2022年大學(xué)英語考試真題卷220測

2022年大學(xué)英語考試真題卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項選擇題(共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項中,只有一個最符合題意)1.［聽カ原文］W：You’regoingtoGuangzhoutomorrow,aren’tyouM:Yes.Ithoughtl’dfly,butthenIdecidedthattakingabuswouldbecheaperthandrivingorflying.Howwi11themangettoGuangzhou()Byplane.Bycar.Bytrain.Bybus.2.Conversation1［聽カ原文］6-8M：Soyoudon&rsquo；tlikeverymuchLondon.W：Oh.Ido.Ilovethepeople；theyaresofriendly.AndIlikethetelevisionprogramstheretheyareveryinteresting.However,Idon&rsquo；tliketheweather.M：TheweatherW：Yes,thespringisalwayssowet,whichreallyannoysme.M：Oh.W：Andthefog.I&rsquo；velostmywayforseveraltimestotheheavyfog.M：That&rsquo；saproblem.HowaboutotherseasonsinLondonW：Well,insummerandautumn,Londonisaniceplacetostay.It&rsquo；sverycool.M：HowaboutinwinterW：Inwinter,Londonisverycold.Butit&rsquo；sagoodchancetoenjoytheviewofsnow.Howistheweatherthereinspring()It&rsquo；swet.It&rsquo；sfoggy.It&rsquo；swetandfoggy.It&rsquo；scoolanddry.3.［聽カ原文］9-10W:Goodevening.HowmanyofyouarethereM:Therearethreeofus.We’dIikeatableforthree.W:Thisway,please.M:MayIhaveamenu,pleaseW:Hereyouare.M:Yes,l’11havethissteak.W:Howdoyouwantyoursteak:rare,orwe11doneM:Rare,please.W:WhatwouldyouIiketodrinkM:Coffee.W:AndwhatwouldyouIikefordessertM:Icecream.W:WhatkindoficecreamdoyouIikeM:Strawberry.What1stherelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers()Wifeandhusband.Waitressandcustomer.Shopassistantandcustomer.Friends.4.［聽カ原文］M：Whatwouldyouliketoseefirst,themonkeysorthedeerW：I&rsquo；dreallyliketoseethecamels.It&rsquo；salmosttheirfeedingtime.Wherearethespeakers()Atazoo.Inacafeteria.Onacollegecampus.Atanartmuseum.5.Conversation1［聽カ原文］6-8M:Soyoudon’tIikeverymuchLondon.W:Oh.Ido.IlovethepeopIe;theyaresofriendly.AndIIikethetelevisionprogramstheretheyareveryinteresting.However,Idon’tIiketheweather.M:TheweatherW:Yes,thespringisaIwayssowet,whichreallyannoysme.M:Oh.W:Andthefog.I’velostmywayforseveraltimestotheheavyfog.M:That’saproblem.HowaboutotherseasonsinLondonW:Well,insummerandautumnyLondonisaniceplacetostay.It’sverycooI.M:HowaboutinwinterW:Inwinter,Londonisverycold.Butit’sagoodchancetoenjoytheviewofsnow.Howistheweatherthereinwinter()It’softencoldandsnowy.It’softenwetandwarm.It’softencoolanddry.Notmentionedintheconversation.6.［聽カ原文］M：I&rsquo；mafraidIdidn&rsquo；tearthwhatDr.Brownwassayingjustnow.W：Hetoldustohandinthelabreportaweeklater.Whenshouldthetwospeakershandintheirreport()A.Rightnow.Thisweek.Nextweek.Twoweekslater.7.［聽カ原文］M:DidyouseeMrs.ScottthismorningW:Yes,shewassittingatherdeskwhenIcameintotheoffice.WherewasMrs.Scottwhenthewomancamein()Sittingonherdesk.Sittingatherdesk.StandingnearherdeskWalkingonherdesk.Thenewlydevelopingscienceofartificialintelligenceaimsatprogrammingthecomputertothink,reasonandreact()peopledo.bythesamewayasinmuchthesamewaythatwiththesamewayasasmuchasthesamewaythatSomewhereontheSouthCoastEngIandDearMumandDadrItwasagreatideatosendmeovertoBritaintolearnEnglishthissummer!I’vemetsomanystudentsfromSweden,FranceandalIovertheworld.AndtherearelotsofstudentsfromGermanyheretoo.It’sjustIikebeingathome.Whatarelieftofindnormalpeople,eveninEngland,andtospeakinanormalIanguagemostofthetime.Ofcourse,wedohaveEnglishlessonsintheday,andIhavetotalktothefamilyIstaywithhere.Doyouknow,someofmyfriendshavesaidtheywon’tgooutwithusintheeveninganymore—theywanttospeakEnglishandfindEnglishfriends.Ithinkthey’remad.ThefamiIyIlivewithareverynice.Buttheyhavesomestrangehabits.TheydrinkteaalIday:atbreakfast,intheafternoonandatbedtime.Andtheyeatbutterwithsaltinit!IfIgooutintheevening,Iofteneatfishandchips.Thefoodiswrappedupinanewspaper;atleastreadingthepapertakesyourmindoffthefishandchips!Hereatthecoast,wetravelbybus.ThebusesareaIwayslate.IwasknockeddownbyanoldladytheotherdaybecauseIdidn’tstandinthequeue.EnglishpeopIeseemveryquietandreserved,soIwasverysurprisedtoseehowviolenttheybecomeaboutqueues.Also,ifyouaskthemdirections,theysuddenlybecomeverychattyandgoonforhours.I’dIiketocomebackherenextyeartoseealImyfriendsagain—ohyes,andtoIearnsomemoreEngIish...Yourlovingson,HansAccordingtothepassage,thewriteroftheletterisfrom()A.EnglandB.FranceC.GermanyD.SwedenJohnF.KennedywastheyoungestAmericantobeelectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.DuringtheWorldWarIIJohnF.KennedyhadanoutstandingrecordintheNavy.AfterthewarKennedyworkedbrieflyasanewspaperman,thenenteredpolitics.HewasthreetimeselectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesbeforebecomingasenatorfromMassachusetts.In1960hewaselectedpresidentinaverycloseraceinwhichtherewerechargesofirregularities.Kennedy&rsquo；stermofofficewasmarkedbytheachievementsinappealstoidealism,abroadparticipationofpeopleinpolitics,andimprovedcivilrights.Ininternationalaffairs,KennedysawthefailureoftheAmerican-backedinvasionofCubanmissilecrisiswhichbroughtRussiaandtheUnitedStatestothebrinkofwar.TheKennedyfamilyhasexperiencedvictoriesandtragedy.OneofJohnKennedy&rsquo；ssisterswasmentallybackwardandanoldbrotherwaskilledinthewar.JohnKennedywasassassinatedaswashisbrother,RobertKennedy.Thefamilyhassufferedscandalsofsex,alcohol,anddrugsinbothJohn&rsquo；sgenerationandinthispresentgeneration.Manybelievethatfortheyoung,wealthandaprominentfamilytoomuch,toosoon,tooeasyaremoreofacursethanahelp.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE()HewastheyoungestAmericanelectedpresident.HewastherichestAmericanelectedpresident.HebecamepresidentbecausehefoughtintheWorldWarII.Hebecamepresidentbecausehisfamilyhadsufferedscandals.11.SomewhereontheSouthCoastEngIandDearMumandDad,ItwasagreatideatosendmeovertoBritaintolearnEnglishthissummer!I’vemetsomanystudentsfromSweden,FranceandalIovertheworld.AndtherearelotsofstudentsfromGermanyheretoo.It’sjustIikebeingathome.Whatarelieftofindnormalpeople,eveninEngland,andtospeakinanormalIanguagemostofthetime.Ofcourse,wedohaveEnglishIessonsintheday,andIhavetotalktothefamilyIstaywithhere.Doyouknow,someofmyfriendshavesaidtheywon’tgooutwithusintheeveninganymore—theywanttospeakEnglishandfindEnglishfriends.Ithinkthey’remad.ThefamiIyIlivewithareverynice.Buttheyhavesomestrangehabits.TheydrinkteaalIday:atbreakfast,intheafternoonandatbedtime.Andtheyeatbutterwithsaltinit!IfIgooutintheevening,Iofteneatfishandchips.Thefoodiswrappedupinanewspaper;atleastreadingthepapertakesyourmindoffthefishandchips!Hereatthecoast,wetravelbybus.Thebusesarealwayslate.IwasknockeddownbyanoldladytheotherdaybecauseIdidn’tstandinthequeue.EnglishpeopIeseemveryquietandreserved,soIwasverysurprisedtoseehowviolenttheybecomeaboutqueues.Also,ifyouaskthemdirections,theysuddenlybecomeverychattyandgoonforhours.I’dIiketocomebackherenextyeartoseealImyfriendsagain—ohyes,andtoIearnsomemoreEngIish...Yourlovingson,HansMIthinkthey'remad"(Paragraph2)probablymeansthat()theyarewiIdlyinterestedinEngIishtheyareangrywithmetheyarebecomingwiIdinEngIandtheydonotIiketoplayoutsideSeenfromspace,ourearth,withwatercovering70%ofitssurface,appearsasa“blueplanet”.()A.如果從太空中看地球的話,地球像ー個藍色的行星,而且地球的表面70%都是水。B.地球表面的70%都被水覆蓋著,從太空中看地球,它就像ー顆藍色的行星。C.從太空上看我們的地球,它表面的70%都被水覆蓋著,看上去像ー顆藍色的行星。D,從太空中看到地球的表面的70%都是水,它是一個藍色的行星。Itisinviewofourstandingbusinessrelationshipthatwemakeyousuchacounter-offer()A.由于我們雙方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的貿(mào)易關(guān)系,我方オ向你方作出如此報盤。B.考慮到我們雙方停止不前的商貿(mào)關(guān)系,我方オ向你方給出如此報盤。C.正是由于我們雙方固定的商貿(mào)關(guān)系，我方オ向你方給出如此還盤。D.正是鑒于我們雙方長期的貿(mào)易關(guān)系，我方オ向你方作出如此還盤。SomewhereontheSouthCoastEnglandDearMumandDad,ItwasagreatideatosendmeovertoBritaintolearnEnglishthissummer!I&rsquo；vemetsomanystudentsfromSweden,Franceandallovertheworld.AndtherearelotsofstudentsfromGermanyheretoo.It&rsquo；sjustlikebeingathome.Whatarelieftofindnormalpeople,eveninEngland,andtospeakinanormallanguagemostofthetime.Ofcourse,wedohaveEnglishlessonsintheday,andIhavetotalktothefamilyIstaywithhere.Doyouknow,someofmyfriendshavesaidtheywon&rsquo；tgooutwithusintheeveninganymore&mdash；theywanttospeakEnglishandfindEnglishfriends.Ithinkthey&rsquo；remad.ThefamilyIlivewithareverynice.Buttheyhavesomestrangehabits.Theydrinkteaallday：atbreakfast,intheafternoonandatbedtime.Andtheyeatbutterwithsaltinit!IfIgooutintheevening,Iofteneatfishandchips.Thefoodiswrappedupinanewspaper；atleastreadingthepapertakesyourmindoffthefishandchips!Hereatthecoast,wetravelbybus.Thebusesarealwayslate.IwasknockeddownbyanoldladytheotherdaybecauseIdidn&rsquo；tstandinthequeue.Englishpeopleseemveryquietandreserved,soIwasverysurprisedtoseehowviolenttheybecomeaboutqueues.Also,ifyouaskthemdirections,theysuddenlybecomeverychattyandgoonforhours.I&rsquo；dliketocomebackherenextyeartoseeallmyfriendsagain&mdash；ohyes,andtolearnsomemoreEnglish...Yourlovingson,HansWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue()Ilivewithverygoodpeoplehere.1livewithverystrangepeoplehere.ThefamilyIlivewithliketodrinktea.ThefamilyIlivewitheatbutterwithsaltinit.15.JohnF.KennedywastheyoungestAmericantobeeIectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.DuringtheWorIdWar11JohnF.KennedyhadanoutstandingrecordintheNavy.AfterthewarKennedyworkedbrieflyasanewspaperman,thenenteredpolitics.HewasthreetimeseIectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesbeforebecomingasenatorfromMassachusetts.In1960hewaseIectedpresidentinaverycloseraceinwhichtherewerechargesofirreguIarities.Kennedy’stermofofficewasmarkedbytheachievementsinappeaIstoidealism,abroadparticipationofpeopIeinpolitics,andimprovedcivilrights.Ininternationalaffairs,KennedysawthefailureoftheAmerican-backedinvasionofCubanmissiIecrisiswhichbroughtRussiaandtheUnitedStatestothebrinkofwar.TheKennedyfamiIyhasexperiencedvictoriesandtragedy.OneofJohnKennedy’ssisterswasmenta11ybackwardandanoldbrotherwaskilledinthewar.JohnKennedywasassassinatedaswashisbrother,RobertKennedy.ThefamiIyhassufferedscandaIsofsex,aIcohoI,anddrugsinbothJohn’sgenerationandinthispresentgeneration.ManybeIievethatfortheyoung,weaIthandaprominentfamiIytoomuch,toosoon,tooeasyaremoreofacursethanahelp.BeforehebecameAmericanpresident,JohnKennedy()keptarecordofeventsintheNavywastheownerofanewspaperG.wasthreetimeseIectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesD.studiedlawintheuniversitySomewhereontheSouthCoastEnglandDearMumandDad,ItwasagreatideatosendmeovertoBritaintolearnEnglishthissummer!I&rsquo；vemetsomanystudentsfromSweden,Franceandallovertheworld.AndtherearelotsofstudentsfromGermanyheretoo.It&rsquo；sjustlikebeingathome.Whatarelieftofindnormalpeople,eveninEngland,andtospeakinanormallanguagemostofthetime.Ofcourse,wedohaveEnglishlessonsintheday,andIhavetotalktothefamilyIstaywithhere.Doyouknow,someofmyfriendshavesaidtheywon&rsquo；tgooutwithusintheeveninganymore&mdash；theywanttospeakEnglishandfindEnglishfriends.Ithinkthey&rsquo；remad.ThefamilyIlivewithareverynice.Buttheyhavesomestrangehabits.Theydrinkteaallday：atbreakfast,intheafternoonandatbedtime.Andtheyeatbutterwithsaltinit!IfIgooutintheevening,Iofteneatfishandchips.Thefoodiswrappedupinanewspaper；atleastreadingthepapertakesyourmindoffthefishandchips!Hereatthecoast,wetravelbybus.Thebusesarealwayslate.IwasknockeddownbyanoldladytheotherdaybecauseIdidn&rsquo；tstandinthequeue.Englishpeopleseemveryquietandreserved,soIwasverysurprisedtoseehowviolenttheybecomeaboutqueues.Also,ifyouaskthemdirections,theysuddenlybecomeverychattyandgoonforhours.I&rsquo；dliketocomebackherenextyeartoseeallmyfriendsagain&mdash；ohyes,andtolearnsomemoreEnglish...Yourlovingson,HansWIwasknockeddownbyanoldladytheotherday”(Paragraph2)showsthat()BritishpeoplearenotfriendlytheoldladiesinBritainarenotfriendlyBritishpeopleareveryquietyoumustlineuptotakeabusOnefeelsratherrelaxedwhensittinghere,enjoyingthebeautyofthescenery,intheshadeoftheseancienttrees()A,坐在這里欣賞美景和古樹的林蔭,使人感到很放松。B.坐在這些古樹的林蔭下,欣賞這美麗的景色,真使人感到輕松愉快。C.坐在這里欣賞古樹林蔭下美景,使人感到相當(dāng)輕松。D.在古樹的林蔭下坐著欣賞這美景，使人感到相當(dāng)?shù)妮p松愉快。SomewhereontheSouthCoastEnglandDearMumandDad,ItwasagreatideatosendmeovertoBritaintolearnEnglishthissummer!I&rsquo；vemetsomanystudentsfromSweden,Franceandallovertheworld.AndtherearelotsofstudentsfromGermanyheretoo.It&rsquo；sjustlikebeingathome.Whatarelieftofindnormalpeople,eveninEngland,andtospeakinanormallanguagemostofthetime.Ofcourse,wedohaveEnglishlessonsintheday,andIhavetotalktothefamilyIstaywithhere.Doyouknow,someofmyfriendshavesaidtheywon&rsquo；tgooutwithusintheeveninganymore&mdash；theywanttospeakEnglishandfindEnglishfriends.Ithinkthey&rsquo；remad.ThefamilyIlivewithareverynice.Buttheyhavesomestrangehabits.Theydrinkteaallday：atbreakfast,intheafternoonandatbedtime.Andtheyeatbutterwithsaltinit!IfIgooutintheevening,Iofteneatfishandchips.Thefoodiswrappedupinanewspaper；atleastreadingthepapertakesyourmindoffthefishandchips!Hereatthecoast,wetravelbybus.Thebusesarealwayslate.IwasknockeddownbyanoldladytheotherdaybecauseIdidn&rsquo；tstandinthequeue.Englishpeopleseemveryquietandreserved,soIwasverysurprisedtoseehowviolenttheybecomeaboutqueues.Also,ifyouaskthemdirections,theysuddenlybecomeverychattyandgoonforhours.I&rsquo；dliketocomebackherenextyeartoseeallmyfriendsagain&mdash；ohyes,andtolearnsomemoreEnglish...Yourlovingson,HansFromthepassage,weknowthat()thewriterhasmanyfriendsinBritainnowthewriterdoesn&rsquo；tlikeBritisholdladiesBritainisagoodplacetostayinBritishpeopleliketheirweather19.JohnF.KennedywastheyoungestAmericantobeeIectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.DuringtheWorIdWar11JohnF.KennedyhadanoutstandingrecordintheNavy.AfterthewarKennedyworkedbrieflyasanewspaperman,thenenteredpolitics.HewasthreetimeseIectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesbeforebecomingasenatorfromMassachusetts.In1960hewaseIectedpresidentinaverycloseraceinwhichtherewerechargesofirreguIarities.Kennedy’stermofofficewasmarkedbytheachievementsinappealstoidealism,abroadparticipationofpeopIeinpolitics,andimprovedcivilrights.Ininternationalaffairs,KennedysawthefaiIureoftheAmerican-backedinvasionofCubanmissiIecrisiswhichbroughtRussiaandtheUnitedStatestothebrinkofwar.TheKennedyfamiIyhasexperiencedvictoriesandtragedy.OneofJohnKennedy’ssisterswasmenta11ybackwardandanoldbrotherwaskilledinthewar.JohnKennedywasassassinatedaswashisbrother,RobertKennedy.ThefamiIyhassufferedscandaIsofsex,aIcohoI,anddrugsinbothJohn’sgenerationandinthispresentgeneration.ManybeIievethatfortheyoung,weaIthandaprominentfamilytoomuch,toosoon,tooeasyaremoreofacursethanahelp.Welearnfromthesecondparagraphthat()whenKennedywasthepresident,hemadesomeoutstandingachievementsB.KennedyfailedhisdutyasthepresidentoftheUnitedStateswithKennedyasthepresident,fewerpeopIeconcernedthemselveswithstateaffairsinKennedy’stime,theUnitedStates,RussiaandCubaalIhadsomeproblemsJohnF.KennedywastheyoungestAmericantobeelectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.DuringtheWorldWarIIJohnF.KennedyhadanoutstandingrecordintheNavy.AfterthewarKennedyworkedbrieflyasanewspaperman,thenenteredpolitics.HewasthreetimeselectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesbeforebecomingasenatorfromMassachusetts.In1960hewaselectedpresidentinaverycloseraceinwhichtherewerechargesofirregularities.Kennedy&rsquo；stermofofficewasmarkedbytheachievementsinappealstoidealism,abroadparticipationofpeopleinpolitics,andimprovedcivilrights.Ininternationalaffairs,KennedysawthefailureoftheAmerican-backedinvasionofCubanmissilecrisiswhichbroughtRussiaandtheUnitedStatestothebrinkofwar.TheKennedyfamilyhasexperiencedvictoriesandtragedy.OneofJohnKennedy&rsquo；ssisterswasmentallybackwardandanoldbrotherwaskilledinthewar.JohnKennedywasassassinatedaswashisbrother,RobertKennedy.Thefamilyhassufferedscandalsofsex,alcohol,anddrugsinbothJohn&rsquo；sgenerationandinthispresentgeneration.Manybelievethatfortheyoung,wealthandaprominentfamilytoomuch,toosoon,tooeasyaremoreofacursethanahelp.