初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全76317公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省優(yōu)質(zhì)課大賽獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

第二編語(yǔ)法專題1名詞考點(diǎn)知識(shí)精講考點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)考點(diǎn)一名詞分類考點(diǎn)二名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式1.規(guī)則改變組成方法例詞在詞尾加-sgirl－girls

pen－pens以s，x，ch，sh結(jié)尾名詞后加-esbus－buses

box－boxeswatch－watches

dish－dishes以f或fe結(jié)尾名詞，變f，fe為v，再加-eswife－wives

half－h(huán)alvesshelf－shelves

thief－thieves一些以f結(jié)尾詞，直接加-sroof－roofs(屋頂)belief－beliefs(信念)以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾名詞變y為i再加-escity－cities

country－countriesfamily－families

party－parties以元音字母＋y結(jié)尾名詞，直接加-sboy－boysday－days續(xù)表組成方法例詞以o結(jié)尾四個(gè)詞(兩菜、兩人)加-es，其余都加-spotato－potatoes

tomato－tomatoeshero－h(huán)eroes

Negro－Negroeszoo－zoos

photo－photos2.不規(guī)則改變3.復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有兩種(1)將主體詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如：sister-in-law→sisters-in-law(嫂子)boyclassmate→boyclassmates組成方法例詞形式不變(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)sheep－sheep

deer－deerChinese－Chinese

Japanese－Japanese變內(nèi)部元音字母foot－feet

tooth－teeth

goose－geeseman－men

mouse－mice詞尾加-en/-renchild－children

ox－oxen(2)將復(fù)合詞中兩個(gè)詞都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，此種復(fù)合詞中第一個(gè)詞須是man或woman，如：manworker→menworkerswomanteacher→womenteachers4．特殊情況(1)有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：clothes，shorts，pants，scissors(剪刀)，goods，glasses(眼鏡)(2)有些名詞以s結(jié)尾，但不是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：news，maths，physics，politics(3)有些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不一樣含義，如：room(空間)—aroom(房間)work(工作)—works(著作)(4)不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量表示①不可數(shù)名詞本身不可數(shù)，但可借助單位量詞表示一定數(shù)量，如：apieceofbread/news/paper一片面包/一則新聞/一張紙②還可用much，little，alittle，alargeamountof，some，any，no，lotsof，plentyof等來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞，如：muchmoney，somemilk(5)數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞組成復(fù)合形容詞，中間名詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式而須用單數(shù)形式，如：Heisafour-year-oldboy.他是個(gè)4歲男孩。(four-year-old不能說(shuō)成four-years-old)afive-foot-deephole一個(gè)五英尺深洞考點(diǎn)三名詞全部格1．表示有生命人或物名詞全部格形式，在此名詞詞尾加's，或直接加'。(1)單數(shù)名詞加's，如：Mary'sbook(2)以s結(jié)尾復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加'，不以s結(jié)尾復(fù)數(shù)名詞要加's，如：thethreegirls'father這三個(gè)女孩父親thechildren'spresents孩子們禮品(3)表示幾個(gè)人共有，僅在最終一個(gè)人名字后加's；表示各自全部時(shí)，需在各個(gè)名字后加's，如：MaryandJane'scar(她倆人共有車)Mary'sandJane'scars(她倆各自車)(4)表示店鋪、住宅、公共建筑等地點(diǎn)時(shí)，名詞全部格后面名詞習(xí)慣上省略。如：thebarber's＝thebarber'sshop剪發(fā)店tomyaunt's＝tomyaunt'shouse到我姑姑家(5)有些指時(shí)間、距離、重量、價(jià)值、國(guó)家和城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命名詞，也能夠加's組成全部格。如：aweek'stime一周時(shí)間China'spopulation中國(guó)人口2．表示無(wú)生命東西全部格形式：名詞＋of＋全部者，如：thenameofthezoo動(dòng)物園名字3．雙重全部格：即of＋'s或of＋名詞性物主代詞，如：abookofmydaughter's我女兒一本書Thefriendofhisisverykind.他朋友非常友好。考點(diǎn)四名詞句法功效名詞在句中能夠作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。名詞作定語(yǔ)，普通用單數(shù)形式。如：girlstudents(女學(xué)生)paperflowers(紙花)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，個(gè)別情況用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：sportsmeeting(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))名詞(訓(xùn)練時(shí)間：65分鐘分值：66分)一、單項(xiàng)選擇(33分)1．(·山西)Readthe________carefully.Theywillhelpyouknowhowtousethepopper.A．InstructionsB．decisionsC．results【解析】本題考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中利用。instruction“說(shuō)明”；decision“決定”；result“結(jié)果”。由后句“它們會(huì)幫你知道怎樣使用這臺(tái)爆米花機(jī)”可判斷本句為“認(rèn)真讀說(shuō)明”，故instructions符合句意。【答案】A2．(·河北)Cicienjoysdancing.It'soneofher______.A．prizeB．prizesC．hobbyD．hobbies【解析】本題考查名詞。oneof后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示“……中一個(gè)”，故排除A、C兩項(xiàng)；prize“獎(jiǎng)品”，hobby“興趣”，跳舞是一個(gè)興趣，故選D項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緿3．(·天津)FormyhomeworkIhavetowritea(n)________aboutthewondersoftheworld.A．musicB．pictureC．compositionD．exam【解析】本題考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中利用。music“音樂(lè)”；picture“圖畫”；composition“作文”；exam“考試”。music是不可數(shù)名詞，不能用不定冠詞a/an修飾，故排除A項(xiàng)；動(dòng)詞write不能和picture搭配，也應(yīng)排除；家庭作業(yè)不可能是考試，D項(xiàng)也排除。故選C?！敬鸢浮緾4．(·哈爾濱)Boysandgirls，feelingpeacefulisthefirststeptobecome________intheexam.Sopleasetakeadeepbreathandcalmdown.A．runnersB．winnersC．players【解析】本題考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中利用。runner“跑步者”；winner“獲勝者”；player“運(yùn)動(dòng)員”。在考試中應(yīng)成為獲勝者，故winners符合句意?！敬鸢浮緽5．(·安徽)—Ihavegreat________inlearningmathandI'msoworried.Couldyouhelpme?—Sure.I'dbegladto.A．troubleB．interestC．joyD．fun【解析】本題考查名詞使用方法。havetrouble/difficulty/problems(in)doingsth.“做某事有困難”。interest“興趣”；joy“高興，觀賞”；fun“樂(lè)趣”，均不符合題意?！敬鸢浮緼6．(·南京)—MrsBlack,couldyougivemesomeadviceonhowtowriteanapplicationletter?—Withpleasure.Rememberthatthelettershouldbewrittenintheformal________.A．valueB．styleC．effectD．mood【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。value“益處，價(jià)值”；style“格調(diào)，文體”；effect“影響，效果”；mood“情緒，心情”。由語(yǔ)境知“寫申請(qǐng)信應(yīng)用正式文體”。【答案】B7．(·重慶)Couldyoupleasegetmesome________？I'mhungry.A．a(chǎn)ppleB．waterC．breadD．egg【解析】本題考查名詞使用方法。由第二句I'mhungry.(我餓了。)知空格處需填“吃東西”，故排除選項(xiàng)B；選項(xiàng)A、D均為可數(shù)名詞，由題干中some判斷需用可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，故排除A、D兩項(xiàng)。bread“面包”，為不可數(shù)名詞，符合題意?！敬鸢浮緾8．(·武漢)—I'mgoingtothesupermarket.Letmegetyousomefruit.—OK.Thanksforyour________.A．offerB．informationC．messageD．order【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。offer“提供，提議”；information“信息”；message“口信”；order“次序，訂貨，命令”。句意為“我要去超市。讓我為你買些水果吧?！薄昂冒桑x謝你好意?！惫蔬xA?！敬鸢浮緼9．(·上海)Thesenaturaldisastershavewarnedusthateveryoneshouldstarttoprotectthe________immediately.A．a(chǎn)musementB．developmentC．environmentD．government【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。amusement“娛樂(lè)”；development“發(fā)展”；environment“環(huán)境”；government“政府”。句意為“這些自然災(zāi)害已經(jīng)告誡我們每個(gè)人應(yīng)立刻開(kāi)始保護(hù)環(huán)境?！薄敬鸢浮緾10．(·黃岡)—Mrs.WangwassenttoteachEnglishinapoormountainvillagelastyear.—Shesaidshewouldneverforgetsomepleasant________whileworkingthere.A．experimentsB．expressionsC．experiencesD．emotions【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。experiment“試驗(yàn)”；expression“表示”；experience“經(jīng)歷”；emotion“感情”?？崭袼诰渚湟鉃椤八f(shuō)她永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記在那工作時(shí)一些美好經(jīng)歷?！惫蔬xC?！敬鸢浮緾11．(·寧波)—Excuseme,wherecanIexchange________？—There'sabankonthesecondfloor.A．booksB．foodC．moneyD．stamps【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。依據(jù)答語(yǔ)“There'sabankonthesecondfloor.(在二樓有一家銀行。)”可知，要兌換是“錢”。故選C?！敬鸢浮緾12．(·揚(yáng)州)—I'msorryIwentoutforasmoke.Iwasverytired.—There'sno________forthiswhileyouareatwork.A．causeB．excuseC．matterD．choice【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。cause“原因”；excuse“理由，借口”；matter“事情”；choice“選擇”。由空格所在句句意“當(dāng)你工作時(shí)這么做是沒(méi)有理由”知選B?！敬鸢浮緽13．(·陜西)Johnwantstobea________，soheoftenhelpssickpeopleinthehospital.A．reporterB．doctorC．scientistD．cook【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。reporter“記者”；doctor“醫(yī)生”；scientist“科學(xué)家”；cook“廚師”。由句意“所以他經(jīng)常在醫(yī)院里幫助病人”知約翰想成為一名醫(yī)生，故選B?！敬鸢浮緽14．(·內(nèi)江)—Ihavetroublelearningmaththisterm.—Youshouldpaymore________toyourteacher'sadvice.A．moneyB．a(chǎn)ttentionC．time【解析】本題考查名詞使用方法。payattentionto...“注意……”，是固定短語(yǔ)，故選B?！敬鸢浮緽15．(·鹽城)Thetwocitieshavereachedan________todevelopscienceandtechnology.A．educationB．excitementC．a(chǎn)greementD．invention【解析】本題考查名詞使用方法。reachanagreement“達(dá)成協(xié)議”，是固定搭配，故選C?！敬鸢浮緾16．(中考變式題)—Couldyoutellmesomethingabouttheboywhohelpedyoujustnow?—Sorry,Iknownothingabouthim.Weare________.A．friendsB．neighborsC．classmatesD．strangers【解析】由答語(yǔ)前面“對(duì)不起，我不認(rèn)識(shí)他”，可知這里是指“陌生人”?！敬鸢浮緿17．(中考變式題)Idon'tthinklookingafterchildrenisjust________work.A．womanB．woman'sC．womenD．women's【解析】句意為“我認(rèn)為照看孩子不但僅是女人工作?！庇删湟饪膳袛啻颂帒?yīng)用名詞全部格，又因?yàn)閣oman復(fù)數(shù)形式是women，故選D?！敬鸢浮緿18．(中考變式題)—Whyareyoustillwaitinginline?—I'vemissedmy________.A．placeB．orderC．turnD．time【解析】句意為“你為何依然在排隊(duì)？”“我錯(cuò)過(guò)了我一次機(jī)會(huì)了?！眕lace“地方”；order“次序”；turn“輪到機(jī)會(huì)”；time“時(shí)間”。經(jīng)過(guò)句意可知，只有C項(xiàng)符合題意，故答案為C。【答案】C19．(中考變式題)—Ihearyouhavetorunforhalfanhoureveryday.—Right.Itisoneofthe________inmyschool.A．choicesB．plansC．hobbiesD．rules【解析】句意為“我聽(tīng)說(shuō)你天天必須跑步半小時(shí)。”“是，這是我們學(xué)校規(guī)則之一?！眂hoices“選擇”；plans“計(jì)劃”；hobbies“興趣”；rules“規(guī)則”。所以選擇答案D?！敬鸢浮緿20．(中考變式題)________motherscan'tgotothemeeting,becausetheyhavegonetoNewYorkonbusiness.A．AliceandLily'sB．Alice'sandLily'sC．Alice'sandLily【解析】A選項(xiàng)是指她們共同母親；B選項(xiàng)表示她們各自母親；C選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有這種表示形式，首先排除。由后句they可知，這里指是她們各自母親，所以答案為B?！敬鸢浮緽21．(中考變式題)Somethingiswrongwithmy________.Ican'tseeanythingaroundme.A．noseB．earsC．eyesD．mouth【解析】看不清周圍東西，故應(yīng)該為眼睛有毛病?！敬鸢浮緾22．(中考變式題)—ThelandinthesouthwestofChinaisingreatneedof________.—Yes,ithasn'trainedforalongtimethere.A．milkB．teaC．coffeeD．water【解析】依據(jù)答語(yǔ)可知西南很需要水，故答案選D?！敬鸢浮緿23．(中考變式題)—Howfarisyourhomefromschool?—It'sabouttwo________walk.A．hour'sB．hoursC．hours'【解析】本題考查名詞全部格使用方法。兩小時(shí)旅程表示是“twohours'walk”，hour需要變復(fù)數(shù)后加“'”，故選C?！敬鸢浮緾24．(中考變式題)—I'mnotsureaboutthemeaningoftheword.—You'dbetterlookitupina________.A．letterB．dictionaryC．postcardD．notice【解析】letter“書信”；dictionary“字典、詞典”；postcard“卡片”；notice“布告”，依據(jù)題意“我不知道這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)意思?！薄澳阕詈貌樵~典?！敝鸢高xB?！敬鸢浮緽25．(中考變式題)—Whosecomputerdoesn'twork?—________，Ithink.A．JohnhasB．JohndoesC．JohnD．John's【解析】句意為“誰(shuí)計(jì)算機(jī)出毛病啦？”“約翰，我想。”故答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用名詞全部格形式，所以答案應(yīng)選D?！敬鸢浮緿26．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)—Oh,myGod!Wehavemissedthelastbus.Whatshallwedo?—I'mafraidwehaveno________buttotakeataxi.A．choiceB．decisionC．reasonD．idea【解析】“havemissedthelastbus”和“buttotakeataxi”可知是別無(wú)選擇。句意是“哎，天啊，我們已經(jīng)錯(cuò)過(guò)了最終一班車，我們應(yīng)該怎么辦呢？”“我想我們除了乘出租車別無(wú)選擇了?！薄敬鸢浮緼27．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)—Goodmorning,madam.CanIhelpyou?—Sure,I'dlike________，please.A．twocupsofcoffeesB．twocupofcoffeesC．twocupsofcoffeeD．twocupofcoffee【解析】coffee是不可數(shù)名詞，不能加s，排除A和B；兩杯應(yīng)是twocups，排除D。故選C?！敬鸢浮緾28．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)—Doyouknowtheyoungladyoverthere?—Yes.She's________mother.A．LilyandLucyB．Lily'sandLucy'sC．Lily'sandLucyD．LilyandLucy's【解析】依據(jù)空后mother可知是兩人共有，兩人共有某物時(shí)，只需要在后一個(gè)詞后加's。句意是“你認(rèn)識(shí)那兒那個(gè)年輕女士嗎？”“是，她是莉莉和露西媽媽?！薄敬鸢浮緿29．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)Afterwalkingformorethanhalfanhour,wedecidedtotake________rest.A．a(chǎn)fewminute'sB．a(chǎn)fewminutes'C．a(chǎn)littleminute'sD．a(chǎn)littleminutes'【解析】minute是可數(shù)名詞由afew來(lái)修飾且要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，名詞以s結(jié)尾時(shí)，全部格直接加‘。句意是“走了半個(gè)多小時(shí)后，我們決定休息幾分鐘?！惫蔬xB?！敬鸢浮緽30．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)—Wherearethe________？—Theyareplaying________basketballontheplayground.A．manteachers;theB．menteachers;theC．manteachers;/D．menteachers;/【解析】man作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，兩個(gè)名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)；球類運(yùn)動(dòng)短語(yǔ)中，球類之前不可用冠詞，故選D。句意是“男老師在哪兒？”“他們正在操場(chǎng)上打籃球?！薄敬鸢浮緿31．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)Bettyhasasilk________.Shecansingverywell.A．voiceB．lookC．soundD．noise【解析】依據(jù)“Shecansingverywell.”可知她聲音很好，人聲音用voice表示。句意是“貝蒂聲音好，她能夠唱得非常好。”【答案】A32．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)—Oh,thereisn'tenough________forusonthebus.—Nohurry.Let'swaitforthenextone.A．floorB．groundC．roomD．place【解析】依據(jù)onthebus和答句可知是沒(méi)有足夠空間夠我們用了。句意是“哎呀，公共汽車上沒(méi)有我們足夠空間了。”“別著急，讓我們等下一趟吧?！薄敬鸢浮緾33．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)Isawmany________eatinggrassonthehill.A．horseB．cowC．deersD．sheep【解析】many后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)，A，B都不是復(fù)數(shù)，deer和sheep單復(fù)數(shù)相同，故答案選D?！敬鸢浮緿二、依據(jù)句意及所給漢語(yǔ)意思寫出所缺單詞(15分)1．(·蘇州)TheGreatWallofChinaisoneofthe__________(奇跡)oftheworld.【解析】“奇跡”為wonder，oneof后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞?！敬鸢浮縲onders2．(·銅仁)Moreandmore______________(外國(guó)人)cometovisitChina.【解析】“外國(guó)人”為foreigner；more是many比較級(jí)，后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)?！敬鸢浮縡oreigners3．(·煙臺(tái))Afterthree________(星期)holiday,wecamebacktowork.【解析】本題考查名詞全部格使用方法。以-s結(jié)尾復(fù)數(shù)名詞全部格在-s后加“'”?！敬鸢浮縲eeks'4．(·黃岡)Toourgreat________(詫異),Tomfailedtopassthegraduationexam.【解析】toone'ssurprise“使某人詫異是”?！敬鸢浮縮urprise5．(·寧波)Hecan'tseetheblackboardclearly,soheneedsapairof________(眼鏡)．【解析】apairofglasses“一副眼鏡”?！敬鸢浮縢lasses6．(·揚(yáng)州)Weshouldpayattentiontoourbehaviorandtrytobegood________(公民)．【解析】由主語(yǔ)we知，要填復(fù)數(shù)形式citizens?！敬鸢浮縞itizens7．(·蘭州)Theyhaveplantedaboutfive________(千)treesinandaroundthetowninthepastfewyears.【解析】英語(yǔ)中hundred，thousand，million，billion等詞假如前面有基數(shù)詞修飾，一律用單數(shù)，故填原形thousand?！敬鸢浮縯housand8．(中考變式題)Thecamerawasoneofthegreatest________(創(chuàng)造)inthe19thcentury.【解析】依據(jù)空前“oneofthegreatest”可知用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意是“攝影機(jī)是十九世紀(jì)最偉大創(chuàng)造之一?！薄敬鸢浮縤nventions9．(中考變式題)Howmanytimesdoyoubrushyour________(牙齒)everyday?【解析】tooth復(fù)數(shù)形式是teeth?！敬鸢浮縯eeth10．(中考變式題)Pleasetellmethe________(勝利者)telephonenumber.Iwanttointerviewhim.【解析】句意是“請(qǐng)告訴我勝利者電話號(hào)碼，我想采訪他。”勝利者是winner，其全部格在其后加's?！敬鸢浮縲inner's11．(中考變式題)Therearemanyfresh________(土豆)inthesupermarket.【解析】因句中有many,many后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)，potato復(fù)數(shù)是potatoes?！敬鸢浮縫otatoes12．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)Thankyouverymuchforyour________(邀請(qǐng))．ButI'msosorrythatIcan'tcometoyourpartytomorrow.【解析】空白處前有your修飾，故要用名詞形式，而invite名詞是invitation?！敬鸢浮縤nvitation13．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)Takeashortrestaftertwo________(小時(shí))hardwork,andyouwon'tfeeltootired.【解析】前面有two，所以應(yīng)該用hour復(fù)數(shù)形式hours名詞全部格?！敬鸢浮縣ours'14．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)Great________(改變)havetakenplaceinourhometown.【解析】句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是havetakenplace，所以主語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮縞hanges15．(中考預(yù)測(cè)題)ApowerfulearthquakehitWenchuanin________(西南方),China'sSichuanProvinceonMay12th.【解析】表示“偏方向”時(shí)，先說(shuō)南北，再說(shuō)東西，故西南方為southwest?！敬鸢浮縮outhwest三、依據(jù)句意及所給首字母補(bǔ)全單詞(18分)1．(·蕪湖)A________isthefourthmonthoftheyear.【解析】一年第四個(gè)月份是April?！敬鸢浮緼pril2．(·銅仁)Myh________iscollectingstamps.Ihavecollectedthousandsofstamps.【解析】集郵是一個(gè)興趣，故填hobby?！敬鸢浮縣obby3．(·銅仁)MarkTwainwasbornintheUSAandEnglishwashismothert________.【解析】mothertongue“母語(yǔ)”。由句意“馬克·吐溫出生于美國(guó)，英語(yǔ)是他母語(yǔ)?！笨芍鸢??！敬鸢浮縯ongue4．(·成都)Mymotherisanurse.Sheworksinafamoush______.【解析】由常識(shí)知護(hù)士工作地點(diǎn)是醫(yī)院?！敬鸢浮縣ospital5．(·桂林)Ifyouareindanger,remembertodial(撥)thetelephonen________110atonce.【解析】句意為“假如你碰到危險(xiǎn)，記住立刻撥電話號(hào)碼110?！惫侍頽umber。【答案】number6．(·桂林)—Doyouknowwhatthep______ofChinaisnow?—It'sover1.3billion.【解析】由答語(yǔ)知，上句是問(wèn)現(xiàn)在中國(guó)人口是多少，故填population?！敬鸢浮縫opulation7．(中考變式題)NewYearisatraditionalf________forChinesepeople.【解析】依據(jù)NewYear和traditional可知是節(jié)日。句意是“新年對(duì)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)是傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。”【答案】festival8．(中考變式題)Tomorrowismycousin'sbirthday.I