2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)68

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Doctorswarnedagainstchewingtobaccoasa___forsmoking.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.succession

B.substitute

C.revival

D.relief

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)succession“連續(xù)；繼位；繼承權(quán)；（生態(tài)）演替”；B選項(xiàng)substitute“代用品；代替者”；C選項(xiàng)revival“復(fù)興；復(fù)活；蘇醒；恢復(fù)精神；再生效”；D選項(xiàng)relief“救濟(jì)；減輕，解除；安慰；浮雕”。句意：醫(yī)生警告不要用咀嚼煙草___吸煙。本句表達(dá)“不要用咀嚼煙草代替吸煙”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Let’sspeedupthelesson.Ifwe___toolongongrammar,we___enoughtimefororalactivities.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.spent...wouldget

B.spent...wouldnotget

C.hadspent...wouldhavegot

D.hadspent…wouldnothavegot

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句意：讓我們加快上課速度。如果我們___太多在語(yǔ)法上，我們___足夠的時(shí)間進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)活動(dòng)。根據(jù)句意可知提出對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的條件，主句：主語(yǔ)would/should/might/could＋動(dòng)詞原形；從句：動(dòng)詞過去式。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

We___theradiosignalsforhelpfromtheplane.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pickedout

B.pickedoff

C.pickedat

D.pickedup

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)pickedout“挑選出”；B選項(xiàng)pickedoff“摘掉；拔去；截取；傳感器”；C選項(xiàng)pickedat“吃得很少；挑毛?。恢肛?zé)”；D選項(xiàng)pickedup“撿起；獲得，收到；收拾；（汽車；飛機(jī)）乘載；不費(fèi)力地學(xué)會(huì)”。句意：我們___飛機(jī)發(fā)出求救的無(wú)線電信號(hào)。本句表達(dá)“收到飛機(jī)發(fā)出的信號(hào)”，因此選D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

IX.ForensicAppraisal

Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.

Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.AccordingtotheconventionalunderstandingofSBS,theapplicationofrotationalaccelerationanddecelerationforcestotheinfant’sheadcausesthebraintorotateintheskull.Abruptdecelerationallowscontinuingbrainrotationuntilbridgingveinsarestretchedandruptured,causingathinlayerofsubduralhaemorrhageonthesurfaceofthebrain.Retinalhemorrhageswerethoughttoresultfromasimilarcausalmechanism.Mostsignificantly,thetriadofsymptomswasbelievedtobedistinctlycharacteristicofviolentshaking.

Despiteitslingeringpresenceinthepopularimagination,thescientificunderpinningsofSBShavecrumbledoverthepastdecadeasthemedicalestablishmenthasdeliberatelydiscardedadiagnosisdefinedbyshaking.Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace,doctorsarenowinwidespreadagreementthatSBSisanunhelpfulcharacterization,andthatthepresenceofretinalhemorrhagesandsubduralhematomacannotconclusivelyprovethatinjurywasinflicted.

Althoughitmaybetemptingtoconcludesimplythatscienceevolves,andleavetheinquirythere,thestoryismorecomplex;anobjectlessoninscientificoverreachingandthechallengeofcorrection.

AnumberofforcescoalescedtotransformSBSfromacertaindiagnosisintoitscurrentstateofflux.Mostimportantly,inthemid-tolate-1990s,medicalresearch,includingtheSBSliterature,becamesubjecttoaheightenedlevelofscrutiny.Thenewevidence-basedmedicinestandardsrequireddoctorstoderivetheirresearchfrommethodsthatarescientificandstatisticallyrigorous.Thechangetriggeredareviewoftheevidencesupportinganumberofareasofmedicine,andincludedacomprehensiveefforttoexaminethescienceunderlyingSBS.

Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.

83.OnelearnsfromtheparagraphsthatSBSis___.

84.Thepresenceofthefollowingsyndromesmakesthedoctorsbelievethatababywasshakenhard,except___.

85.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thefollowingstatementisNOTcorrect___.