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisFALSE()A.JohnKennedy&rsquo；selderbrotherwaskilledinthewar.B.JohnKennedywasassassinatedbyhisbrotherRobertKennedy.C.OneofKennedy&rsquo；ssisterswasslowinhermentaldevelopment.D.KennedyfamilyhassufferedscandalsforgenerationsJohnF.KennedywastheyoungestAmericantobeeIectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.DuringtheWorIdWar11JohnF.KennedyhadanoutstandingrecordintheNavy.AfterthewarKennedyworkedbrieflyasanewspaperman,thenenteredpolitics.HewasthreetimeseIectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesbeforebecomingasenatorfromMassachusetts.In1960hewaseIectedpresidentinaverycloseraceinwhichtherewerechargesofirreguIarities.Kennedy’stermofofficewasmarkedbytheachievementsinappealstoideaIism,abroadparticipationofpeopIeinpolitics,andimprovedcivilrights.Ininternationalaffairs,KennedysawthefailureoftheAmerican-backedinvasionofCubanmissiIecrisiswhichbroughtRussiaandtheUnitedStatestothebrinkofwar.TheKennedyfamiIyhasexperiencedvictoriesandtragedy.OneofJohnKennedy’ssisterswasmenta11ybackwardandanoldbrotherwaskilledinthewar.JohnKennedywasassassinatedaswashisbrother,RobertKennedy.ThefamiIyhassufferedscandaIsofsex,aIcohoI,anddrugsinbothJohn’sgenerationandinthispresentgeneration.ManybeIievethatfortheyoung,weaIthandaprominentfamiIytoomuch,toosoon,tooeasyaremoreofacursethanahelp.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage()Kennedywasagoodpresident.Ifyouexperiencevictories,tragedywi11surelyfa11onyou.TheKennedyfamiIywasrichbecauseJohnKennedywasthepresident.D.Familyfame,wealthandsociaIpositionmaynotnecessarilybebeneficial.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.HowlonghasMrsMillerbeenanHRofficer5years.7years.8years.9years.Questions6to8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachquestion.Nowlistentothenews.Thepeoplearearrestedbecause.theytriedtosmuggIesurface-to-airmissileintotheUStheyareinvoIvedwithaterroristattacktheyareIinkedtoaI-QaidaterrorismtheweaponstheytriedtoshipareforterroristpurposeThetoughestpatchesonChicagoJsSouthsideofferfewhavensforchildren.Outsideareflyingbulletsandpolicesirens；insidearepoorteenagemothersand'(occasionally)fathers.Yethere,intheshadowofacondemnedpublic-housingblock,aclusterofpastel-coloredbuildingscontainswhatmanyexpertsseeasamodelforearlychildhoodeducationinAmerica.TheEducateCentre,runbyanon-profitgroupcalledtheOunceofPreventionFund,offersanunusualmixtureofcareandeducationto153blackchildren,fromsixweekstofiveyearsold,whohavelittleotherstabilityintheirlives.Thebenefitsofearlyeducationarewellknown.Ithelpstodeterminehowlongchildrenstayinhighschool,whethertheyturntocrime,andhowquicklytheywillfindajob.AstudybytheNationalInstituteforEarlyEducationResearchsaysthateverydollarinvestedingood,full-day,year-roundpre-schooleducation(whichisrare)yieldsa$4returninthelongruntochildren,theirfamiliesandtaxpayers.nThere,sahugecost-benefitadvantagejustindecreasedjailtime,“saysJamesHeckman,aneconomistattheUniversityofChicago.Withstatebudgetsotight,pre-schoolprogrammesaresuddenlyvulnerable.NewYorkstate,forone,isthreateningtocutuniversalpre-schooleducation,andprogrammesarethreatenedinTennesseeandMassachusetts,amongothers.Tenstatescutpre-schoolfundingin2002.Afewstateshopetomakeprogress,though：thegovernorofIllinoiswantstosetupaprogrammeforpoorchildrendeemedatrisk.Hehopesitwillgrow,overthreeyears,tocover25,000childrenatacostof$90,thoughahugestatebudgetdeficitmaysquashhisplans.CongressisnowconsideringreauthorizationoftheHeadStartprogramme,whichprovideseducational,nutritional,medicalandsocialservicestothepoorthreeandfouryearolds,andtheirfamilies.TheBushadministrationisproposingchanges—improvements,itsays-thatwillshiftaccountabilityforHeadStarttothestates,wherethemoneyisspent.Butthepublic-fundedprekindergartenprogrammesnowavailablein40-oddstatesvarygreatlyinqualityandinthenumberstheyserve.Someearly-schoolingadvocatesworry,therefore,thatashiftofHeadStarttothegrateswillunderminenationalstandards.Theyalsofearthatcash-strappedstateswillcutbackotherpre-schoolprogrammesfurtheriftheygaincontroloverHeadStart,orthatmoneywillnolongerheearmarkedforextrafoodandhealthchecks."Ifkidsarehungryorcan'tsee,they'renevergoingtolearn,"saysHarrietMeyer,thepresidentoftheOunceofPreventionFund.ThefutureofEarlyHeadStart,whichserveschildrenfrombirthtothree,isequallyuncertain.HeadStartcurrentlyprovidesabout$7,000foreachchild,andEarlyHeadStartprovides$8,000-10,000.TheEducareCentrespendsanaverageof$13,000foreachchildbycombiningHeadStartandEarlyHeadStartcashwithstatemoneyforotherprogrammes.Comparedwiththehodgepodgeofpre-schoolactivitiesthatmillionsofAmericanparentscobbletogether,theEducareCentreisadmirablyintegrated.Bypoolingmoneyfromdifferentsources,itcanhireplentyofeducatedteachersandpaythemwell；ittakeschildrenforafullday,allyearround；providingasafeandcheerfulplaceinwhichtoplayandlearnWhyaretherenotmoresuchplacesThereasonsincludeturfsquabblesandjealousyamongotherchild-caregroups,unwillingnesstobelievethatexistingprogrammesneedimproving,bureaucratichasslesoverfamilies'eligibilityforfunding,andlackofmoney.ResearchalsoshowsthatmanyAmericansthinkpre-schoolchildrenshouldbeathomewiththeirmothers.Butthatisavanishedage.Nowadays,when73%ofAmericanmotherswork,including61%whohavechildrenunderthree,efficientandaffordablechildcareisessentialforemp1oyee-productivityaswellasforthegoodofthechildrenthemselves.AdeleSimmons,ofMetropolis2020inChicago,saysitistimetoinvestinchildrenaspartofthenation'ssocialinfrastructure."Theincreaseinfundingforroadsandbridgeshasbeenfargreaterthantheincreaseinfundingforkids,"shesays."Kidswhoenterschoolnotreadytolearnnevercatchup.\AccordingtoJamesHeckman,investinginpre-schooleducationisworthwhileas.chiIdrenwhoreceivegoodearlyeducationhavelesschancetobecomecriminalsthanthosewhodon'tpoorparentsareless,IikeIytocommitcrimeiftheydon'thavetoworryabouttheirchiIdrenseducationfundingprisonerswi11spendlesstimeinjaiIthemoneywhichwiIIotherwisebeinvestedinjaiIwi11notbenefit'theeconomicdeveIopment25.Judgingfromtalesabouttheriseandfallofempires,thereisalwaysapointwhenthingsaregoingsowellthattheemperorsdoubtthatanythingcouldevergowrong."Thrift,“warnedNero'sadviserSeneca,"comestoolatewhenyoufinditatthebottomofyourpurse."IntheOldWorld,nationsgrewfatandthenlazy,untiltheycollapsedundertheirownweight.Butthatwasnottobeourstory.Americangreatness一thevisionofthefounders,thecourageofthepioneers,theindustryofthenationbuilders—reflectedamightyfaithinthepowerofsacrificeasamusclethatmadeyoungnationsstrong.Bankswerelikegymsforthesoul：thefirstsavingsbanksinBostonandNewYorkwereorganizedascharities,where"humblejourneymen"couldexercisegoodjudgment,storetheirmoneyandnotbetemptedtowasteitondrink.ArchitectLouisSullivancarvedthewordTHRIFToverthedoorofhis"jewelboxwbanknearlyacenturyago,foritwasprivatevirtuethatmadepublicprosperitypossible.Thatvirtuediedwiththebabyboom,butithadbeenailingeversinceth