2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號76

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

研究人員稱，遠程辦公等彈性工作模式有益于身體健康。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果人們有條件在家工作，壓縮工作周的時間，那他們就可以選擇更為健康的生活方式，鍛煉身體的機會增多，睡眠也會更好。

可能彈性工作模式讓人們能有更充裕的時間來實現(xiàn)健康的生活方式，或者是它讓人們能更好的安排自己的時間。彈性工作制最初是為了幫助人們（尤其是女性）同時兼顧工作和家庭，但有關(guān)證據(jù)表明這顯然不僅僅是女性的問題。

研究人員對一家大型醫(yī)藥公司職員的“健康風(fēng)險評估”進行了分析，職員涉及倉儲，生產(chǎn)和管理等多個不同的崗位。

一名研究人員說：“這不僅僅針對管理層，而是涉及到公司各個崗位的員工?！彼f，該研究能讓衛(wèi)生部門和相關(guān)機構(gòu)認識到，給員工更多的自由其實能帶來很多益處。但他也說，要評估彈性工作制的長期益處還需要開展進一步研究。

【答案】Aflexibleworklifesuchastelecommutingisgoodforourhealth,researcherssaid.Theyfoundthatifpeoplehavetheabilitytoworkathomeandtocompressworkweeks,theyaremorelikelytomakehealthierlifestylechoices,toexercisemoreandtosleepbetter.

Perhapsitgivespeoplethetimetofitinhealthierlifestyleintotheireverydayregimenormaybeitjustenablespeopletobettermanagetheirtime.Whiletheprimarypurposebehindtheflexibilitymovementwastohelppeople,especiallywomen,combineworkandfamily,evidencesuggeststhisisclearlynotonlyawomen'sissue.

TheresearchersanalyzeHealthRiskAppraisalsfromemployeesinjobsrangingfromwarehouseandproductionworkerstoexecutivesatalargemultinationalpharmaceuticalcompany.

"It'snotjustaboutmanagement,"saysoneresearcher."It'saboutpeopleineverypositioninthecompany."Hesaidthestudycouldhelphealthdepartmentsandagenciesrealizethatgivingworkersmorefreedomcouldhavemanybenefits.But,headded,furtherresearchwasneededtoassessthelong-termbenefits.

2.翻譯題

Virtualhighschools,whichallowstudentstotakeclassesviaPC,haveemergedasanincreasinglypopulareducationalternative,particularlyforon-the-goathletes.UniversityofMiamiOnlineHighSchool(UMOHS)hasmorethan400studentsenrolled,56%ofwhomareathletes.Accreditedbythe100-year-oldSouthernAssociationofCollegesandSchools,UMOHSoffershonorsandadvanced-placementclasses.Allcoursematerialisonlinealongwithassignmentsandduedates.Forhelp,saysprincipalHowardLiebman,“Astudentmaye-mail,instantmessageorcalltheteacher.”

Dallas'momLoriBannonturnedtoanotheronlineschool.LaurelSpringsinOjai,Calif,Bannon,WhohasamedicaldegreefromHarvard,didn’twanttocompromisetheeducationofherdaughterLindsay,13,anelitegymnastwhospendseighthoursadayinthegym.“Regularschoolwasnotanoption,”saysBannon,“butIwantedtomakesureshecouldgobackatgradelevelifshequitgymnastics.”LaurelSprings'enrollmenthasincreased35%ayearforthepastfouryearsto1,800students.Atleast25%areeitherathletesorchildentertainers.

Educatorsaresplitonthemeritsofsuchschools.PaulOrehovec,anenrollmentofficerfortheUniversityofMiami,admits,“Iwassomewhatofaskeptic,butwhenIlookedintotheirprogramsandaccreditation,Iwasexcited.UMOHSisthefirstonlineschooltobegrantedmembershipintheNationalHonorSociety.”KevinRoy,Elite’sdirectorofeducation,seespitfallsandpotentialinvirtualschools.“Youwillneverhavethatwonderfulteacherwhoinspiresyouforlife,”saysRoy.“Butthevirtualschooloffersendlesspossibilities.Idon’tknowwhereeducation’simaginationwilltakethis.”

【答案】虛擬高中允許學(xué)生通過電腦上學(xué)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為了一個日漸流行的教育方式，那些忙碌的運動員們尤其鐘愛這種選擇。邁阿密網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)校已招收400多名學(xué)生，其中56%是運動員。該校已獲得擁有100年歷史的南部大學(xué)和中學(xué)聯(lián)合會的批準(zhǔn)，提供榮譽和預(yù)修課程，授課過程與作業(yè)練習(xí)都在線上進行，并標(biāo)注截止時間。校長霍華德·利伯曼說，如果需要幫助，學(xué)生可以通過電子郵件，即時短信或電話聯(lián)系老師。

達拉斯的母親洛麗·班農(nóng)選擇了另一所網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)?！又輮W凱市的勞雷爾·斯普林斯。班農(nóng)擁有哈佛大學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)位，她不想讓自己13歲的女兒林賽的教育受到影響。林賽是一名優(yōu)秀的體操運動員，她每天在體育館要待上8個小時。班農(nóng)說:“我并非想讓她接受常規(guī)學(xué)校教育，我只是想確保她在結(jié)束體操生涯后能跟上正常的學(xué)習(xí)?！痹谶^去四年，勞雷爾·斯普林斯的入學(xué)率年增長為35%，學(xué)生人數(shù)達到了1800。其中至少25%的學(xué)生是運動員或演員。

教育工作者對這些學(xué)校的優(yōu)缺點看法不一。邁阿密網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)校的招生官保羅·奧赫維克承認，“對此我曾經(jīng)有點懷疑。但當(dāng)我查看他們的項目和資格認證時，我很興奮。邁阿密網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)校是第一所被授予國家榮譽協(xié)會會員資格的網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)校?！本⒔逃偙O(jiān)教育主管凱文?羅伊看到了虛擬學(xué)校的缺陷和潛力。羅伊說:“你永遠也不會有一個能激勵你一生的好老師。但虛擬學(xué)校提供了無限的可能性。我不知道教育的想象力會把這種可能性發(fā)揮到哪種地步?！?/p>

3.單選題

Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNational

Biography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10years’timearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor.ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,0001ives，some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.

WhenDr.NichollswrotetoTheSpectatorin1989askingfornamesofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome1009000suggestions.(Well,shehadwrittento“otherqualitynewspapers”too.)Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomuch.50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.

Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremayinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted.Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin.Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristies(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).

ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.

OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecordedhisbiographercomments.“WhetherornotHugewasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility”.Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBN’s3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks,“Hermostcharacteristicfeatureisaheadattachedtoatoosmall,spindlybody.Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinandoftencursory.”Doesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin)andevenmanagedtogivethankstoJ.W.Clerkeasacontributor.Though,asalatereditionadmitsinashamefacedfootnote,“exceptfortheentryintheListofcontributorsthereisnotraceofJ.W.Clerke”.

1.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume（

）.

2.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat（

）.

3.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB（

）.

4.Theauthorquotedafewentriesinthelastparagraphto（

）.

5.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas（

）.

問題1選項

A.becauseitisnotworththeprice

B.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbefore

C.unlessonehasallthevolumesinhiscollection

D.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly

問題2選項

A.theeditorshadclearrulestofollow

B.thereweretoomanycriminalsintheentries.

C.theeditorsclearlyfavoredbenefactors.

D.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices

問題3選項

A.becauseheescapedtotheU.s

B.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolished

C.forreasonsnotclarified

D.becauseoftheeditor’smistake

問題4選項

A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNB

B.giveemphasistohisargument

C.impressthereaderwithitscontent

D.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAge

問題5選項

A.complimentary

B.supportive

C.sarcastic

D.bitter

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.語義理解題。作者在第一段提到“人們?yōu)槭裁匆徺I不斷增補的《全國名人傳記辭典》的最新一卷？我并不是像那些評論家一樣認為這本辭典不好。但是，它的價格高達65英鎊，而且，你買了其他卷冊了嗎？你需要22卷基礎(chǔ)冊，加上每兩年出版的增訂卷，要買齊整套書就要買31冊?！边@里的含義是，這本辭典每兩年都要出版增補卷，除非你全部都買了，否則購買最新一卷就沒有意思。所以C選項‘除非你收藏了所有的書’正確。A“不值得它的售價”也是原因之一，卻不是主要原因。B“相比之前的版本，它收錄的詞條更少?！迸c文章意思不符。C“除非增訂版名人傳記縮短出版時間”在文章中沒有提及。

2.語義理解題。文章第三段開頭提到了“Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.關(guān)于選錄誰的問題，這是讀者提出的問題，并且他們還將提出這樣的問題?！?，“罪犯的入選讓人擔(dān)心...”，但是Crippen卻沒有當(dāng)作值得一提的人物收錄其中；第四段，作者提到‘ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.值得被收入的人選被意外地沒有收錄，卻有很多中世紀(jì)生平不詳?shù)乃囆g(shù)家和建筑家。‘因此作者想表達的是編輯在選錄人選上沒有合理的根據(jù)，D選項正確。

3.細節(jié)判斷題。作者在第三段舉出Crippen的例子，正是為了說明Crippen應(yīng)該收錄進名人傳記，然后卻沒有。作者自己也沒有找出原因。所以C選項符合題意。

4.語義理解題。作者在最后一段提到了辭典中包括的幾個生平不詳，而且是他認為被莫名其妙地收錄辭典的人，用以說明他在第四段提到觀點，編輯在收錄人選時沒有合理的根據(jù)。所以B選項符合題意。

5.作者觀點題。作者全文都在批評名人傳記一書，所以A選項“贊美”，B選項“支持”，D選項“充滿仇恨的”排除，選項C“諷刺的”符合題意。

4.單選題

Competitionforadmissiontothecountry’stopprivateschoolshasalwaysbeentough,butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanewlevel.Herwake-upcallcamewhenamancalledtheDaltonSchoolinManhattan,whereElisabethisadmissionsdirector,andinquiredabouttheagecutofffortheirkindergartenprogram.Afterprovidingtheinformation,sheaskedabouttheageofhischild.Themanpausedforanuncomfortablylongtimebeforeanswering.“Well,wedon’thaveachildyet.We’retryingtofigureoutwhentoconceiveachildsothebirthdayisnotaproblem.”

WorriesarespreadingfromManhattantotherestofthecountry.Precisecurrentdataonprivateschoolsareunavailable,butinterviewswithrepresentativesofindependentschoolsalltoldthesamestory:anoversupplyofapplicants,higherrejectionrates.“Wehavepeoplecallingusforspotstwoyearsdowntheroad,”saidMarilynoftheSevenHillsSchoolinCincinnati.Wehavegrandparentscallingforpregnantdaughters.PublicopinionpollsindicatethatAmericans’No.1concerniseducation.Nowthatthelongeconomicboomhasgivenparentsmoredisposableincome,manyareturningtoprivateschools,evenatpricetagsofwellover$10000ayear.“We’regettingapplicantsfromabroaderareageographicallythanweeverhaveinthepast,”saidBetsyoftheLatinSchoolofChicago,whichexperienceda20percentincreaseinapplicationsthisyear.

“Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasincreased,supplyhasnot.”Everyyear,thereareafewchildrenwhodonotfindplaces,butthisyear,forthefirsttimethatIknowof,thereareasignificantnumberwithoutplaces,”saidElisabeth.

Sowhatcanparentsdotogivetheir4-year-oldanedge?Schoolsknowthereisnoeasywaytopickaclasswhenchildrenaresoyoung.Manyschoolsgivepreferencetochildrenoftheirgraduates.Somemakethechoicebydrawinglots.Butmostrelyonamixofsubjectiveandobjectivemeasures:teststhatatbestidentifydevelopmentalmaturityandcognitivepotential,interviewswithparentsandobservationofapplicantsinclassroomsettings.Theyalsowantadiversemix.Childrenmayenduponawaitinglistsimplybecausetheirbirthdaysfallatthewrongtimeofyear,orbecausetoomanyapplicantswereboys.

Theworstthingaparentcandoistopressurepreschoolerstoperform—forexample,bypushingthemtoreadordomathexercisesbeforethey’reready.Instead,theexpertssay,parentsshouldtakeabreathandlookforalternatives.Anotheryearinpreschoolmaybeallthat’sneeded.

16.Fromthistextwelearnthatitis______.

17.Thesentence“Wehavepeopledowntheroad”(Paragraph2)probablymeans______.

18.Thetextindicatesthatprivateschoolsareveryselectivebecausethey______.

19.Fromthetext,wecaninferthatauthor______.

20.WhichofthefollowingcanserveasaTitleofthistext?

問題1選項

A.hardertomakeachoicebetweenpublicandprivateschools

B.hardertogotoprivateschoolsthisyearthanbefore

C.moredifficulttogotopublicschoolsthantoprivateschools

D.asdifficulttogotoprivateschoolsthisyearsbefore

問題2選項

A.wehavepeoplecallingusforparkingspacetwoyearsaheadoftime

B.peoplecalledusforpermissiontousetheplacestwoyearsago

C.wereceivedcallsfrompeopledowntheroadtwoyearsago

D.peoplecalledusforschoolvacanciestwoyearsinadvance

問題3選項

A.havenoreliablemethodstopickstudentsforaclass

B.wantagoodmixtureofboysandgirlsforclasses

C.encountermoredemandthantheycancopewith

D.prefertoenrollchildrenoftheirrelatives

問題4選項

A.favorstheideaofputtingchildrenonawaitinglist

B.agreestotextpreschooler’scognitivepotentials

C.thinkschildrenshouldbebetterpreparedacademically

D.disapprovesoftheunduepressureonpreschoolers

問題5選項

A.HardTimeforthePreschoolers

B.ProsperityofPrivate-schools

C.TheProblemforPublicSchools

D.AmericansNo.1Concern

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】16.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。A選項“在公立學(xué)校和私立學(xué)校之間做出選擇比較困難”，由原文第二段倒數(shù)第二句Nowthatthelongeconomicboomhasgivenparentsmoredisposableincome,manyareturningtoprivateschools（由于長期的經(jīng)濟繁榮讓家長們有了更多的可支配收入，許多人都轉(zhuǎn)向了私立學(xué)校）可知，家長更偏向于選擇私立學(xué)校，不會在公立學(xué)校和私立學(xué)校之間選擇困難，所以A錯誤。C選項“上公立學(xué)校比上私立學(xué)校更困難”，原文只介紹了上私立學(xué)校的困難，所以C錯誤。D選項“今年之前上私立學(xué)校一樣困難”，由原文第一段第一句Competitionforadmissiontothecountry’stopprivateschoolshasalwaysbeentough,butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanewlevel.（頂級私立學(xué)校的入學(xué)競爭一直很激烈，但今年伊麗莎白意識到競爭達到了一個新的水平。）可知，今年比之前更加困難，所以D錯誤。因此B選項“今年上私立學(xué)校比以前更困難”正確。

17.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第三句Wehavepeoplecallingusforspotstwoyearsdowntheroad（有人打電話問我們兩年后的招生情況），說明人們提前兩年打電話問學(xué)校是否招生，“spots”指的是學(xué)校的招生名額。因此D選項“人們提前兩年給我們打電話詢問學(xué)校的空缺情況”正確。A選項“有人提前兩年給我們打電話要停車位”，B選項“兩年前有人打電話給我們尋求使用這些地方的許可”，C選項“兩年前我們接到了路邊人的電話”均不符合題意，所以A，B，C錯誤。

18.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第一句Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasincreased,supplyhasnot.（申請者面臨的問題是，雖然需求增加了，但供應(yīng)卻沒有。），說明私立學(xué)校沒有足夠的名額讓所有申請者都能入學(xué)，所以學(xué)校需要用各種方式對申請者進行篩選。因此C選項“面臨的需求超過了他們的承受能力”正確。A選項“沒有可靠的方法來挑選班級的學(xué)生”，B選項“希望男女生混合上課”，D選項“讓親戚的子女入學(xué)”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

19.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段第一句Theworstthingaparentcandoistopressurepreschoolerstoperform（父母所能做的最糟糕的事情就是給學(xué)齡前兒童施加壓力），說明文章不贊成給學(xué)齡前兒童施加壓力，強迫他們在準(zhǔn)備好之前就開始學(xué)習(xí)。因此D選項“不贊成給學(xué)齡前兒童施加過大的壓力”正確。A選項“贊成將兒童列入等待名單的想法”，B選項“同意將學(xué)前兒童的認知潛能文字化”在文中沒有提及，所以A，B錯誤。C選項“認為應(yīng)該讓孩子在學(xué)業(yè)上有更好的準(zhǔn)備”和原文表述的意思相反，所以C錯誤。

20.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章第一段和第二段指出家長對子女教育問題的關(guān)注，第三段介紹了兒童入學(xué)難這一現(xiàn)象及其原因，第四段指出一些學(xué)校的招生辦法以及有些學(xué)生無法入學(xué)的原因，第五段指出父母應(yīng)該怎么做。說明本文的主要內(nèi)容是闡述學(xué)齡前兒童所面臨的入學(xué)困境。因此A選項“學(xué)齡前兒童的困難時期”正確。B選項“私立學(xué)校的繁榮”，C選項“公立學(xué)校的問題”，D選項“美國人的第一關(guān)注點”在文中均沒有提及，所以B，C，D錯誤。

5.翻譯題

Internationalmarketingisnotaluxurytobeconsideredasabonusontopofeverycompanyseekingtosustainitsowneconomicfuture.Itthereforerequirescommitmentandanequalshareoftheallocationofresourcesthatwouldnormallybecommittedtothedomesticmarket.Certainly,itlacksdefinitionandabodyofknowledgesufficienttoexcite,butitisbecausecompaniesdonotrecognizetheimportanceandneedforinternationalmarketingthatthereisthislackofsuitablepositionsforthosestudentsofinternationalmarketing.Notallcountries,however,holdinternationalmarketinginthesamelowesteem.WhilethismaybetrueoftheUnitedKingdomandNorthAmerica,itisnottrueofJapanwhereindustryandcommercehavemaintainedtraditionallystrongtieswithitsuniversitiesCoincidentally,Japanhasbeenforgingaheadininternationalmarketseveninthosecountriesinwhichitisnotatraditionalsupplier.

【答案】國際市場營銷不是尋求維持自身經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的公司的像一種津貼樣的奢侈品。因此，它要求享有與國內(nèi)市場同樣的權(quán)利，即一樣的投入與資源配置。由于缺少對國際營銷學(xué)的完整定義，許多企業(yè)并不重視國際市場營銷的重要性和必要性，這就使得許多國際營銷學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)生沒有合適的工作崗位。然而，并非所有的國家都不重視國際營銷學(xué)專業(yè)。英國和北美洲國家或許不重視，但是日本則完全不同。日本的工商業(yè)習(xí)慣上都與各類高校保持著緊密的聯(lián)系。巧合地是，日本的國際市場營銷，甚至在它不是傳統(tǒng)性供應(yīng)商的那些國家中，也一直是扶搖直上。

6.翻譯題

Theminiaturizationofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnewgeneration,thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereinitspredecessor.Progresshasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersareapproachingapparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Oneoftheseisimposedbytheneedtowirethecomponentsinachiptogether,sothattheycanexchangesignals.But,inaminiaturizedversionoftheshifttowirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworld,agroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretoftheUniversityofBath,inEngland,thinktheycanmakechipswhosecomponentstalktoeachotherwirelessly.

Atpresent,theelectronicsthattransmitandreceivetheradiowavesusedinwirelessdevicesaretoolargetobeusedwithinindividualchips.ButDrNogaretbelieveshecanovercomethis.LastweekheandhiscolleaguesatthreeotherBritishuniversities,anotherinBelgiumandaresearchinstituteinFrancewonthemoneytotrytobuildsuchadevice.

Theresearchersintendtousethestandardlithographic（平印刷板）techniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithmicroscopicmagnets.Thesemagnetswillgeneratelocalmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpointsonthechip'ssurface.Electronshaveapropertycalledspinthatisaffectedbymagneticfields,andtheteamhopestouseaneffectcalledinverseelectron-spinresonance（諧振）tomakeelectronspassingthroughthechipemitmicrowaves..

Thetechniquetheyareproposingisthereverseoftheprocessinmedicalmagnetic-resonanceimaging.InMRI,thepatientisplacedinastrongmagneticfieldthatcausessomeofhisbodyatomicnuclei,whichactliketinymagnetizedspinningtops,toalignthemselveswiththefield.Thenucleiarethenzappedbrieflywithasecondmagneticfieldthatknocksthemoutofalignmentwiththefirstone.Thecoilsinthescanningapparatusdetectthesemagneticchanges,whichareusedtobuildupamapofthepartofthebodybeingexamined.Afterafewseconds,thenucleithemselveswiththefield,radiatingsmallamountsofenergyasheator,morerarely,asradiowaves.

Inchips,DrNogaretproposestousethespinoftheelectronratherthanthespinoftheatomicnucleus.Electronsflowingthroughthechipwould“see”amagneticfieldthatflipsfromonedirectiontotheoppositeeveryfewhundrednanometres(billionthsofametre).ThisistheequivalentofzappingtothestationaryobjectwithanoscillatingmagneticfieldofthesortusedinMRI.Thechangingmagneticfieldwouldforcetheelectronstooscillate,too,butwouldnotallowthemtoradiateheat.Asaresult,theywouldbeforcedtoemitradiowaves—or,rather,microwaves,whicharesimilarbutofshorterwavelength.

【答案】事實證明，計算機芯片元件的小型化是不可阻擋的。每一次更新?lián)Q代，這些組件相比以前更小巧，排列更緊密。發(fā)展如此之快，使得芯片設(shè)計者在進一步縮小元件尺寸、壓縮元件密度方面逐漸面臨一些根本性難題。其中一個問題就是芯片中的組件需要用線路連接起來，以便于交換信號。不過，英國巴斯大學(xué)的阿蘭·諾加雷特領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員認為，通過將宏觀條件下的無線通信傳輸微型化，他們可以研制出使用無線通信組件的芯片。

目前，無線設(shè)備中用來發(fā)射和接收無線電波的電子設(shè)備太大，無法在單個芯片中使用。但諾加雷特博士認為他可以解決這一問題。上周他和他來自另三所英國大學(xué)、一所比利時大學(xué)及一個法國研究所的同事爭取到了一筆資金用來研發(fā)這個設(shè)備。

研究者打算使用芯片制作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平印刷板技術(shù)，將許多極小的磁鐵包被到一塊半導(dǎo)體上。這些磁鐵可產(chǎn)生局部磁場，從相反的方向作用于芯片表面的不同位點。電子具有一種自旋特性，可受磁場影響。研究小組希望利用一種“反電子自旋諧振”效應(yīng)，讓穿過芯片的電子發(fā)射微波。

他們提出的技術(shù)與醫(yī)學(xué)核磁共振成像的過程正好相反。在這個過程中，病人被置于一個強磁場，該磁場可讓患者機體原子核（運動方式類似于磁化的陀螺）順著磁場方向排列。然后，用第二個磁場短時轟擊這些原子核，使其脫離第一個磁場的陣列。掃描儀中的線圈探測到這些磁性變化，并由此構(gòu)建出受檢身體部位的圖譜。幾秒鐘之后，原子核沿磁場方向重新排列，并放射出少量熱能或者無線電波（更罕見）。

在芯片制作方面，諾加雷特博士提議利用電子自旋而非原子核自旋。流經(jīng)芯片的電子可以“識別”某一磁場，該磁場每隔幾百納米（十億分之一米）就變換一次方向。這相當(dāng)于核磁共振中不斷擺動的磁場，令其轟擊某一靜止物體。不斷變化的磁場也會迫使電子振蕩，但不允許它們散射熱能。這樣一來，電子僅可發(fā)出無線電波或者更確切地說是微波，它與無線電波類似，但波長較短。

7.單選題

IdeasabouteducationarechangingintheUnitedStates.Educationtodayisnotjustahighschooldiplomaoracollegedegree.Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Theyareinterestedinotherkindsoflearning.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.

Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.Italsogivesthemachancetoimprovetheiroldskillsortolearnnewones.

Secretaries,mechanics,andbarberscantakeclassestoimprovetheirworkskills.Nursescantakeclassestoincreasetheirknowledgeofnursing.Iftheyknowmoreorlearnmore,thentheycangetabetterjoborearnmoremoney.

Continuingeducationclassesgivesomeadultsthechancetolearnnewskills.Thereisusuallyalargevarietyofclassestochoosefrom,typing,foreigncooking,photography,autorepair,furniturerepair,orswimming.Theseareonlysomeoftheclassesavailable.

Someadultstakeclassesforfunorbecausetheclasswillbeusefulforthem.Forexample,theycanchooseaclassinalmostanylanguage,Chinese,SpanishorEnglishasasecondlanguage.Thereareclassesinfirstaidorclassesinsewing.Therearealsomanyothertypesofclassestochoosefrom.

Otheradultstakecontinuingeducationclassestoimprovetheirownlivesbecausetheywanttofeelbetteraboutthemselves.Overweightpeoplecanfindexerciseclassesorclassesinnutrition.Otherscanlearnhowtobegoodparents,orhowtogetalongwithotherpeople.Therearemanyopportunitiesforadultstocontinuetheirlearning.Almostanycommunitycollegeorpublicschoolsystemhasacontinuingeducationprogram.Thereareclassesinschools,communitybuildings,orchurches.Mostclassesareintheevening,soworkingpeoplecanattend.Theclassesareusuallysmall,andtheyareinexpensive.

Thousandsofpeopleregisterforcontinuingeducationclasseseachyear.Theyreceivenodiplomaorcertificate,andnogradeformostoftheclassestheyattend.Forthem,learningissomethingtheydobecausetheywantto.

1.Lotsofpeopleattendcontinuingeducationclassesbecause（

）.

2.Someadultstakelessonsoftypingorautorepairto（

）.

3.What’sthemainideaofPara.7?

4.Attendingcontinuingeducationclasses（

）.

5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat（

）.

問題1選項

A.theycanalsogotochurchatthesametime

B.therearemanycoursestheycanchoosefrom

C.learningissomethingtheyareinterestedin

D.theclasseswillhelpthembecomemoreconfident

問題2選項

A.getacollegeeducation

B.learnnewskills

C.getacertificate

D.earngrades

問題3選項

A.Adultscancontinuetheirlearning.

B.Classesareheldforworkingpeople.

C.Mostcontinuingeducationclassesareintheevening.

D.Adultshavemanyopportunitiestocontinuetheirlearning.

問題4選項

A.isexpensive

B.requiresaloan

C.isfreeofcharge

D.doesnotcostmuchmoney

問題5選項

A.adulteducationisverypopular

B.collegeeducationisnotimportant

C.otherskindsoflearningaremoreimportantthanschoollearning

D.continuingeducationclassesteachthesamecoursesthataretaughtincolleges

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第四段：Thereisusuallyalargevarietyofclassestochoosefrom...：有很多不同類型的課程可以選擇。確定B選項‘有許多課程可供選擇‘正確。A選項‘他們可以同時去教堂’，文章沒有提及。根據(jù)文章第二段:Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.繼續(xù)教育給這些成年人有機會增加本領(lǐng)域的知識或了解一個新領(lǐng)域。并沒有提及是新領(lǐng)域的東西就是他們所感興趣的，所以C選項‘學(xué)習(xí)他們感興趣的東西’排除。D選項‘課程有助于使他們更加自信’文章沒有提及。

2.根據(jù)文章第一段：Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.許多成年人不再對大學(xué)感興趣。對于他們來說，學(xué)習(xí)不僅僅意味著取得文憑。確定A選項‘獲得大學(xué)教育‘和C選項‘獲得文憑’與原文不符，排除。根據(jù)文章第三段：Iftheyknowmoreorlearnmore,thentheycangetabetterjoborearnmoremoney.如果他們知道的多或?qū)W到的多，他們就會找到更好的工作，掙到更多的錢。確定B選項‘學(xué)新技術(shù)‘正確。D選項‘提升等級’文章沒有提及。

3.根據(jù)文章第七段：Therearemanyopportunitiesforadultstocontinuetheirlearning.繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的機會很多。這句話就是這段的主題句，所以D選項‘成年人繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)機會很多‘正確。A選項’成年人可以繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)‘不符合題意。B選項’各類班級是專門為職場人設(shè)計的‘和C選項’大多數(shù)斷續(xù)教育班都在晚上開課。因為課程班大多在晚上開班，有利于職場人參加學(xué)習(xí)‘不符合題意。

4.根據(jù)文章第七段：Theclassesareusuallysmall,andtheyareinexpensive.班級規(guī)模一般較小，費用較低。確定D選項‘不需要太多錢‘正確。A選項‘昂貴的’、B選項‘需要貸款’、C選項‘免費’與原文不符，排除。

5.根據(jù)文章第一段：IdeasabouteducationarechangingintheUnitedStates.Educationtodayisnotjustahighschooldiplomaoracollegedegree.Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Theyareinterestedinotherkindsoflearning.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.在美國，教育觀念正在改變。今天，教育不僅僅是一張高中文憑或大學(xué)學(xué)歷。許多成年人不再對大學(xué)感興趣，他們感興趣的是其他類型的學(xué)習(xí)。對于他們來說，學(xué)習(xí)不僅僅意味著取得文憑。再根據(jù)文章第二段Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.Italsogivesthemachancetoimprovetheiroldskillsortolearnnewones.繼續(xù)教育給這些成年人有機會增加本頌域知知識或了解一個新領(lǐng)域，同時也使他們有機會提高原有的技術(shù)和學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)。確定A選項‘成人教育很受歡迎‘正確。B選項‘大學(xué)教育不重要’、C選項‘其它類型的學(xué)習(xí)比學(xué)校教育更重要’、和D選項‘繼續(xù)教育班教授的課程與大學(xué)課程一樣’原文都沒有提及。

8.翻譯題

Strangeisoursituationhereuponearth.Eachofuscomesforashortvisit,notknowingwhyyetsometimesseemingtodivineapurpose.

Fromthestandpointofdailylife,however,thereisonethingwedoknow:thatmanishereforthesakeofothermen—aboveallforthoseuponwhosesmileandwell-beingourownhappinessdepends,andalsoforthecountlessunknownsoulswithwhosefateweareconnectedbyabondofsympathy.ManytimesadayIrealizehowmuchmyownouterandinnerlifeisbuiltuponthelaborsofmyfellowmen,bothlivinganddead,andhowearnestlyImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinreturnasmuchasIhavereceived.MypeaceofmindisoftentroubledbythedepressingsensethatIhaveborrowedtooheavilyfromtheworkofothermen.

Toponderinterminablyoverthereasonforone’sownexistenceorthemeaningoflifeingeneralseemstome,fromanobjectivepointofview,tobesheerfolly.Andyeteveryoneholdscertainidealsbywhichheguideshisaspirationandhisjudgment.Theidealswhichhavealwaysshonebeforemeandfilledmewiththejoyoflivingaregoodness,beauty,andtruth.Tomakeagoalofcomfortandhappinesshasneverappealedtome;asystemofethicsbuiltonthisbasiswouldbesufficientonlyforaherdofcattle.

【答案】我們在這個世界上的處境很奇怪。每個人短暫來訪，不知原因。不過有時候似乎也會察覺到某種目的。

然而，從日常生活的角度來看，有一樣是確定的：人總是為了他人而活著。為了那些重要的人，他們的笑容和幸福是我們快樂的來源。也是為了數(shù)不清的陌生人，憐憫之心將我們與他們連系在一起。每天我都會多次意識到，我自己的物質(zhì)生活和精神生活，在多大程度上是建立在同胞的勞動之上的，他們或活著，或者已經(jīng)逝去。意識到我必須多么努力地去付出，以回報我所得到的一切?？偢杏X我從他人的勞動成果中獲取太多，為此我經(jīng)常惴惴不安。

總體上，在我看來，沒完沒了地思考自己存在的理由和生命的意義是非常愚蠢的行為。然而，每個人都有自己的理想來指引自己的抱負和是非判斷。始終在我面前閃耀著，讓我深感活著的喜悅的理想是善、美和真理。以舒適和幸福為目的的理想從來不能吸引我。建立在這個基礎(chǔ)之上的倫理體系只能適用于一群牲畜。

9.翻譯題

Modemsciencehasopenedupthepathfortheprogressofproductiontechniquesanddeterminedthedirectionoftheirdevelopment.Manynewinstrumentsofproductionandtechnologicalprocessesfirstseethelightofdayinthescientificlaboratories.Aseriesofnewbornindustrieshavebeenfoundedonthebasisofnewly-emergeddisciplinesofscienceandtechnology.Ofcoursethereareandtherewillbemanytheoreticalresearchtopicswithnopracticalapplicationinplain