2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-西安建筑科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)74

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-西安建筑科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Thereceptionwasattendedbyvariousprominentmembersoftheidealcommunityandrepresentativesofregionalindustries.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.congested

B.projecting

C.conspicuous

D.outstanding

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。橫線單詞prominent意為“突出的，顯著的；杰出的；卓越的”；A選項(xiàng)“congested”意為“堵塞的，擁擠的”；B選項(xiàng)“projecting”意為“突出來(lái)的；伸出的”；C選項(xiàng)“conspicuous”意為“顯著的；顯而易見(jiàn)的”；D選項(xiàng)“outstanding”意為“杰出的；顯著的；未解決的；未償付的”。句意：出席招待會(huì)的有理想社區(qū)的杰出人士和區(qū)域行業(yè)代表。由題干可知，and是并列連詞，and前后意思相近。所以可推測(cè)出prominentmembers與representatives（代表）意思相近。由此可知，prominent在此處最可能是“杰出的，卓越的”的意思，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中outstanding具有“杰出的”的意思，與此相近。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Thereisaquestion,however,thatmustbeansweredbeforethissynthesisisattempted,namely,whicharethesocialtendenciesthataregeneralhumancharacteristics?Itiseasytobemisledinthisrespect.Muchofoursocialbehaviorisautomatic.Somemaybeinstinctive,thatis,organicallydetermined.Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.Thus,acriticalexaminationofwhatisgenerallyvalidforallhumanityandwhatisspecificallyvalidfordifferentculturaltypescomestobeamatterofgreatconcerntostudentsofsociety.Thisisoneoftheproblemsthatinduceustolayparticularstressuponthestudyofculturethatarehistoricallyaslittleaspossiblerelatedtoourown.Theirstudyenablesustodeterminethosetendenciesthatarecommontoallmankindandthosebelongingtospecifichumansocietiesonly.

Anothervistaopensifweaskourselveswhetherthecharacteristicsofhumansocietyareevenmorewidelydistributedandfoundalsointheanimalworld.Relationsofindividualsorofgroupsofindividualsmaybelookedatfromthreepointsofview:relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworld,relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup,andwhat,forlackofabetterterm,maybedesignatedassubjectivelyconditionedrelations.Imeanbythistermthoseattitudesthatarisegraduallybygivingvaluesandmeaningstoactivities,asgoodorbad,rightorwrong,beautifulorugly,purposiveorcausallydetermined.Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtainingofsustenance,protectionagainstrigoroftheclimate,andgeographicallimitationsofvariedkinds.Therelationsofmembersamongthesamesocialgroupincludetherelationofsexes,habitsofformingsocialgroupsandtheirforms.Obviously,thesephasesofhumanlifearesharedbyanimals.Theirfoodrequirementsarebiologicallydeterminedandadjustedtothegeographicalenvironmentinwhichtheylive.Acquisitionandstorageoffoodarefoundamonganimalsaswellasinman.Theneedofprotectionagainstclimateandenemiesisalsooperativeinanimalsociety,andadjustmenttotheseneedsintheformofnestsordensiscommon.Nolessaretherelationsbetweenmembersofsocialgroupspresentinanimallife,foranimalsocietiesofvariedstructureoccur.Itappears,therefore,thataconsiderablefieldofsocialphenomenadoesnotbyanymeansbelongtomanalonebutissharedbytheanimalworld,andthequestionsmustbeasked:whattraitsarecommontohumanandanimalsocieties?

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Oursocialbehavioris（）.

2.Whyissocialbehaviordifficulttochange?

3.Inordertoanswerthequestion:“whicharethesocialtendenciesthataregeneralhumancharacteristics?”wehavetoemphasizeonthestudyof（）.

4.Thethreepointsofviewthatindicatetherelationsofindividualsare（）.

5.Formthedefinitionsofthethreepointsofview,accordingtothepassage,wecaninferthat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.morebasedonlearnedreactionsthannaturaltendency

B.moreinherentlydeterminedthanearlyimpressed

C.morespontaneousthaninborn

D.morebasedoninherentthanconstitutionalbehavior

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.One’sbehaviorisinbornsothatnothingcanbedoneaboutit.

B.One’sbehaviorisinstinctivesothathe/shecan’tactdifferently.

C.One’sbehavioristaughtfromchildhoodsothatitisfixedasnormalinhis/herchildhood.

D.Ifoneneverchangeshis/hergeographicaldwelling,his/hersocialbehaviorcanneverbechanged.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.humanbehavior

B.humanorgans

C.culture

D.environment

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.relationscharacterizedbynaturaldevelopment;relationsthatareculturallydetermined;sociallyacceptedbehavioramongthegroup

B.relationstonaturalandunnaturalworld;relationsamongpeople;conditionedrelations

C.relationstoorganicandinorganicouterworld;relationsamonghumanbehavior;objectivelyconditionedrelations

D.relationstolivingenvironment;relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup;subjectivelyconditionedrelations

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.conditionedrelationsareacquired

B.relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworldareinstinctive

C.relationsamongmembersorthesamesocialgrouparelearned

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.更多的是建立在條件反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上，也就是說(shuō)，條件反應(yīng)是由長(zhǎng)期的和早期的情況所決定的，我們不再意識(shí)到行為的特征，通常也沒(méi)有意識(shí)到不同行為的存在或可能性?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“更多的是基于習(xí)得的反應(yīng)，而不是自然傾向”；B項(xiàng)“更多的是內(nèi)在的決心而不是早期的印象”，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“自發(fā)的多于天生的”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“更多地基于天生而不是本質(zhì)的行為”，與原文不符，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.更多的是建立在條件反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上，也就是說(shuō)，條件反應(yīng)是由長(zhǎng)期的和早期的情況所決定的，我們不再意識(shí)到行為的特征，通常也沒(méi)有意識(shí)到不同行為的存在或可能性?！笨赏浦狢項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的行為是與生俱來(lái)的，因此沒(méi)有什么可以改變它?！?，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的行為是本能的，所以他/她不會(huì)有不同的行為?！保c原文不符；C項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的行為是從小就被教導(dǎo)的，因此在他/她的童年就被固定下來(lái)，作為正常的行為?！?；D項(xiàng)“如果一個(gè)人永遠(yuǎn)不改變他/她的居住地，他/她的社會(huì)行為也永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)改變?！?，與原文不符，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Theirstudyenablesustodeterminethosetendenciesthatarecommontoallmankindandthosebelongingtospecifichumansocietiesonly.他們的研究使我們能夠確定哪些傾向是全人類共有的，哪些只屬于特定的人類社會(huì)?！笨赏浦狢項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“人類行為”；B項(xiàng)“人類器官”；C項(xiàng)“文化”；D項(xiàng)“環(huán)境”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:推理判斷題。最后一段中提及的三個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworld、relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup和conditionedrelations（有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系、同一社會(huì)群體成員之間的關(guān)系和條件關(guān)系），B、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均不符合題干要求，所以A項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“以自然發(fā)展為特點(diǎn)的關(guān)系；由文化決定的關(guān)系；群體間被社會(huì)所接受的行為”；B項(xiàng)“與自然和非自然世界的關(guān)系；人們之間的關(guān)系；條件關(guān)系”，與題意不符；C項(xiàng)“與外部世界有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)的關(guān)系；人類行為的關(guān)系；客觀條件的關(guān)系”，與題意不符；D項(xiàng)“與生活環(huán)境的關(guān)系；同一社會(huì)群體成員之間的關(guān)系；主觀條件關(guān)系”，與題意不符，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Imeanbythistermthoseattitudesthatarisegraduallybygivingvaluesandmeaningstoactivities…我用這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)意指那些通過(guò)賦予活動(dòng)價(jià)值和意義而逐漸產(chǎn)生的態(tài)度……”，可知A項(xiàng)“條件關(guān)系是獲得的”與原文相符；由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtainingofsustenance,protectionagainstrigoroftheclimate,andgeographicallimitationsofvariedkinds.與有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系主要是通過(guò)獲得食物、抵御嚴(yán)酷的氣候和各種地理限制來(lái)建立的。”可知B項(xiàng)“與有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系是本能的”與原文相符；最后一段提到“Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtaining…”，即成員與群體間的關(guān)系是習(xí)得的，C選項(xiàng)正確。所以D項(xiàng)“以上各選項(xiàng)”正確。A項(xiàng)“條件關(guān)系是獲得的”；B項(xiàng)“與有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系是本能的”；C項(xiàng)“成員或同一社會(huì)群體之間的關(guān)系是習(xí)得的”；D項(xiàng)“以上各選項(xiàng)”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

ProfessorSmithandProfessorBrownwill（）ingivingtheclasslectures.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exchange

B.alter

C.shift

D.alternate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)exchange“交換；交易；兌換”；B選項(xiàng)alter“改變；變更”；C選項(xiàng)shift“轉(zhuǎn)移；改變；替換”；D選項(xiàng)alternate“交替；輪流”。句意：史密斯教授和布朗教授將輪流給這個(gè)班級(jí)講課。根據(jù)句中“givingtheclasslectures給這個(gè)班級(jí)講課”可知“輪流”符合語(yǔ)境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Becauseofadverseweatherconditions,thetravelersstoppedtocamp.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.local

B.unfamiliar

C.good

D.unfavorable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。adverse“不利的；相反的；敵對(duì)的”；A選項(xiàng)“l(fā)ocal當(dāng)?shù)氐?；局部的；地方性的”；B選項(xiàng)unfamiliar“不熟悉的；不常見(jiàn)的”；C選項(xiàng)good“好的；優(yōu)良的；愉快的”；D選項(xiàng)unfavorable“不利的；令人不快的；不順利的”。句意：由于天氣條件惡劣，旅行者們停下來(lái)露營(yíng)。根據(jù)句中“thetravelersstoppedtocamp這些旅客停下了去扎營(yíng)”可知adverse在這里的意思為“不利的”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Ifoundthisveryprofitableindiminishingtheintensityofnarrow-mindedprejudice.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.lessening

B.reflecting

C.removing

D.increasing

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。diminish（其現(xiàn)在分詞為diminishing）“使減少；使變小”；A選項(xiàng)lessen（其現(xiàn)在分詞為lessening）“減少；使縮小，使減輕”；B選項(xiàng)reflect（其現(xiàn)在分詞為reflecting）“反映；反射；反省”；C選項(xiàng)remove（其現(xiàn)在分調(diào)為removing）“移動(dòng)，遷移；調(diào)動(dòng)”；D選項(xiàng)increase（其現(xiàn)在分詞為increasing）“增加，加大”。句意：我發(fā)現(xiàn)這對(duì)于減少狹隘的偏見(jiàn)非常有益。根據(jù)句中“veryprofitable非常有利可圖”與“theintensityofnarrow-mindedprejudice偏見(jiàn)的強(qiáng)度”可知diminish在這里的意思為“減少”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Theheatinsummerisnoless（）hereinthismountainregion.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.concentrated

B.extensive

C.intense

D.intensive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)concentrated“集中的；濃縮的；全神貫注的”；B選項(xiàng)extensive“廣泛的；大量的；廣闊的”；C選項(xiàng)intense“強(qiáng)烈的；緊張的；非常的；熱情的”；D選項(xiàng)intensive“加強(qiáng)的；集中的”。由本句主語(yǔ)“Theheatinsummer”（夏天的炎熱）后接noless（不相上下）可知此處的意思應(yīng)與強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)應(yīng)，表示夏天的炎熱程度。句意：在這片山區(qū)，夏季的酷暑同樣強(qiáng)烈。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseontheAnswerSheet.

Wecannotacceptthegrowingthreatposedbyclimatechange,whichcouldforeverdamagetheworldthatwepassontoourchildren,sowingconflictandfamine,destroyingcoastlinesandemptyingcities.Andthat’swhyallnationsmustnowaccepttheirshareofresponsibilityfortransformingthewaythatweuseenergy.

Wecan’tacceptaworldinwhichmorepeoplearedeniedopportunityanddignitythatallpeopleyearnfor:theabilitytogetaneducationandmakeadecentliving,thesecuritythatyouwon’thavetoliveinfearofdiseaseorviolencewithouthopeforthefuture.

Iknowthesechallengescanbemet,solongasit’srecognizedthattheywillnotbemetbyonepersonoronenationalone.Thisawardisnotsimplyabouttheeffortsofmyadministration;it’saboutthecourageouseffortsofpeoplearoundtheworld.

【答案】我們不能接受氣候變化造成的日益嚴(yán)重的威脅，那可能會(huì)永久性地?fù)p害我們傳給子孫后代的這個(gè)世界。我們不能播下沖突和饑荒的種子，摧毀海岸線，使城市蕭條。這就是為什么我們所有國(guó)家現(xiàn)在必須承擔(dān)各自的責(zé)任，改變我們使用能源的方式。

我們不能接受一個(gè)更多人被剝奪機(jī)會(huì)和尊嚴(yán)的世界，這種人人渴望的機(jī)會(huì)和尊嚴(yán)就是：能夠接受教育，能夠過(guò)上體面的生活，有安全感，即你不必在疾病或者暴力恐怖的擔(dān)憂中沒(méi)有希望地生活。

我知道這些挑戰(zhàn)是可以應(yīng)對(duì)的，只要人們認(rèn)識(shí)到這些挑戰(zhàn)不會(huì)由一個(gè)人或一個(gè)國(guó)家單獨(dú)應(yīng)對(duì)。這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)不僅僅是我政府的努力，而是全世界人民的勇敢努力。