86.Onecanforeseethataftertherecentresearchresultbasedonevidence,___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.adiseasethatcanbecaughtbyababy

B.asyndromethatcourtsusetochargeadefendantforababy’sdeath

C.asyndromethatdoctorslookattodeterminethecauseofababy’sdeath

D.anewdiscovery

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thebabywaslessthanoneyearold

B.retinalhemorrhaging

C.subduralhematoma

D.cerebraledema

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

B.thepreviousconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBSwasnotcorrect

C.theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinadifferentresult

D.themedicalliteraturepublishedafter1998containedadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theprosecutionofSBSdefendantwillnolongerexist

B.thepastconvictionofSBSwilldefinitelybeannouncedtobeerror

C.therewillprobablybechallengetopastconvictionforcorrection

D.doctorsaregoingtoabandonthetermSBS

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】83.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段第一句Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.（作為一個(gè)絕對(duì)的問題，嬰兒搖晃綜合征的科學(xué)不再支持在三聯(lián)征案件中無(wú)可置疑地找到證據(jù)——這些案件代表了大量SBS起訴）以及最后一段Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.（將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)顯著的決定：1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知SBS是用來(lái)控訴被告造成嬰兒死亡的一種綜合征，選B選項(xiàng)“法庭用來(lái)指控被告造成嬰兒死亡的一種綜合癥”；A選項(xiàng)“一種可以被嬰兒傳染的疾病”，B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生通過觀察確定嬰兒死亡原因的一種綜合癥”和D選項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)”原文未涉及，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

84.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.（在過去，僅僅存在視網(wǎng)膜出血、硬膜下血腫和腦水腫就被認(rèn)為是嬰兒受到了足夠大的震動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生了所謂的鞭打力）可知B選項(xiàng)“視網(wǎng)膜出血”，C選項(xiàng)“硬膜下血腫”以及D選項(xiàng)“腦水腫”這些癥狀的存在使醫(yī)生相信嬰兒被用力搖晃，不符合題意，排除；A選項(xiàng)“嬰兒不到一歲”原文未涉及，符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

85.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知A選項(xiàng)“1998年以前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法得出確定的結(jié)論”和B選項(xiàng)“先前關(guān)于與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面的結(jié)論是不正確的”描述正確，最后一段開頭Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination（將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)顯著的決定），結(jié)合下文可知這個(gè)顯著的決定和以往的內(nèi)容不同，因此C選項(xiàng)“將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)產(chǎn)生了不同的結(jié)果”描述正確；D選項(xiàng)“1998年之后出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了足夠的科學(xué)證據(jù)來(lái)得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論”在最后一段未提及，屬于過度推斷。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

86.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段最后一句Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.（簡(jiǎn)單地說，這里的變化增加了過去錯(cuò)誤的真正可能性）以及最后一段最后一句themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知最近的研究結(jié)果可能會(huì)讓過去的定罪產(chǎn)生質(zhì)疑，選C選項(xiàng)“可能會(huì)對(duì)過去的定罪提出質(zhì)疑”，A選項(xiàng)“SBS被告的起訴將不復(fù)存在”和B選項(xiàng)“SBS過去的定罪肯定會(huì)被宣布為錯(cuò)誤”屬于過度推斷，排除；第三段Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace...（雖然沒有一個(gè)單獨(dú)的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)代替它……）只能推斷出沒有另外的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)代替SBS，無(wú)法得知SBS是否會(huì)被醫(yī)生放棄，D選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生們將放棄術(shù)語(yǔ)SBS”不符合原文，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecountry___soserious.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wouldn’tbe

B.wouldn’thavebeen

C.willnotbe

D.wouldhavenotbeen

【答案】A

【解析】考查錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句。第一句是虛擬過去時(shí)IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995(had=過去時(shí))，但第二句thehousingproblemsnow，關(guān)鍵是now，表示現(xiàn)在，時(shí)態(tài)發(fā)生改變。變?yōu)殄e(cuò)綜虛擬條件句，即條件從句與主句所指時(shí)間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，此時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)境情調(diào)整。句意：如果美國(guó)在1995年為窮人建造更多的住房，現(xiàn)在美國(guó)一些地區(qū)的住房問題就不會(huì)那么嚴(yán)重。本句表示如果以前怎樣，那現(xiàn)在的問題就不會(huì)那么嚴(yán)重，主句時(shí)態(tài)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+現(xiàn)在時(shí)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

II.LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.

TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.

Forexample,intheprocessofjustifyingitsruling,theCourtfounditnecessary:(1)toblurthelinebetweencivilandcriminalpunishmentandtodefinepunishmentforconstitutionalpurposestoincludecivilpenalties;(2)todiscardastatutoryconstructiontestusedforoverfiftyyearsindecidingwhetheralegislatureintendedacriminalorcivilpenalty;(3)torejecttheconceptofdeterrenceasalegitimateobjectiveofacivilstatute;(4)toreducetheconceptofgovernmentdamagetoamonetaryformulawhileignoringsubstantialprecedentwhichrecognizedthepossibilityofnonmeasurableharmtogovernment;(5)tocreateanaccountingprocedurefordecidingwhenthelineiscrossedbetweenremedyandpunishmentforconstitutionalpurposes;and(6)toallowindividualtrialcourtstoreplacethewilloflegislaturesindecidingtherationallevelofindemnitytogovernmentforitsloss.

1.ThenewrulecreatedbytheCourtinHalpercasewilldisruptdifferentlevelsofgovernments’abilityto___.

2.AccordingtoHalper,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Whatistheremarkablechangeinthelawaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.Readingtheparagraphsgiven,onecanfeelthatauthor___theHalpercase.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes

B.enforcealltheimportantregulatoryschemes

C.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesofenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

D.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesotherthanenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Certainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areequallyaccessibletocivildefendants.

B.Thereasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.

C.Theeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendmentareavailabletocivildefendants.

D.TheCourt’sreasoninganddecisionfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tonarrowdoublejeopardyissue.

B.Toignoreaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.

C.Theapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceeding.

D.TolookatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.disagreeswith

B.hasnegativefeelingwith

C.whollysupports

D.likes

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.（上一屆，最高法院在美國(guó)訴Halper案中一致制定了一項(xiàng)法律規(guī)則，該規(guī)則將破壞聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府執(zhí)行一系列重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃的能力，包括環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征收）可知選A選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行一系列重要的監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”；B選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行所有重要的規(guī)管計(jì)劃”，C選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管、稅收征管等重要監(jiān)管方案”以及D選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行除環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征管外的重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”都不符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.（這種可能造成的干擾是由于最高法院認(rèn)識(shí)到，某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，但有時(shí)也適用于民事被告，政府正試圖對(duì)被禁止的活動(dòng)收取民事處罰）可知A選項(xiàng)“某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，現(xiàn)在對(duì)民事被告也同樣適用”和原文不符；第一段WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.（雖然法院在Halper案中的裁決只側(cè)重于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)展到民事處罰程序，但其推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許將其他憲法保護(hù)適用于政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件。這些附加的憲法保護(hù)包括第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保障）可知B選項(xiàng)“推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許對(duì)政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件適用其他憲法保護(hù)”，C選項(xiàng)“第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保證對(duì)民事被告適用”以及D選項(xiàng)“法院的推理和裁決只集中于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)大到民事處罰程序”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第一句TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.（最初轉(zhuǎn)向Halpe案中涉及的更狹義的雙重危險(xiǎn)問題，法院對(duì)民事處罰程序的雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的適用是法律上的一個(gè)顯著變化）可知選C選項(xiàng)“雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)在民事處罰程序中的適用”；A選項(xiàng)“縮小雙重危險(xiǎn)問題”，B選項(xiàng)“忽視一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件”以及D選項(xiàng)“從一個(gè)更全景的角度看Halper案”皆不是原文提到的法律上的一個(gè)顯著變化。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。定位到第二段Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.（通過擴(kuò)大雙重危險(xiǎn)條款的范圍，布萊克門法官的意見忽視了一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件。然而，從更全面的角度來(lái)看，除了對(duì)雙重危險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)定外，法院的推理構(gòu)成了對(duì)政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心）可知作者認(rèn)為Halper案的處理方式導(dǎo)致了對(duì)政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心，可以推測(cè)作者對(duì)Halper案有負(fù)面感覺，選B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)Halper案有負(fù)面的感覺”；A選項(xiàng)“不同意”太過嚴(yán)重；C選項(xiàng)“完全支持”和D選項(xiàng)“喜歡”都不符合原文的表達(dá)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.Expressiveleaderarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT___.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphabout“naturalleaders”?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

