錯(cuò)誤,C選項(xiàng)“失業(yè)福利計(jì)劃和自動(dòng)化”和D選項(xiàng)“自動(dòng)化的社會(huì)效益”只是文中提及的一部分內(nèi)容,排除。
6.單選題
Asthemanagerwasawayonabusinesstrip,Iwasaskedto(
)theweeklystaffmeeting.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.preside
B.introduce
C.chair
D.dominate
【答案】C
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)preside“管理;主持(常與over搭配)”;B選項(xiàng)introduce“介紹;引進(jìn);提出”;C選項(xiàng)chair“擔(dān)任主席;主持;使……入座”;D選項(xiàng)dominate“控制;支配;占優(yōu)勢(shì)”。句意:由于經(jīng)理出差去了,我被邀請(qǐng)……每周員工會(huì)議。此處應(yīng)表示“主持會(huì)議”,A選項(xiàng)preside應(yīng)與over搭配才表示“主持”,只有C選項(xiàng)符合題意。
7.單選題
Withtheincreasingunemploymentrate,femaleworkerswhoare45to55yearsoldareusuallythefirsttobe(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.laidaside
B.laidup
C.laidout
D.laidoff
【答案】D
【解析】動(dòng)詞詞組辨析題。layaside“放棄(某種習(xí)慣),積蓄(金錢(qián)),把…放在一邊”;layup“放置不用,貯存,儲(chǔ)蓄,使(某人)待在床上或室內(nèi)”;layout“設(shè)計(jì);展示,安排”;layoff“暫時(shí)解雇,裁員,停止工作”;根據(jù)句意‘隨著失業(yè)率不斷上升,45-55歲的女性工人通常最先被(
)。’確定D選項(xiàng)正確。
8.單選題
Therewasonlyasmall(
)inthecity'spopulationoverthelasttenyears.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.intimacy
B.increment
C.immortality
D.incidence
【答案】B
【解析】名詞辨析題。intimacy“親密,親昵行為,隱私”;increment“增量,增加”;immortality“不朽,不滅”;incidence“發(fā)生率,影響”。由句子中“thecity'spopulation該市人口”確定B選項(xiàng)“增加”符合句意,正確。
9.單選題
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,isdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisinadequatesupply.Competitorsmayawareofoneanother,whichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnotconflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.
Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarformthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,howeverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict.Socialanimals,suchasmonkeysandcattle,fighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfights,butinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimal.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwar,butratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.
Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresources,trades,skills,andasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwar-1ikeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis
1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesthedefinitionsofsometermsinorderto(
).
2.Accordingtheauthor,competitiondiffersfromconflictinthat
(
).
3.Thephrase“functioninthedisserviceofoneanother”(Line7,Para.1)mostprobablymeans(
).
4.Thepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestion“(
)".
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.argueforthesimilaritiesbetweenanimalsocietiesandhumansocieties
B.smoothouttheconflictsinhumansocieties
C.distinguishbetweentwokindsofopposition
D.summarizethatcharacteristicfeaturesofcooperation
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.itresultsinwarinmostcases
B.itinduceseffortstoexpandterritory
C.itisakindofoppositionamongsocialentities
D.itisessentiallyastruggleforexistence
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.betrayeachother
B.harmoneanother
C.helptocollaboratewitheachother
D.benefitoneanother
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Iswarinevitable?
B.Whyisthereconflictandcompetition?
C.Isconflictdesirable?
D.Cancompetitionleadtoconflict?
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:D
第3題:B
第4題:A
【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“在第一段中,作者給一些術(shù)語(yǔ)下了定義,目的是……”。文章第一段提到“這些定義是有必要的,因?yàn)楸仨殢?qiáng)調(diào)在一個(gè)資源有限的世界中,個(gè)人或團(tuán)體之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的,但是此沖突不是彼沖突”(Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnotconflict),由此可以看出作者是為了區(qū)分兩種“沖突”,選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“在作者看來(lái),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與沖突的區(qū)別在于……”。文章第二段第一、二句提到“很多作者認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的,其前提是在動(dòng)物物種的斗爭(zhēng)中,只有適者生存。一般來(lái)說(shuō),這種斗爭(zhēng)在本質(zhì)上是競(jìng)爭(zhēng),而不是沖突”(Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarformthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,howeverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict),因此選項(xiàng)D“它本質(zhì)是為了生存斗爭(zhēng)”符合題意。
3.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“短語(yǔ)functioninthedisserviceofeachother的意思是……”。該短語(yǔ)與后文的functionintheserviceofoneanother相對(duì)應(yīng),意思與之相反,選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
4.主旨大意題。題目問(wèn)的是“文章可能主要是為了回答……這個(gè)問(wèn)題”。文章第一句話(huà)提到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是不可避免這個(gè)問(wèn)題得到世界上很多偉大作家的關(guān)注(Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters);文章最后一句話(huà)提到國(guó)家之間像戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一樣的沖突不可避免,但是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的(itcannotbesaidthatwar-1ikeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis),可知全文都是在圍繞著“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)能否避免”這話(huà)題展開(kāi),選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
10.翻譯題
金銀玉器是一個(gè)總稱(chēng),通指對(duì)金、銀等金屬材質(zhì)及玉石進(jìn)行鍛煉、雕琢加工而成的佩戴裝飾品或觀賞工藝品。
我國(guó)金銀器的制造和使用已有三千多年的歷史。在商代青銅文化聞名于世的同時(shí),就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了金器。從傳世文物上來(lái)看,金銀器品種繁多,應(yīng)用廣泛。小到金銀首飾,大到佛塔供器,無(wú)不可以發(fā)現(xiàn)金銀器的蹤影。普通人家只是將金銀器用作佩飾可收藏,官宦人家則更用作飲食、生活用具,而宮廷中金銀器的使用則遍及佛事、飲食起居、冠服車(chē)馬、陳設(shè)裝飾等各個(gè)方面。從中可以想見(jiàn)金銀器對(duì)我們傳統(tǒng)文化及日常生活的深刻影響。
玉器是指用玉石手工雕刻琢磨而成,用于佩戴裝飾或陳設(shè)觀賞的藝術(shù)品。早期的玉器多用作禮器,少數(shù)用作佩飾。從良渚、紅山文化遺址中出土的古玉來(lái)看,新石器時(shí)期的玉器用作祭祀、陪葬的禮器外,還有辟邪的神秘意味,同時(shí)還是權(quán)力、財(cái)富和尊貴的象征,用玉的階層也只限于王公貴族。宋代以后,玉器的使用逐漸普及,大量的玉器皿、玉佩飾也進(jìn)入了尋常百姓之家。玉在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化中具有特殊的意義,中國(guó)也贏得了“玉器之國(guó)”的美譽(yù)。
【答案】Gold,silverandjadewaresarethegenericterm,whichusuallyreferstobaldricorornamentalartsandcraftspolishedandcarvedoutofmetalmaterialslikegoldandsilverandjade.
Themanufactureanduseofgoldandsilverwarehasalreadyhadahistoryofmorethan3000yearsinourcountry.Goldwarehasappearedwhilebronzeculturewaswell-knownintheworldintheShangdynasty.Accordingtoculturalrelicshandeddownfromancienttimes,therearemanycategoriesinthegoldandsilverwarethathasbeenappliedinmanyfields.Goldandsilverwarescanbeseenanywhere,rangingfromgoldandsilverjewellerytoBuddhisttowerandworshippingutensils.Goldandsilverwaresaremerelyusedasbaldricthatcanbecollectedinaveragefamily,andtheyarefurtherusedasdietandlifeappliancesinanofficialfamily.Buttheuseofgoldandsilverwaresinthepalaceinvolvesallrespects,suchasBuddhistceremony,dietanddailylife,crownclothingandcoach,furnishingsanddecoration,etc.,fromwhichwecanimaginethattheinfluenceofgoldandsilverwareshasbeenreflectedprofoundlyinourtraditionalcultureanddailylife.
Jadewarereferstotheworkofartmanuallycarvedandpolishedoutofjadeandusedforwearingandornamentationorfurnishingsandappreciation.Mostoftheearlyjadeswereusedasritualvessel,andthenumberofbaldricisverysmall.IntermsofancientjadesunearthedintheLiangzhuandHongshanculturalrelics,apartfrombeingusedasritualvesselsinsacrificialandfuneraryactivities,jadewareintheNeolithicperiodalsohadthemysteriousmeaningofprotectingagainstevilspirits,aswellasasymbolofpower,wealth,anddignity.Furthermore,theuseofjadewaslimitedtoroyaltyandnobility.AftertheSongDynasty,theuseofjadearticlewasmoreandmorepopular,mostofjadewaresorjadeornamentscouldbeseenincommonfamily.JadeisendowedwithaspecialmeaninginthetraditionalChineseculture,andChinahasalsowonagoodreputationof“countryofjade”.
11.單選題
Successas(
)byeconomicoutputbearsnocloserelationshiptohumanachievement.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.decided
B.achieved
C.assured
D.measured
【答案】B
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:靠經(jīng)濟(jì)輸出來(lái)獲得的成功與人類(lèi)成就沒(méi)有緊密的聯(lián)系。achievesuccess“獲得成功”,選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
12.單選題
Nowthecheersandapplause(
)inasinglesustainedroar.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.mingled
B.tangled
C.baffled
D.huddled
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)mingle“混合;交往”;B選項(xiàng)tangle“使……纏結(jié)在一起;打架”;C選項(xiàng)baffle“使……困惑;使……受挫折”;D選項(xiàng)huddle“擠在一起;蜷縮;靠攏”。句意:現(xiàn)在歡呼聲和掌聲……在一個(gè)持續(xù)的呼喊中。綜合句意與選項(xiàng)可知,此處表示“歡呼聲與掌聲混合”,A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
13.單選題
Arroganceandpridearesimilarinmeaning,butthereisa(n)(
)differencebetweenthem.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.submerged
B.indecisive
C.indistinct
D.subtle
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:傲慢與驕傲字面上意思接近,但是二者有細(xì)微的區(qū)別。submerged“水下的”;indecisive“猶豫不決的”;indistinct“模糊的”;subtle“微妙的,細(xì)微的”。根據(jù)句意,選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
14.單選題
Thevolcanolaid(
)now,butwefeltsureitwoulderuptagainwithintheyear.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.inactive
B.slack
C.elevated
D.inattentive
【答案】A
【解析】形容詞辨析題。inactive“不活動(dòng)的,不活躍的”;slack“懶惰的,懈怠的”;elevate“舉起,提起”;inattentive“不注意的,漫不經(jīng)心的”;根據(jù)句意‘盡管火山目前是(
)狀態(tài),但是我們確信今年它會(huì)再次噴發(fā)?!_定A選項(xiàng)正確。
15.單選題
Highgradesaresupposedto(
)academicability,butJohn'sactualperformancedidnotconfirmthis.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.certify
B.clarify
C.classify
D.notify
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)certify“證明;保證”;B選項(xiàng)clarify“澄清;闡明”;C選項(xiàng)classify“分類(lèi);分等”;D選項(xiàng)notify“通知;公布”。句意:高分應(yīng)該能……學(xué)術(shù)能力,但約翰的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)并沒(méi)有證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)。后半句的“證實(shí)”也是在提示highgrade與academicability之間的邏輯關(guān)系,綜合對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可得A選項(xiàng)正確。
16.填空題
Ahealthydietwithpropernutritionisessentialformaintaininggoodoverallhealth.(1)itwasdiscoveredearlierinthiscentury,peoplehaveroutinely
(2)takingsupplementsforthispurpose.TheRecommendedDietaryAllowance(RDA)isausednutritional
(3)
formaintainingoptimalhealth.TheRDAspecifiestherecommended
(4)ofanumberofnutrientsforpeople
(5)manydifferentageandsexgroups.TheNationalResearchCouncil’sCommitteeonDietandHealth(6)proposedadefinitionoftheRDAtobethatamountofanutrient
(7)meetstheneedsof98percentofthepopulation.TheRDAapproachhasanumberofshortcomings.First,itis
(8)
ontheassumptionthat
(9)ispossibletoaccuratelydefinenutritionalrequirementsforagivengroup.
(10),individualnutritional(11)canvarywidelywithineachgroup.Theefficiencywithwhichapersonconvertsfoodintake
(12)nutrientscanalsovarywidely.Certainfoodswheneatenincombinationactually
(13)theabsorptionofnutrients.Forexample,spinachcombinedwithmilkreducestheamountofcalciumavailabletothebody(14)
themilk.Also,theRDAapproachspecifiesadifferentdietaryrequirementforeachageand
(15).
【答案】(1)since
(2)been
(3)guideline或reference
(4)intake
(5)of
(6)has
(7)which
(8)based
(9)it
(10)second
(11)needs
(12)into
(13)affect
(14)in
(15)sex
【解析】(1)語(yǔ)法題。空格所在句的主句部分是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行吋(表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始的某動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在),所以空格這是應(yīng)填寫(xiě)一個(gè)連詞since表示時(shí)間的開(kāi)始,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2)語(yǔ)法題。根據(jù)上一題解析知道這里是完成進(jìn)行時(shí),taking用的是現(xiàn)在分詞形式,根據(jù)固定搭配(主語(yǔ))+助動(dòng)詞(have/has)+been+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其他成分)知這里填寫(xiě)been。
(3)句意分析題。根據(jù)該句句意“RecommendedDietaryAllowance(推薦膳食許可量)是保持最佳身體健康的......”可知這里要填一個(gè)跟RDA對(duì)等的名詞,guideline或reference都可以。
(4)句意分析題。根據(jù)該句句意“針對(duì)不同年齡及性別的人們,RDA(推薦膳食許可量)列舉了一些營(yíng)養(yǎng)物的推薦攝入量?!薄?dāng)z入量’填寫(xiě)intake。
(5)介詞用法。根據(jù)第4題的句意分析知這里句意是“針對(duì)不同年齡及性別的人們”,應(yīng)該填介詞of來(lái)構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的people。
(6)時(shí)態(tài)用法題。由上文可知本句也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),所以這里填寫(xiě)has。
(7)語(yǔ)法題。根據(jù)句意和空格后動(dòng)詞確定這是一個(gè)從句,這里應(yīng)填一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞(指代前面的“amount”)來(lái)構(gòu)成一個(gè)后置定語(yǔ)從句修飾amount,修飾物可以填which或者that,但是前面的amount前有形容詞that,所以這里填寫(xiě)which較為合適。
(8)固定搭配。bebasedon為固定用法,‘建立在…基礎(chǔ)上’。
(9)固定句式:it+be動(dòng)詞+形容詞+that從句。it作形式主語(yǔ)。
(10)推斷題。由前一句中的“first(首先)”及前后句的句意,推斷這里應(yīng)該填跟其詞性一樣的詞(其次),所以填寫(xiě)“second”。
(11)推斷題。根據(jù)前一句句意‘首先,它是基于這樣一種假設(shè),即有可能準(zhǔn)確定義特定人群的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求?!茢噙@里應(yīng)該是“個(gè)人的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求”,所以可以填寫(xiě)needs或者requirements,但是上一句已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)requirements,為避免重復(fù),填寫(xiě)needs。
(12)固定短語(yǔ)。該句句意是‘一個(gè)人轉(zhuǎn)換食物攝取營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的效率也會(huì)有很大差異?!疇I(yíng)養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)化’用固定短語(yǔ)convert…into…,所以填介詞into。
(13)句意分析。由后一句的例子可知此處表達(dá)“食物混合在一起,可能影響營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的吸收?!敝髡Z(yǔ)foods是復(fù)數(shù)形式,動(dòng)詞affect‘影響’用原形。
(14)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。這里的theamountofcalcium應(yīng)該是milk中的,故填寫(xiě)介詞in‘在...之內(nèi)’。
(15)對(duì)應(yīng)前文。對(duì)應(yīng)前面第五題空格后的“differentageandsexgroups”,故這里填寫(xiě)sex。
17.翻譯題
Familyis,ifanything,thelinkbetweengenerations,thefocalpointofsocialreproduction,andculturaltransmission.Thewholepointofmarriageisthatitimposesclearobligations,notjusttherighttopursueyourownhappiness.Andthemainobligationistoprovidebothemotionalandpracticalnurtureforchildren.Theglowofburningpassionmaywellhavefaded,yourloveforyourspousemaynotbeasexcitingorsatisfyingasitoncewas,butgoingoffinsearchofanotherlovewillnothelpyourchildren.TheLoveFamilyiseithertooamorphousforchildren,orit’stoounstable,with,adultsmovingoniftherelationshipnolongeranswerstheirsearch,forperfecthappiness.Iwouldventuretosuggestthatloveisnotenoughtosustainanongoingmaritalrelationship.TheLoveFamily,intheend,doesn'thavetocare.Andunfetteredfreedomwillbecomeourchain,leavinguswithnorecoursebutlonelyisolation.
【答案】如果硬要說(shuō)什么的話(huà),家庭是世代之間的紐帶,是社會(huì)再生產(chǎn)和文化傳播的焦點(diǎn)。婚姻的全部意義在于它強(qiáng)加了它的明確的義務(wù),而不僅僅是追求自己幸福的權(quán)利。它主要的職責(zé)是為孩子們提供情感和實(shí)際的培養(yǎng)。激情燃燒的光芒可能已經(jīng)消退,你對(duì)配偶的愛(ài)可能不像過(guò)去那么令人興奮或滿(mǎn)足,但去尋找另一種愛(ài)對(duì)你的孩子沒(méi)有幫助。對(duì)于孩子來(lái)說(shuō),愛(ài)的家庭要么太不定形,要么太不穩(wěn)定。如果這種關(guān)系不再滿(mǎn)足他們對(duì)完美幸福的追求,成年人就會(huì)繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。我敢說(shuō),愛(ài)不足以維持一段持續(xù)的婚姻關(guān)系。愛(ài)的家庭,最終,不必在意。不受約束的自由將成為我們的枷鎖,使我們沒(méi)有任何依靠,只有孤獨(dú)和孤立。
18.單選題
Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosayabouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adultswhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirpre-collegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人軼事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,“Neverwassodullaboy.”O(jiān)ftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inat
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