8.單選題

Manypeoplethinkofdesertsas（）regions,butnumerousspeciesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtolifethere.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.remote

B.virgin

C.alien

D.barren

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)remote“遙遠(yuǎn)的；偏僻的；疏遠(yuǎn)的”；B選項(xiàng)virgin“純潔的；未經(jīng)利用的，處于原始狀態(tài)的”；C選項(xiàng)alien“外國(guó)的；性質(zhì)不同的；不相容的”；D選項(xiàng)barren“貧瘠的；不生育的；無(wú)益的”。句意：盡管很多人認(rèn)為沙漠是不生育的地區(qū)，但是許多動(dòng)植物物種卻已適應(yīng)了那里的生活。由關(guān)鍵詞“deserts沙漠”的對(duì)應(yīng)知“不生育的”符合語(yǔ)境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Thegovernment’sstrongactiondemonstratedits（）tocrushtherebellion.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.energy

B.resistance

C.courage

D.determination

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)energy“能量；精力；活力”；B選項(xiàng)resistance“阻力；電阻；抵抗”；C選項(xiàng)courage“勇氣；膽量”；D選項(xiàng)determination“決心”。句意：政府強(qiáng)有力的行動(dòng)表明了它粉碎叛亂的決心。根據(jù)句中“strongaction強(qiáng)有力的行動(dòng)”可知“決心”符合語(yǔ)境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Today,houseworkhasbeenmademucheasierbyelectrical（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.facilities

B.appliances

C.instruments

D.equipment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)facility（其復(fù)數(shù)形式為facilities）“設(shè)施；設(shè)備；容易”；B選項(xiàng)appliances“器械，裝置；家用電器”；C選項(xiàng)instrument“儀器；工具”；D選項(xiàng)equipment“設(shè)備，裝備；器材”。句意：如今，家務(wù)已因家用電氣而變得更容易。根據(jù)句中“housework家務(wù)”可知“家用電器”符合語(yǔ)境，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

ThereareafewsmallthingsthatIdon’tlikeaboutmyjob,but（）it’sveryenjoyable.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.allatonce

B.onceandforall

C.somuchas

D.byandlarge

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)allatonce“突然”；B選項(xiàng)onceandforall“一勞永逸地；徹底地；最后一次”；C選項(xiàng)somuchas“甚至于；連……都不”；D選項(xiàng)byandlarge“大體上，總的來(lái)說(shuō)”。句意：雖然工作上的一些小事情讓我討厭，但是總的來(lái)說(shuō)它是非常令人愉快的。由題干中的“afewsmallthings一些小事情”和表示轉(zhuǎn)折的“but”可知“byandlarge總的來(lái)說(shuō)”符合語(yǔ)境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

12.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetII.

文化的多樣性是人類文明最本質(zhì)的特征，尊重不同文化的獨(dú)立與發(fā)展，加強(qiáng)文化交流與合作，是維護(hù)世界文化多樣性的重要前提。在全球化的時(shí)代，人類面臨著許多共同的問(wèn)題，都需要通過(guò)廣泛的文化溝通與合作來(lái)尋求答案，中國(guó)提倡充分尊重各國(guó)的文化傳統(tǒng)，社會(huì)制度、發(fā)展道路，倡導(dǎo)開(kāi)放兼容的文化觀，也真誠(chéng)地愿意通過(guò)與各國(guó)廣泛開(kāi)展合作，借鑒各種文明之長(zhǎng)，推動(dòng)建設(shè)一個(gè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。

【答案】Culturaldiversityisthemostessentialcharacteristicsofhumancivilization,torespecttheindependenceanddevelopmentofadifferentcultureandstrengthenculturalexchangesandcooperationisimportantpreconditionsforthemaintenanceofworldculturaldiversity.Intheeraofglobalization,mankindisfacedwithmanycommonproblemsandallneedtoseektheanswerthroughextensiveculturalcommunicationandcooperation,Chinaadvocatesafullrespectforeachcountry’sculturaltradition,socialsystemanddevelopmentpathandcallforopenandcompatibleculturalview,andalsoissincerelywillingtopromotetobuildaharmoniousworldoflastingpeaceandcommonprosperitythroughextensivecooperationwithothercountriesanddrawingonthestrengthsofthevariouskindsofcivilization.

13.單選題

Toabsorbayoungerworkforce,manycompaniesofferedretirementplansasincentivesforolderworkerstoretireandmakewayfortheyoungeroneswhoearnedlowersalaries.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rewards

B.opportunities

C.motives

D.stimuli

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。incentive“激勵(lì)；獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；誘因”；A選項(xiàng)reward“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；獎(jiǎng)賞”；B選項(xiàng)opportunity（其復(fù)數(shù)形式為opportunities）“時(shí)機(jī)，機(jī)會(huì)”；C選項(xiàng)motive“動(dòng)機(jī)，目的”；D選項(xiàng)stimuli（其為stimulus的復(fù)數(shù)形式）“激勵(lì)；刺激；促進(jìn)因素”。句意：為了吸收更年輕的勞動(dòng)力，許多公司推出了退休計(jì)劃，以激勵(lì)年齡較大的員工退休，為工資較低的年輕員工讓路。根據(jù)句中“retirementplans退休計(jì)劃”可知incentive在這里的意思應(yīng)為“激勵(lì)”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Itisanticipatedthatthiscontractwillsubstantiallyincreasesalesoverthenextthreeyears.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.apparently

B.slightly

C.considerably

D.steadily

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。substantially“實(shí)質(zhì)上；充分地；大幅地”；A選項(xiàng)apparently“顯然地；似乎，表面上”；B選項(xiàng)slightly“些微地，輕微地”；C選項(xiàng)considerably“相當(dāng)多地；非常地”；D選項(xiàng)steadily“穩(wěn)定地；穩(wěn)固地”。句意：預(yù)計(jì)該合同將在未來(lái)三年內(nèi)大幅增加銷售額。根據(jù)句中“increasesales增加銷售額”可知substantially在這里的意思為“大幅地”，因此C選項(xiàng)相當(dāng)多地正確。

15.單選題

Artificialdiamondisindistinguishablefromgenuineone,butmuchcheaper.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.differentialin

B.indifferentto

C.differentiablefrom

D.identicalto

【答案】D

【解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。橫線單詞indistinguishablefrom意為“難以分辨，別無(wú)二致”；A選項(xiàng)“differentialin”意為“在……有差別的”；B選項(xiàng)“indifferentto”意為“不在乎……；對(duì)……漠不關(guān)心”；C選項(xiàng)“differentiablefrom”意為“區(qū)別于”；D選項(xiàng)“identicalto”意為“同一的，同樣的；和……相同”。句意：人造鉆石與真鉆石難以區(qū)別，但便宜得多。由題干可知，but是表轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞。but后是便宜得多，如果人造鉆石和真鉆石有區(qū)別的話，構(gòu)不成轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，所以此處表達(dá)的是人造鉆石和真鉆石難以區(qū)分，但是還便宜得多。由此可知，indistinguishablefrom在此處最可能是“難以分辨”的意思。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

16.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetII.

在哥本哈根會(huì)議遇到困難，許多國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人準(zhǔn)備打道回府的時(shí)候，我堅(jiān)持同各方斡旋，與各國(guó)共同努力，最終達(dá)成哥本哈根協(xié)議。這個(gè)成果是來(lái)之不易的，也是在涉及各國(guó)重大利益問(wèn)題上可能取得的最好成果。

哥本哈根會(huì)議結(jié)束以后，1月份我就致函聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)和丹麥?zhǔn)紫?，?jiān)定地表示，中國(guó)高度評(píng)價(jià)和支持哥本哈根會(huì)議決議的立場(chǎng)。就在最近，我們又致函聯(lián)合國(guó)，表示我們?nèi)嬷С指绫竟鶗?huì)議決議的立場(chǎng)，并且申明中國(guó)列入支持《哥本哈根協(xié)議》的名單國(guó)。

為什么總拿中國(guó)做文章？我至今不明白。氣候變化問(wèn)題關(guān)系到人類的生存，也關(guān)系到各國(guó)的利益，關(guān)系到世界的公平和正義。我們堅(jiān)持“共同但有個(gè)別的責(zé)任”原則是完全正確的，我們將繼續(xù)同世界各國(guó)一同推進(jìn)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的進(jìn)程。

【答案】WhentheCopenhagenConferenceranintodifficultiesandmanyworldleaderswerereadytogohome,IinsistedonworkingwithallpartiesandothercountriestoreachanagreementinCopenhagen.Thisresultishard-won,anditisthebestthatcanbeachievedonissuesthataffecttheinterestsofallcountries.

AftertheCopenhagenConference,IwroteletterstotheUNSecretary-GeneralandtheDanishPrimeMinisterinJanuary,firmlystatingthatChinahighlyvaluesandsupportstheCopenhagenConferenceresolution.Justrecently,wewrotetotheUnitedNations,expressingourfullsupportfortheCopenhagenConferenceresolutionandaffirmingChina’sinclusioninthelistofcountriessupportingtheCopenhagenAccord.

WhydoyoualwaysmakeanissueofChina?Istilldon’tunderstand.Climatechangeconcernsnotonlythesurvivalofmankind,butalsotheinterestsofallcountriesandthefairnessandjusticeoftheworld.Itisentirelycorrectforustoadheretotheprincipleof“commonbutseparateresponsibilities”.Wewillcontinuetoworkwithothercountriestotackleclimatechange.

17.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishonyourANSWERSHEET.

你可能有很高的學(xué)術(shù)才智，但缺乏社會(huì)能力，即虛心聽(tīng)取意見(jiàn)、熱忱待人、批評(píng)與接受批評(píng)的能力。社會(huì)能力強(qiáng)的人能夠承認(rèn)自己的錯(cuò)誤，勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任并繼續(xù)努力。他們知道如何取得集體的支持。而人際關(guān)系差的人不太善于接受批評(píng)。遇到錯(cuò)誤，首先想到的是自己，拒絕承認(rèn)自己有錯(cuò)，喜怒無(wú)?；虮┨缋住?/p>

【答案】Youmayhavegreatacademictalent,butyoulacksocialskills,whichreferstotheabilitytolistentoideaswithanopenmind,cordiallytreatpeopleandacceptcriticism.Peoplewithstrongsocialskillsareabletoadmittheirmistakes,acceptresponsibilitybravely,andcontinuetoworkhard.Theyknowhowtogetcollectivesupport.Andpeoplewithpoorrelationshipsarelessreceptivetocriticism.Whentheymakemistakes,theyalwaysthinkofthemselvesfirstandrefusetoadmitthattheyarewrong,beingmoodyorfurious.

18.單選題

Inatyphoon,winds（）aspeedgreaterthan120kilometersperhour.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.assume

B.accomplish

C.attain

D.assemble

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)assume“采??；呈現(xiàn)；承擔(dān)”；B選項(xiàng)accomplish“完成；實(shí)現(xiàn)”；C選項(xiàng)attain“實(shí)現(xiàn)；獲得；達(dá)到”；D選項(xiàng)assemble“集合；裝配；收集”。句意：在臺(tái)風(fēng)中，風(fēng)速達(dá)到每小時(shí)120公里。根據(jù)句中“Inatyphoon在臺(tái)風(fēng)中”可知“達(dá)到”符合語(yǔ)境，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

19.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

AtimelystudyinthejournalHumanFactorssuggestswhytextingwhiledrivingisriskierthantalkingonacellphoneorwithanotherpassenger.Ergonomics（人類工程學(xué)）researchersattheUniversityofUtahfoundthattextersinadrivingsimulatorhadmorecrashes,respondedmoreslowlytobrakelightsoncarsinfrontofthem,andshowedmoreimpairmentinforwardandlateralcontrolthandiddriverswhotalkedonacellphonewhiledrivingordrovewithouttexting.ResearchersFrankDrewsandcolleaguesfoundevidencethatattentionpatternsdifferfordriverswhotextversusthosewhoconverseonacellphone.Inthelattercase,theresearcherssay,“driversapparentlyattempttodivideattentionbetweenaphoneconversationanddriving,adjustingtheprocessingpriorityofthetwoactivitiesdependingontaskdemands.”Buttextingrequiresdriverstoswitchtheirattentionfromonetasktotheother.Whensuchattention-switchingoccursasdriverscompose,read,orreceiveatext,theiroverallreactiontimesaresubstantiallyslowerthanwhenthey’reengagedinaphoneconversation.Thetypeoftextingactivityalsoappearstomakeadifference;inthisstudy,readingmessagesaffectedbrakingtimesmorethandidcomposingthem.

Thehazardsoftextingwhiledrivingcontinuetoreceivebroadnationalandinternationalattentionasaccidentratesattributedtothispracticeincrease.Asaresult,agrowingnumberofU.S.citiesandstates,aswellasCanadianprovinces,bantextingwhileoperatingavehicle.Drewsetal,notedthataccordingtoCTIA,morethan1trilliontextmessagesweresentin2008intheUnitedStatesalone.Tofindwhyandhowmuchdriversareimpairedduringtexting,theresearchersengaged20menand20womenbetweentheagesof19and23inbothasingletask(straightdriving)andadualtask(drivingandtexting)inahigh-fidelitysimulator.Theparticipants,experiencedtexterswithanaverageof4.75yearsofdrivingexperience,receivedandsentmessageswhiletheresearchersobservedtheirbrakeonsettime,followingdistance,lanemaintenance,andcollisions.

Thecrashriskattributabletotextingissubstantial.Onepossibleexplanationisthatdriverswhotexttendtodecreasetheirminimumfollowingdistanceandalsoexperiencedelayedreactiontime.Forexample,intheDrewsetal.study,drivers’medianreactiontimeincreasedby30%whentheyweretextingand9%whentheytalkedonthephone,comparedwiththeirperformanceinadriving-onlycondition.

Notwithstandingthesafetyriskoftextingwhiledriving,previousresearchbyDrewsandcolleaguesattheUniversityofUtah―nottomentioncrashdataandwidespreadlegislation―makesclearthatusingaphonewhiledrivingisdangerous.

1.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

2.Atexterwhiledrivingintendsto（）.

3.Whytextingwhiledrivingismoredangerousthanconversingonacell-phone?

4.Theunderlinedphraseinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto（）.

5.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Comparedwithtalkingonacell-phone,itismoredangeroustotalkwithanotherpassenger.

B.Whiledriving,textingisriskierthantalkingonacell-phone.

C.Moreaccidentshappenedduetotextingwhiledriving.

D.Whiledriving,peopletendtoreactmoreslowlywhentheyaretexting.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.beabletopayenoughattentiontocarscomingfrombothsidesofhis/hercar

B.keepproperdistancewiththecarinfrontofhis/hers

C.besteadyindrivingalongtheproperlane

D.belessconsciousofthebrakelightsoncarinfrontofhim/hers

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Becausetextingmaytendtoslowdownthedriver’sreaction.

B.Becausereadingmessagesaffectedbrakingtime.

C.Becauseattention-switchingfortextingisriskierthanisattention-dividingforconversing.

D.Becausecomposingamessagewhiledrivingmaybemorerisky.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.torepairtheroad

B.keepingtheroadingoodcondition

C.tosticktotheroad

D.drivingsteadilyalongthesamedrivinglane

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Manycarscrashedduetotheuseofacell-phonewhiledriving.

B.Relativelawsshouldbemade.

C.Textingisasdangerousasistalkingonacell-phone.

D.Textingmayleadtosafetyproblems.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到第一段的第一句話“…whytextingwhiledrivingisriskierthantalkingonacellphoneorwithanotherpassenger”（為什么開(kāi)車時(shí)發(fā)短信比打電話或與其他乘客通話更危險(xiǎn)）可知，本文是將發(fā)短信與其他兩者之間進(jìn)行相比，而不是將“與用手機(jī)交談相比，與其他乘客交談更危險(xiǎn)”這兩者之間相比，所以A選項(xiàng)符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“開(kāi)車時(shí)發(fā)短信比打電話更危險(xiǎn)”、C選項(xiàng)“更多的事故是由開(kāi)車時(shí)發(fā)短信造成的”、D選項(xiàng)“開(kāi)車時(shí)，人們?cè)诎l(fā)短信時(shí)反應(yīng)往往更慢”三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容文中都有提及，所以說(shuō)法是正確的。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第一段的第二句話“…UniversityofUtahfoundthattextersinadrivingsimulatorhadmorecrashes,respondedmoreslowlytobrakelightsoncarsinfrontofthem,andshowedmoreimpairmentinforwardandlateralcontrolthandiddriverswhotalkedonacellphonewhiledrivingordrovewithouttexting”（猶他大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，與邊開(kāi)車邊打電話或開(kāi)車時(shí)不發(fā)短信的司機(jī)相比，在駕駛模擬器中發(fā)短信的人發(fā)生的車禍更多，對(duì)前面汽車的剎車燈反應(yīng)更慢，在前進(jìn)和橫向控制方面表現(xiàn)出更大的障礙）可知他們不太在意他/她前面車上的剎車燈。A選項(xiàng)“能夠?qū)乃?她的車的兩邊來(lái)的車給予足夠的注意”、B選項(xiàng)“與他/她前面的車保持適當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x”、C選項(xiàng)“在正確的車道上開(kāi)車要穩(wěn)”三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容沒(méi)有原文依據(jù)。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第一段的第三、四句話“ResearchersFrankDrewsandcolleaguesfoundevidencethatattentionpatternsdifferfordriverswhotextversusthosewhoconverseonacellphone.Inthelattercase,theresearcherssay,‘driversapparentlyattempttodivideattentionbetweenaphoneconversationanddriving,adjustingtheprocessingpriorityofthetwoactivitiesdependingontaskdemands.’”（研究人員FrankDrew及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)短信的司機(jī)和打電話的司機(jī)注意力模式不同。研究人員說(shuō)，在后一種情況下，“司機(jī)顯然試圖將注意力分散在打電話和開(kāi)車之間，根據(jù)任務(wù)需求調(diào)整這兩種活動(dòng)的處理優(yōu)先級(jí)”）可知因?yàn)樵诎l(fā)短信時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移注意力比在交談時(shí)分散注意力風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)榘l(fā)短信可能會(huì)減慢司機(jī)的反應(yīng)速度”、B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樽x取信息會(huì)影響制動(dòng)時(shí)間”、D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)檫呴_(kāi)車邊寫信息可能更危險(xiǎn)”三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容說(shuō)法也都是開(kāi)車時(shí)發(fā)短信的危害，但是不夠全面。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。由題干定位到第二段最后一句話“Theparticipants,experiencedtexterswithanaverageof4.75yearsofdrivingexperience,receivedandsentmessageswhiletheresearchersobservedtheirbrakeonsettime,followingdistance,lanemaintenance,andcollisions”（參與者是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的短信用戶，平均有4.75年的駕駛經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他們接收和發(fā)送信息，同時(shí)研究人員觀察他們的剎車開(kāi)始時(shí)間、跟車距離、沿路行使和碰撞情況）可知lanemaintenance為不變地沿著同樣的駕駛道路駕駛。A選項(xiàng)“修護(hù)道路”、B選項(xiàng)“保持道路狀況良好”、C選項(xiàng)“不偏離道路”語(yǔ)義錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到最后一段“Notwithstandingthesafetyriskoftextingwhiledriving,previousresearchbyDrewsandcolleaguesattheUniversityofUtah―nottomentioncrashdataandwidespreadlegislation―makesclearthatusingaphonewhiledrivingisdangerous”（盡管開(kāi)車時(shí)發(fā)短信存在安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但德魯和他在猶他大學(xué)的同事之前的研究——更不用說(shuō)撞車數(shù)據(jù)和廣泛的立法——明確表明開(kāi)車時(shí)使用手機(jī)是危險(xiǎn)的）可知駕駛時(shí)發(fā)短信會(huì)導(dǎo)致安全問(wèn)題。A選項(xiàng)“許多汽車因開(kāi)車時(shí)使用手機(jī)而發(fā)生撞車事故”、B選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該制定相關(guān)的法律”沒(méi)有原文依據(jù)；C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)短信和打電話一樣危險(xiǎn)”錯(cuò)誤，這兩者之間本文沒(méi)有明確表述。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

20.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Cripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimarycarephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.

Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriateprimarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealthoutcomesandcost.TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.

ArecentstudyanalyzedtheproviderswhotreatMedicarebeneficiaries.ThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsaveatotalofsevendoctors—twoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists―inagivenyear.Contrarytopopularbeliefthemorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon’tguaranteebettercare.Actuallyincreasingfragmentationofcareresultsinacorrespondingriseincostandmedicalerrors.

Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysiciandoes,regardlessofqualityoroutcome,thebetterheisreimbursed（返還費(fèi)用）.Moreover,theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.Aspecialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30-minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmorethanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient’sdisease.Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycutreimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboostincome.

Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenoutofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.

Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newlygraduatedU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeingoverwhelmedwithpatientswithoutregulardoctors.

Howdowefixthisproblem?

Itstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezeinmorepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimallymanagingtheirdiseasesandpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.

We’reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Withinafewyears,thefirstwaveofthe76millionBabyBoomerswillbecomeeligibleforMedicare.Patientsolderthan85,whoneedchroniccaremost,willriseby50%thisdecade.

Whowillbetheretotreatthem?

1.Theauthor’schiefconcernaboutthecurrentU.S.healthcaresystemis（）.

2.Welearnfromthepassagethatpeopletendtobelievethat（）.

3.Facedwiththegovernmentthreatstocutreimbursementsindiscriminately,primarycarephysicianshaveto（）.

4.Whydomanynewmedicalgraduatesrefusetochooseprimarycareastheircareer?

5.Whatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidebetterhealthcare?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theinadequatetrainingofphysicians

B.thedecliningnumberofdoctors

C.theshrinkingprimarycareresources

D.theever-risinghealthcarecosts

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.themorecostlythemedicine,themoreeffectivethecure

B.seeingmoredoctorsmayresultinmorediagnosticerrors

C.visi