5.Paragraphs3and4organizethediscussionofleadershipprimarilyintermof___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.Thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“Naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“Naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.examplesthatillustrateaproblem

B.causeandeffectanalysis

C.narrationofevents

D.comparisonandcontrast

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段提出有幾種不同的方法可以使人成為某個(gè)社會(huì)群體公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，第二段只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，第三段表明不同的人會(huì)充當(dāng)兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，最后一段說明不同類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色發(fā)揮的不同作用。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者——例如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders——在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。選D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)群體中的作用”；A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”，B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)群體如何決定誰(shuí)將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”不符合原文主旨。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents…Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位……在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的）可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”，B選項(xiàng)“正式選舉程序”以及D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)文化模式”符合原文；C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”原文未提及。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“naturalleaders”定位到第二段decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（數(shù)十年的研究未能找出可靠的證據(jù)來(lái)證明那些人是“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”?？雌饋?lái)似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知選B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’存在”；A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’”，C選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’很容易被一個(gè)社會(huì)群體的成員所接受”未在第二段提及；D選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’有一組相似的特征”和原文相悖。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（看起來(lái)似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不一定會(huì)適合另外某個(gè)群體，選A選項(xiàng)“看起來(lái)似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”，C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人可以通過研究領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力最好地學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”以及D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人都想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，但很少能拿出證據(jù)證明他們的資格”未在第二段提及。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段therearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup…Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.（通常情況下，不同的個(gè)體擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色。工具性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式……另一方面，表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體成員的集體福祉）以及第四段Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers…Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup…Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與其他群體成員的關(guān)系可能是次要的……表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會(huì)與團(tuán)隊(duì)中的其他人建立一種更私人或更重要的關(guān)系……正如這兩種不同角色所表明的那樣：表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一般會(huì)從群體成員那里獲得更多的個(gè)人感情；而指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，如果他們能成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)群體的目標(biāo)，可能會(huì)獲得更廣泛的尊重）可知這兩段是通過對(duì)比來(lái)表達(dá)不同群體會(huì)擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，選D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)比”；A選項(xiàng)“舉例說明一個(gè)問題”，B選項(xiàng)“原因和影響分析”以及C選項(xiàng)“事件的敘述”都不符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Every___hasbeentakentoevacuatethestrandedsailorsfromHurricaneBetty.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleasure

B.measure

C.pressure

D.leisure

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)pleasure“快樂；希望；娛樂；令人高興的事”；B選項(xiàng)measure“測(cè)量；措施；程度；尺寸”；C選項(xiàng)pressure“壓力；壓迫，[物]壓強(qiáng)”；D選項(xiàng)leisure“閑暇；空閑；安逸”。句意：已采取一切___疏散貝蒂颶風(fēng)中擱淺的水手。本句表達(dá)“采取措施疏散水手”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Forthepurposesoflimitingtheunauthorizeddistributionofintellectualproperty,theDMCA’sstatutoryimmunityforISPsiscarefullystructuredtoblockonlyactionsfordamages.AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunctiverelief.InthecaseofasourceISP,theremaybeanorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource’saccountwiththeISPoraterminationoftherestoftheworld’saccesstotheuser’sassignedInternetdestination,iftheinfringingmaterialresidesthere.ForanOSP,aninjunctionmaybeframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser’saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP’sservers.

ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.Forexample,theMotionPictureAssociationofAmericasentalettertoHarvardUniversitycomplainingofallegedlyinfringingmaterialhostedbysomeoneontheHarvardnetwork.Harvard,inturn,discoveredthatthematerialinquestionwashostedbyanundergraduateonhisowncomputerattachedtotheHarvarddormitorynetwork.Harvardsentalettertothestudentalertinghimthatsuchhostingwasinviolationofitsnetworkpolicies,andthreateningsanctionsshouldthestudentcontinuetohostsuchmaterial.NoticesbypublisherstoISPsseekingactionbytheISPsagainstindividualusershavebecomeroutine,withfirmsspringinguptoaccepttheoutsourcedtaskofidentifyingpointsofinfringementwithinanetworkandgeneratingcomplaintletterstotherelevantISPs.SomepublishershaveevenattemptedtogetsourceISPs—universities,inparticular—tochangenetworkarchitecturetopreventtheuseofpeer-to-peernetworkingcompletely.Whilemosthavedeclinedtodoso,atleastoneuniversity,inthesameweekitsentalettertoapublisherrefusingtotakeaction,announcedanetworkbandwidthconservationpolicythatclampedmostout-goingInternettrafficfromstudentdormitories,effectivelydampeningtheuniversity’scontributiontoworldwidefilesharing/piracy.

Forenforcementpurposes,itmaybeeasiertofindandengageanISPregardingitslegalresponsibilitiesthanasinglesubscriberofthatISP.Butifarevelationofsubscriberidentityissought,successmerelypushestheenforcementproblembacktodealingwithapotentiallyunreachablesource.Moreover,whentheISPinquestionislocatedoverseascooperationofanysortisfraughtwithasmanybarriersasthoseforfarawayindividualsourcesofillicitmaterial.

JonathanZittrain:InternetPointsofControl

83.Accordingtothe1stparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTaremedyregardingISP’sliability?

84.Thesentencewhichisclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedsentenceofthe2ndparagraphis___.

85.TheHarvardstudentstoryinthe2ndparagraphisusedtoillustrate___.

86.Theunderlinedword“revelation”inthe3rdparagraphmeans___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.damages

B.injunctiverelief

C.anorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource’saccount

D.anorderrequiringaterminationoftheaccesstotheuser’sassignedInternetdestination

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledtheISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

B.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledthepublisherstoaskISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

C.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledthepublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

D.ItistheprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpolicewhathappensontheirnetworks.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.therelationshipbetweenauniversityanditsstudents

B.theliabilityofanetworkuser

C.actionstakenbyISPsinresponsetopublishers’requests

D.theuniversitypolicytowardsinfringement

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.repetition

B.revolution

C.surprise

D.disclosure

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】83.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunctiverelief.（該法的另一節(jié)規(guī)定了法院在某些條件下可以批準(zhǔn)禁令救濟(jì)的程序）可知B選項(xiàng)“禁令救濟(jì)”符合是針對(duì)ISP的賠償責(zé)任的救濟(jì)；第一段ForanOSP,aninjunctionmaybeframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser’saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP’sservers.（對(duì)于一個(gè)OSP，禁令可能是一個(gè)命令，要求終止OSP用戶的賬戶或刪除或阻止訪問OSP服務(wù)器上的材料）可知C選項(xiàng)“要求終止違規(guī)來(lái)源賬戶的命令”和D選項(xiàng)“要求終止對(duì)用戶指定的因特網(wǎng)目的地的訪問的一種命令”符合是針對(duì)ISP的賠償責(zé)任的救濟(jì)；A選項(xiàng)“損害賠償”第一段未涉及。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

84.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段劃線句子ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytaki