2005年考研英語大綱

組織:掃描:合成:排版:錄入：1組織:掃描:合成:排版:錄入：1一尉遲爍2-hyj_wy3-dennis20044-kaoyanstove5-wzdf5-wlcome6-jssy227-kuihuali8-jiangzi0019-25：baozi（小冊子,（小冊子,（小冊子,（各網站轉載時,保留此致謝部分）經過滬江論壇（http:〃/r/）考研版的眾多研友的熱心參與和無私奉獻的精神，終于使得2005英語大綱（完整版,加入小冊子,去掉作廢部分）得以和研友見面。對于以下參與的研友，俺代表眾多考研的XDJM們對他們表示感謝。Ijxrtvu（滬江研英版主）wwwkiki、ccici、baozi（最后采用的是baozi掃描的）sunnyya（滬江研英NCE4、Listentothis!專欄主持人）hyj_wy前面說明以及1—3頁）4-7頁）8-11頁）（小冊子,12-15頁）（小冊子,16-19頁）（小冊子,16-19頁）（小冊子,20-23頁）（小冊子,24-27頁）（小冊子,28-31頁）（大綱部分,附錄2的詞匯部分,全由baozi大俠

一人完成）26Jxrtvu（大綱部分，146—149頁）27jinjing049（大綱部分，150-153頁）28-cyk（大綱部分,154-157頁）29-gjwl98276（大綱部分,158-16I頁）30-huquan711（大綱部分,162—165頁）31-jane是我（大綱部分,166—169頁）32-loboxo（大綱部分，170—173頁）33-leaer（大綱部分,174—177頁）34-peter666（大綱部分,178-181頁）35-area001（大綱部分,182-185頁）36-strustrop（大綱部分,186-189頁）37-sunnyya（大綱部分,190-193頁）38ー飯飯（大綱部分,194-197頁）39ー小甫（大綱部分,198-201頁）39-rerli補充:kk4321特別感謝:（大綱部分,200-201頁）ccici 一人深夜還在掃描上傳,多次校正。baozi 也是非常負責,對掃了多次,找了最好的版本,并重新ーー編號。為了保證錄入的準確性,還ー個人獨立承擔了詞匯部分的錄入。當然,此大俠是高手，OCR識別率高達99%,保證了完整版快速準確地獻給研友。ps: hyj_wy和sunnyya針對各種不同的格式進行了合成和排版,很是費心費カ!2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）說明敬請考生注意:根據教育部教學廳[2004]14號文件精神,從2005年起,在全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語科中不再進行聽力考察,試卷的結構，題型，分值,答題卡等以本說明為主。詞匯表及附錄等仍以《2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）》為準。聽カ考察調整到各招生単位的復試中進行。教育部考試中心2004年7月26日高等教育出版社特別提醒《2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）說明》為《2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）》的重要補充?！?005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）說明》替代《2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）》中的“修訂說明”和第1頁至第50頁的內容?！?005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）》中的“修訂說明”和第1頁至第50頁內容作廢,其他內容仍然有效。2004年7月27日修訂說明根據教育部教育廳[2004]14號文件的精神,從2005年起,全國碩士生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試的聽カ測試調整到復試中進行。（2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱》做了如下修訂:.對試卷結構以及樣題個答案進行了調整。試卷結構如ド:第一部分 英語知識運用,20小題，共10分.第二部分閱讀理解A節(jié)四篇閱讀文章,20小題,共40分。B節(jié)一篇閱讀文章,5小題，共10分。C節(jié)英譯漢，5小題，共10分。第三部分寫作A節(jié)應用短文寫作,1小題,滿分10分。B節(jié)短文寫作,一小題,滿分20分。.修改了主觀題的評分標準。.重新設計了答題卡1和答題卡2,要求考生將英語知識運用和閱讀理解A節(jié)，B節(jié)的答案涂在答題K1±,將閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文些在答題卜2上。修改了“考試說明”和“試卷示例”中關于答題k的描述.重新修訂了“附錄2”,將詞匯表中的總詞匯量增加到5500詞,并刪去詞匯衣中的中文釋義。.擴充了“附錄3”的內容,擴充了常用前綴,后綴的條口，增加了部分國家（或地區(qū)），語言，國民及國籍表,及常見縮寫詞等。.將“附錄4”更換為2004年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題,聽カ衆(zhòng)音文字稿及參考答案。TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"考試說明 1附錄1全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷示例、答題卡1、答題卡2、評分標準及參考答案 6\o"CurrentDocument"附錄2詞匯表 51附錄3常用的前綴和后綴,部分國家（或地區(qū)）、語言、國民及國籍表,洲名及常見縮寫詞 146ー、常用的前綴和后綴 146二、部分國家（或地區(qū)）、語言、國名及國籍表 162三、洲 名 164四、常見縮寫詞 164附錄42004年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題,聽カ錄音文字稿及參考答案 169考試說明全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試是為高等學校和科研機構招收碩士研究生而設置的。其中,英語實行全國統(tǒng)一考試。它的評價標準是高等學校非英語專業(yè)優(yōu)秀本科畢業(yè)生能達到的及格或及格以上水平,以保證被錄取者具有一定的英語水平,有利于各高等學校和科研機構在專業(yè)上擇優(yōu)選拔〇考試對象為2005年參加全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試的本科應屆畢業(yè)生，以及符合報考條件的具有同等學歷的在職人員。本考試對課程和教材不作統(tǒng)ー規(guī)定,凡符合下列評價目標的課程及教材都適合考生應考復習。一、評價目標考生應掌握下列語言知識和技能:（一）語言知識.語法知識考生應能熟練地運用基本的語法知識。本大綱沒有專門列出對語法知識的具體要求,其目的是鼓勵考生用聽、說、讀、寫的實踐代替單純的語法知識學習,以求考生在交際中能更準確、自如地運用語法知識。.詞匯生應能掌握5500左右的詞匯以及相關詞組（詳見附錄）。英語語言的演化是ー個世界范圍內的動態(tài)發(fā)展過程,它受到當今科技發(fā)展和社會進步的影響。這意味著需要對本大綱詞匯表不斷進行研究和定期的修訂。此外,碩士研究入學英語考試是為非英語專業(yè)考生設置的。考慮到交際的需要，考生還應自行掌握涉及個人好惡、生活習慣、宗教信仰,以及本人工作或專業(yè)等方面的特殊詞匯。（二）語言技能?1.閱讀?*考生應能讀懂不同類型的文字材料（生詞量不超過所讀材料總詞匯量的3%）?包括信函、書報和雜志上的文章,還應能讀懂與本人學習或工作有關的文獻、技術說明和產品介紹等。根據所讀材料,考生應能:1）理解主旨要義:2）理解文中的具體信息;3）理解文中的概念性含義:4）進行有關的判斷、推理和引申；5）根據上下文推測生詞的詞義;6）理解文章的總體結構以及單句之間、段落之間的關系；7）理解作者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度;8）區(qū)分論點和論據。2.寫作考生應能寫不同類型的應用文,包括私人和公務信函、備忘錄、摘要、報告等,還應能寫一般描述性、敘述性和說明或議論性的文章。短文寫作時,考生應能:1）做到語法、拼寫、標點正確,用詞恰當；2）遵循文章的特定文體格式;3）合理組織文章結構，使其內容統(tǒng)ー、連貫；4）根據寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當選用語域。?考生應能掌握的語言技能包括聽,說,讀,寫四種能力.但是由于聽カ能力和口語能力的考察在復試中進行，因此這里只列出讀,寫兩種技能.*?碩士研究生入學英語考試將英譯漢試題作為閱讀理解的一部分，其目的是測試考生根據上下文準確理解英語句子并用漢語正確予以表達的能力.二、考試形式、考試內容與試卷結構（一）考試形式考試形式為筆試?？荚嚂r間為180分鐘。滿分為100分。試卷分試題冊和答題卡（1、2）兩部分。考生應將1?45題的答案按要求填涂在答題卡1上,將46-52題的答案寫在答題卡2上。（二）考試內容與試卷結構試題分三部分,共52題,包括英語知識運用、閱讀理解和寫作。第一部分英語知識運用該部分不僅考査考生對不同語境中規(guī)范的語言要素（包括詞匯、表達方式和結構）的掌握程度,而且還考査考生對語段特征（如連貫性和一致性等）的辨識能力等。共20小題，每小題0.5分，共10分。在一篇240?280詞的文章中留出20個空白，要求考生從每題給出的4個選項中選出最佳答案,使補全后的文章意思通順、前后連貫、結構完整?？忌诖痤}卡1上作答。第二部分閱讀理解該部分由A、B、C三節(jié)組成,考査考生理解書面英語的能カ。共30小題,每小題2分,共60分。A節(jié)（2。題）:主要考査考生理解具體信息、掌握文章大意、猜測生詞詞義并進行推斷等能力。要求考生根據所提供的四篇（總長度約為1600詞）文章的內容,從每題所給出的4個選項中選出最佳答案?？忌诖痤}卡1上作答。B節(jié)（5題）:主要考査考生對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征以及文章結構的理解。本部分的內容是一篇總長度為50〇?600詞的文章，其中有5段空白,文章后有6?7段文字,要求考生根據文章內容從這6?7段文字中選擇能分別放進文章中5個空白處的5段。考生在答題卡1上作答。C節(jié)（5題）:主要考察考生準確理解內容或結構較復雜的英語材料的能力。要求考生閱讀ー篇約400詞的文章,并將其中5個劃線部分（約150詞）譯成漢語,要求疑問準確、完整、通順。考生在答題卡2上作答。第三部分寫作該部分由A、B兩節(jié)組成,考査考生的書面表達能力?？偡?0分^^^イ^A節(jié):考生根據所給情景寫出ー篇約100詞（標點符號不計算在內）的應用性短文，包括信件、便箋、備忘錄等?？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。滿分10分。B節(jié):要求考生根據提示信息寫出ー篇16〇?200詞的短文（標點符號不計算在內）。提示信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等?？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。滿分20分。2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷結構表部分節(jié)為考生提供的信息指導語語言測試要點題型題目數量計分答題卡種類英語知識運用（10分）1篇文章（24〇?280詞）英語詞匯、語法和結構完形壊空多項選擇題（四選2010答題卡1（機器閱卷）閱讀理解（60分）A4篇文章（共約1.600詞）英語理解具體信息掌握文章大意,猜測生詞詞義并進行推斷等多項選擇題（四選ー）2040B!篇文章（共約50〇?600詞）英語理解文章結構選擇搭配題S10C!篇文章（約400詞）5處劃線部分（約150詞）英語理解的準確性英譯漢510答題卡2（人工閱卷、機器登分）m寫作（30分）A規(guī)定情景英語書面表達應用文（約100詞）110B主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等英語書面表達短文寫作（16〇?200詢）120總計50+2100附錄1全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷示例、答題卡1、答題卡2、

評分標準及參考答案1,全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷示例全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates

(NETEM)考生注意事項.考生必須嚴格遵守各項考場規(guī)則。.答題前,考生應按準考證上的有關內容填寫答題卡上的“考牛.姓名”、“報考單位”、“考生編號”等信息。.答案必須按要求涂寫成在指定的答題卜上。(1)英語知識運用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動,必須用橡皮擦干凈。(2)閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用(藍)黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題ド2上作答。字跡要清是。.考試結束后,將答題卡1、答題卡2ー并裝入原試卷袋中,試卷交給監(jiān)考人員。SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points'ThegovernmentisTObanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcasesJ_thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe 7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywasL5toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges,“hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.1.[A|asto|B|forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas2.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing|D|fastening3.(A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft4.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable|D|improper5.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity6.[A]sinceIB]if[C]before[D]as7.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed8.[A|present|B|offer[C]manifest[D]indicate9.[A]Release[B]Publication[ClPrinting[D]Exposure10.[A]stormIB]rage[C]flare[D]flash11.[A]translation[B]interpretation

[C|exhibition[A]betterthan[C|exhibition[A]betterthan[C]ratherthan[A]changes[C]sets[A]binding[C]restraining[A]authorized[C]entitled[A]with[C]from[A]impact[C]inference[A]stated[C]said[A]what[C]which[A]assure[C]ensure|D|demonstration[B]otherthan[D]soonerthan[B]makes[D]turns[B]convincing[D]sustainingIB]credited[D]qualifiedIB]to|D|by[B]incident|D|issue[B]remarked[D]told[B]when[D]that|B|confide[D]guaranteeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandafinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritory(NT)becamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofcess:"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It'sworldhistory."Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianmedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheU.S.andCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff'periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.Tmnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks.^^hesays.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthattheobjectiontoeuthanasiaisdiminishinginsomecountries.physiciansandcitizenshavethesameviewoneuthanasia.technologicalchangesarechieflyresponsibleforthenewlaw.ittakestimetoappreciatethesignificanceoflawspassed.Bysayingthat"observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,,(line11-12,Paragraph2),theauthormeansthat[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia.|B|thereisapossibilityofsimilarbillsbeingpassedintheUSandCanada.[C]observersarewaitingtoseethemovementendupinfailure.|D|theprocessofthebilltakingeffectmayfinallycometoastop.WhenLloydNicksonisclosetodeath,hewillIA|undergoa“coolingoff'periodofsevendays.experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient.haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering.facehisdeathwiththecalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasia?Hostile.Suspicious.Approving.Indifferent.Wecaninferfromthetextthatthesuccessoftheright-to-diemovementis[A]onlyamatteroftime.|B|farfromcertain.[C]justanillusion.|D|afadinghope.Text2Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"or"atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohave

hadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestThisisacountriesThisisacountries1994theItisalsolessmostforecastershadpredicted.InlatepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavourableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.America'scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment一theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.Accordingtothetext,makingmonetarypolicychanges[A]iscomparabletodrivingacar.|B|issimilartocarryingoutscientificwork.willnotinfluencetheeconomyimmediately.willhaveanimmediateimpactontheinflationrate.FromthetextwelearnthatIA]thereisaclearrelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates.theeconomyalwaysfollowsparticulartrends.thecurrenteconomicproblemsareentirelypredictable.|D|thepresenteconomicsituationisbetterthanexpected.Thetextsuggeststhatthepreviouseconomicmodelsarestillapplicable.|B|erestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheeconomy.Bysaying'ThisisnoflashinthepanM(Line7,Paragraph3),theauthorimpliesthatthelowinflationratewillcontinue.theinflationratewillriseagain.inflationwilldisappearentirely.thereisnoinflationatpresent.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthepresentsituation?Tolerant.|B|Indifferent.Disappointed.SurprisedText3InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,“sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"puli''customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push''informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany'sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenunivited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisonfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatWebbusiness|A|hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket.|B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion.[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket.|D|hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthatthetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers.businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions.|C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy.itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners.IntheviewofNetpurists,thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture.moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb.theWebshouldbeabletofunctionastelevisionset.|D|thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests.WelearnfromthelastparagraphtharIA]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce.>?ノinteractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers.leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesgao.settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpower.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextistourgeactiveparticipationinonlinebusiness,elaborateonvariousmarkeingstrategies,comparewebbusinesswithtraditionalcommerce,illustratethetransitionfromthepulltopushstrategy.Text4Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and“l(fā)abour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganisationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationsaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmuniciplitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable“classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand"shareholding''meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilistation.The"shareholders''assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,howerver,theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanisewhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.Theauthorsaysthatoldfamilyfirmswereruinedbytheyoungergenerations,failedforlackofindividualinitiative,lackedefficiencycomparedwithmodemcompanies,wereabletosupplyadequateservicestotaxpayers.ThegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedinIA]theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement.|B|theownershipofcapitalbymanagers.[C]theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses.|D)theparticipationofshareholdersinlandownership.ThetextindicatesthatsomecountriesdevelopedquicklybecauseoftheirlimitedliabilitycompaniesthetideofindustralisationbenefitedBritishshareholdersgreatly.shareholderscontributedalottothefastgrowthoftheBritisheconomy.thesystemofshareholdingimpairedthemanagementofmodemcompanies.welearnfromthetextthatshareholdersoftencastnegativeinfluenceonthewell-beingofworkers.ownersoftraditionalfirmenjoyedagoodrelationshipwiththeiremployees.limitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly.tradeunionshadapositiverolebetweenworkersandthemanagement.Theauthorappearstobeverycriticaloffamilyfirmowners.shareholders.managers.|D|landowners.PartBDirections:/