2022年安徽職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考試真題卷5測(cè)

2022年安徽職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考試真題卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時(shí)間為!80分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位:姓名: 考號(hào):題號(hào)單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項(xiàng)選擇題（共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中,只有一個(gè)最符合題意）.Thepriceis(somewhat)higherthanIexpected.tosomedegreeatsometimeinsomecasesD.forsomereasonFoodManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheuniversityofMassachusettsAmherst,saysbIuntIythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeopIebeIieve."ThestreetswouldbeIitteredwithpeopIelyinghereandthere."ThoughthepubIicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant''sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides體蟲(chóng)劑).Sayshe;"SincepIantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyempIoychemicaIwarfare."Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens-asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms（蘑菇）mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives（添加劑）.DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornelIUniversity:"We''vegotfarworstnaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made."Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontotheterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertabIe,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.TheyunconsciousIyandunwi11ingIytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicaIs.IffoodaIreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.ThoughmostpeopIewi11withstandthesmalIamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atIeastafewindividuaIswi11probablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.ThefoodindustryshouIdmodifysomeIong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswi11havetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandIeandcookfoodproperly.TheproblemsthatneedtobetackIedexistalIalongthefood-suppIychain,fromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecausemanyvegetabIescontaindangerousnaturalchemicals.A.RightB.WrongC.NotMentionedMoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeopIewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeopIewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswe11asanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeopIewhosleep8hoursanight.PeopIewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeeIingrefreshedafteranight'ssIeepthan8-hoursIeepers.Thesefindings,whichDLDanieIKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine,demonstratethatpeopIewhowanttogetagoodnight''srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.Headdedthat"itmightbeagoodidea"forpeopIewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.PreviousstudieshaveshownthepotentiaIdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep-forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeopIewhohabituaIlysieepIessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeopIewhosleepmore.Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004aduItstosleepquestionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysIeptduringtheWeekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysIeepprobIems.SleepproblemsincIudedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofa11backtosleep,andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning. KripkefoundthatpeopIewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremoreIikeIytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeopIewhoslept8hours.Inaninterview,Kripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed."Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey'11spendahigherpercentageoftimeawake,Mhesaid.A.Keprike'sresearchtooIB.DangersofHabituaIshortagesofsIeepC.CriticismonKripke19sreportD.AwayofovercominginsomniaE.SleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepersParagraph4FoodManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheuniversityofMassachusettsAmherst,saysbIuntIythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeopIebeIieve.MThestreetswouldbeIitteredwithpeopIelyinghereandthere."ThoughthepubIicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant''sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides（殺蟲(chóng)劑）.Sayshe;"Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyempIoychemicaIwarfare."Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens-asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms（第菇）mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatappIytofoodadditives（添加劑）.DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornelIUniversity:"Wevegotfarworstnaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made."YettheissuesarenotthatsimpIe.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontotheterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertabIe,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.TheyunconsciousIyandunwi11inglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.IffoodaIreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.ThoughmostpeopIewiIIwithstandthesmalIamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atIeastafewindividualswi11probablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.ThefoodindustryshouIdmodifysomeIong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswi11havetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandIeandcookfoodproperly.TheproblemsthatneedtobetackIedexistalIalongthefood-suppIychain,fromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.BysayingHtheyempIoychemicalwarfare"Line4,Para.2,BruseAmesmeans"plantsproducecertainchemicaIstocombatpestsanddisease."RightWrongNotMentionedMoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeopIewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeopIewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswe11asanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.PeopIewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeeIingrefreshedafteranight,ssIeepthan8-hoursIeepers.Thesefindings,whichDLDanieIKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine,demonstratethatpeopIewhowanttogetagoodnight''srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.Headdedthat"itmightbeagoodidea"forpeopIewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.PreviousstudieshaveshownthepotentiaIdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep-forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeopIewhohabituaIlysieepIessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeopIewhosleepmore.Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004aduItstosleepquestionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysIeptduringtheWeekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysIeepprobIems.SleepproblemsincIudedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofa11backtosleep,andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.KripkefoundthatpeopIewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremoreIikeIytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeopIewhoslept8hours.Inaninterview,Kripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed."Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’11spendahigherpercentageoftimeawake,"hesaid.A.Keprike'sresearchtooIB. DangersofHabituaIshortagesofsIeepC.CriticismonKripke''sreportD.AwayofovercominginsomniaE.SIeepprobIemsoflongandshortsleepersParagraph5EdwinHubbIeEdwinHubblechangedourideasabouttheuniverseandhowitdeveloped.Theworkoffewotherscientistschangedourunderstandingof[51]suddenly.Hemadehismostimportantdiscoveriesinthe1920s.Today,otherscientistscontinuetheworkhebeganbackthen.EdwinPowe11HubbIewasbornin1889inMarshfield,Missouri.He[52]hisearlyyearsinthestateofKentucky.ThenhemovedwithhisfamiIytoChicago,Illinois.HeattendedtheUniversityofChicago,takingmathematicsandastronomy[53]hisspecialty.Asastudent,HubbIewasalsoamemberoftheUniversity''sbasketbalIteamandanexcellentboxer.SeveraIpeopIeurgedhim[54]fortheworIdheavyweightboxingchampionshipaftercollege.Insteadhedecidedtocontinuehis[55I.!nhisfirstobservationsfromMountWilson,California,HubbIeusedateIescopewithone-hundredfifty-twoandbegan[56]moreandmoredistantobjects.Hisfirstgreatdiscoverywasmade[57]herecognizedaCepheidvariablestar.Cepheidvariablestarsarestarswhosebrightnesschangesatregularperiods.HubbIethenbegantoobservemoredetaiIsaboutgalaxies.Hestudiedtheirshapesandbrightness.By1925,hehadmadeenoughobservationstosaythattheuniverseisorganizedintomanyshapesandsizes.Asstarsdifferfromoneanother,hesaid,[58]galaxies.Accordingtohisobservations,thegaIaxieshaveacenter,andarmsofmatterthatseemtothecenterIikeapinwheeI.Otherareshaped[59]basebalIsoreggs.Afewhavenospecial[60]HubbIeproposedasystemtodescribegaIaxiesbytheirshape.Hissystemisstillusedtoday.Healsoshowedthat[61]aresimilarinthekindsofbrightobjectstheycontain.Allgalaxies,[62],arerelatedtoeachothermuchasmembersofafamiIyarerelatedtoeachother.Inthelate1920s,HubbIestudiedthemovementofgalaxiesthroughspace.Hisinvestigationledtothemostimportant[63]discoveryofthe20thcentury-theexpandinguniverse.Hubbiesdiscovery[64]amajorchangeinourideasoftheuniverse.Theuniversehadnotbeenquietandunchangingsincethebeginningoftime,asmanypeoplehadthought.Itwasexpanding.Theexpandingoftenis[65]theBigBang.thenaturenatureC.worldD.theearthBroken:DreamsofRuralPeaceItwasduskinTubneyWoods,deepinruralOxfordshire.Thebirdsweresingingattheendofanotherperfectday.ThewomanIivingattheedgeoftheforestcouldstanditnolonger.Shephonedthelocalnoisepo11utionofficer.”lt''stherooksし禿鼻烏鴉），"shesaid."Ican''tbearthatawfulcawing（呱呱地叫）noise.CanyoudosomethingaboutitMThecalIwasnosurprisetoofficiaIsattheValeofWhiteHorseDistrictCounciI. （46）.Thecountryside,aseverycountry-dwelIerknows,canbeahellishly（可怕地）noisyplace.LastweekDavidStead,aWestYorkshirefarmer,appearedincourtinWakefieIdaccusedofallowinghiscockstobreaknoiseregulationsbycrowing（打鳴）atdawn,wakinganeighbour.（47）.SixmonthsagoCorky,afour-year-oldcock,wasbannedfromcrowingaftercompIaintsintheDevonviIIageofStoke.CompIaintsaboutnoisereasonableornot-areatrecordIeveIsincountryareas.Environmentalhealthofficerssaythisispartlybecauseofanincreaseinnoisyactivity.However,asignificantnumberofcompIaintscomefromnewcomerstothecountryside.Therearemanysourcesofruralnoise.（48）.Meehanisedgraindriers,usuallyswitchedonforthreeweeksinSeptember,canproduceamaddeninglow-frequencyhum.MikeRoberts,chiefenvironmentalhealthofficeratValeofWhiteHorse,saidnoiseoftensoundedworseinthecountrysidethanincities.Withlessbackgroundsound,unweIcomenoisescanseemlouderandtravelfurther.TheoddestcompIaints,however,aretheonescounciIofficiaIscandonothingabout.ValeofWhiteHorseofficiaIshavebeenaskedtosiIencenotonlynestingrooks.Pigeonsandpheasants（雉雞）havealsocausedconcern.InKent,counciIofficiaIshavebeenaskedtosiIencebabylambs.（49）.AnotherinsistedhecouldhearanalienspaceshipIandingoverthegardenfence.MWegetregularcomplaints.TheyusuallycomefromretiredpeopIewhohavejustmovedintothecountry.Wesendthemapoliteletter.nAndtheladywhocompIainedabouttherooksShewaspolitelytoldshewouldhavetoputupwithit."(50)"saidMr.Roberts.MIntheend,sheacceptedthere.wasnothingmuchshecouIddo-exceptmoveout.MItisnotrecordedwhowon,theladyortherooks.A.Mr.Steadsaidtheywereonlydoingwhatcomesnaturally.B.Weaskedherwhatweweresupposedtodo,shootthebirds,orchopthetreesdownC.Theyhaveheardeverykindofcomplaint.D.Onemanrangtosayhewaskeptawakebythesplashingofafountaininthegardennextdoor.E.ThecounciIwiIIaskthefannertomoveit.F.Farmmachineryisacommoncause.ModernDrugsDoctors,sixtyyearsago,coulddolittletohelpvictimsofpoIio.Seriouscasesusua11yendedindeath.In1955,avaccinewasdeveIopedthatpreventedthedisease.Today,polioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem.ManyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendeveIopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplex,specificandpowerful.PeopIeneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafeIy.EarlypeopIediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsores,reIievepain,orevencurediseases.ThesepIantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinine,forexampIe,isabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.Itismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatree,whichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopIeprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory.Otherimportantdrugs,suchashormonesandvaccines,areobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.MostpeopIeneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Instead,theyareseenastablets,capsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients.PeopIeusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.OtherdrugsreIievewhatwecalIthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadache,pain,feverorchills,andmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.PeopIecangetthemindrugstores.WhatisthemainideaofthispassageThedevelopmentofmoderndrugs.Howtomakedrugs.Howtousedrugssafely.Thedevelopmentofdrugs.9.DefectiveGenesandHumanHealthEachofuscarriesabouthalfadozendefective（有缺點(diǎn)的）genes.Weremainblissfully（快樂(lè)地）unawareofthisfactunlesswe,oroneofourcloserelatives,areamongstthemanymi11ionswhosufferfromageneticdisease.AboutoneintenpeopIehas,orwiIIdeveIopatsomelaterstage,aninherited（遺傳的）geneticdisorder,andapproximately2,800specificconditionsareknowntobecausedbydefects（mutations）injustoneofthepatient''sgenes.Somesinglegenedisordersarequitecommon cystic（胞狀的）fibrosis（纖維化）isfoundinoneoutofevery2,500babiesbornintheWesternWorld—andintotaI,diseasesthatcanbetracedtosingIegenedefectsaccountforabout5%ofa11admissionstochiIdren''shospitals.MostofusdonotsufferanyharmfuleffectsfromourdefectivegenesbecausewecarrytwocopiesofnearlyalIgenes,onederivedfromourmotherandtheotherfromourfather.Theonlyexceptionstothisrulearethegenesfoundonthemalesexchromosomes（染色體）MaleshaveoneXandoneYchromosome,theformerfromthemotherandthelatterfromthefather,soeachcelIhasonlyonecopyofthegenesonthesechromosomes.Inthemajorityofcases,onenormalgeneissufficienttoavoidalIthesymptomsofdisease.Ifthepotentia11yharmfulgeneisrecessive（后退的），thenitsnormaIcounterpart（配對(duì)的）wi11carryoutalIthetasksassignedtoboth.Onlyifweinheritfromourparentstwocopiesofthesamerecessivegenewi11adiseasedeveIop.Ontheotherhand,ifthegeneisdominant（顯性的），italonecanproducethedisease,evenifitscounterpartisnormaI.ClearlyonlythechiIdrenofaparentwiththediseasecanbeaffected,andthenaverageonlyhalfthechiIdrenwi11beaffected.Huntington,Jschorea（舞蹈?。?，aseverediseaseofthenervoussystem,whichbecomesapparentonlyinadulthood,isanexampIeofadominantgeneticdisease. Finally,therearetheXchromosome-1inkedgeneticdiseases.Asmaleshaveonlyonecopyofthegenesfromthischromosome,therearenoothersavaiIabIetofuIfi11thedefectivegene''sfunction.ExampIesofsuchdiseasesareDuchennemusculardystrophy（營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良）and,perhapsmostwe11knownofall,hemopn11ia（血友?。?QueenVictoriawasacarrierofthedefectivegeneresponsibleforhemophilia,andthroughheritwastransmittedtotheroyalfamiIiesofRussia,Spain,andPrussia.Minorcutsandbruises,whichwouIddoIittIeharmtomostpeopIe,canprovefataItohemophiIiacs,wholacktheproteins（FactorsVI11andIV）（凝血因子VI11和IV）invoIvedinthecIotting（血凝結(jié)）ofblood,whicharecodedforbythedefectivegenes.Sadly,beforetheseproteinsweremadeavaiIablethroughgeneticengineering,hemophiIiacsweretreatedwithproteinsisoIatedfromhumanblood.Someofthisbloodwascontaminated（污損）withtheAIDSvirus,andhasresultedintragic（悲慘的）consequencesformanyhemophiIiacs.Useofgenetica11yengineeredproteinsintherapeuticapplications,ratherthanbloodproducts,wi11avoidtheseproblemsinthefuture.NotalIdefectivegenesnecessarilyproducedetrimental（書(shū)害的）effects,sincetheenvironmentinwhichthegeneoperatesisalsoofimportance.AclassicexampIeofageneticdiseasehavingabeneficialeffectonsurvivalisiIlustratedbytherelationshipbetweensickIe-ce11,（鎮(zhèn)形血球）anemia（貧血癥）andmaIaria（瘧病）.OnlyindividualshavingtwocopiesofthesickIe-ce11geneandonenormaIgeneareunaffectedand,moreimportantly,areabletoresistinfection（傳染）bymalarialparasites（寄生蟲(chóng)）.Theclearadvantage,inthiscase,ofhavingonedefectivegeneexplainswhythisgeneiscommoninpopuIationsinthoseareasoftheworldwheremalariaisendemic（特有的）."thedisease"（para.7）refersto.sickle-cellgenemalariasickle-cellanemiaD.detrimentaleffectVegetarianismAstrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhisIifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughprotein,thebodybuildingeIementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweeks（say,reIigiousreasons）youwi11havenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.YouaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasuccuIentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebui11upfromapproximatelytwentyfoodeIementscalled"amino-acids",whicharefoundmoreabundantIyinanimalproteinthaninvegetabIeprotein.ThismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdeaImorevegetabIethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.AgreatofthevegetabIefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavorofIife-1ongvegetarianism.Theeconomicsideofthequestion,though,mustbeconsidered.VegetabIefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.However,sinceonlyasmalIproportionofthevegetabIeproteinisusefuIforbody-buiIdingpurposes,aconsistentvegetarian,ifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinaday,hastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortabIydealwith.Infairness,though,itmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday.Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadults,itisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchiIdren,whoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetabIesource''s.Alacto-vegetariandiet,whichincIudesmiIkandmiIkproductssuchascheese,can,however,besatisfactoryaslongasenoughmiIkandmiIkproductsareconsumed.MeatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibIeandnextcomemilk,fishandeggs.SlowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibIeandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetables,however,thevitamins,andinparticularthewater-solubevitarninC,shouIdbeIostthroughovercooking.Avegetarianisapersonwho.eatsthemeatofanimalsonlyeatsthevegetableonlydrinksmilkonlyeatnothingatallFoodManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheuniversityofMassachusettsAmherst,saysbIuntIythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeopIebeIieve."ThestreetswouldbeIitteredwithpeopIelyinghereandthere."ThoughthepubIicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofGalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant''sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides（殺蟲(chóng)劑）.Sayshe;"SincepIantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyempIoychemicaIwarfare."Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens-asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms（蘑菇）mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives（添加劑）.DecIaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornelIUniversity:"We''vegotfarworstnaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made."Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontotheterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertabIe,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwi11ingIytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicaIs.IffoodaIreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.ThoughmostpeopIewi11withstandthesmalIamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atIeastafewindividuaIswi11probablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.ThefoodindustryshouIdmodifysomeIong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswiIIhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandIeandcookfoodproperly.TheproblemsthatneedtobetackIedexistalIalongthefood-suppIychain,fromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependsonthegovernment.RightWrongNotMentionedMoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeopIewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeopIewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeopIewhosleep8hoursanight.PeopIewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight'ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.Thesefindings,whichDLDanieIKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine,demonstratethatpeopIewhowanttogetagoodnight''srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.Headdedthat'1itmightbeagoodidea1*forpeopIewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis. PreviousstudieshaveshownthepotentiaIdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep-forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeopIewhohabituallysleeplessthan'7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedpe