2021年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級(jí)筆譯材料

-20-2021年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級(jí)筆譯材料如何高效又有質(zhì)量的備考翻譯資格考試(catti)一級(jí)筆譯呢？今天給大家?guī)?lái)了2021年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級(jí)筆譯材料，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。2021年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級(jí)筆譯材料OnlineEducation:PatientLearningAnewkindofonlineschoolwantstoteachnursing,andmore“Ihavebeenthisclosetobuyinganursingschool.”Thisisnotasentenceyouexpecttohearfromastartupfounder.Nursingseemsaworldawayfromthehigh-techwhizzinessofSiliconValley.And,touseaventure-capitalcliché,itdoesnotscaleeasily.AustenAllred,bossofLambdaSchool,seesthingsdifferently.Histwo-year-oldfirmmatcheslaboursupplyanddemandbyprovidingfast,efficienttrainingtopotentialemployees.Itoffersfiveonlinecoursesthatpreparecandidatestowritesoftwareattechnologyfirms.Trainingnurses,moreofwhicharesorelyneededtocareforAmerica’sageingpopulation,isnotanillogicalnextstep–especiallywhenmanynursingschoolshavetoturnpeopleaway.Insteadofrespondingtothethreatofjoblessnessposedbyautomationwithauniversalbasicincome,MrAllredwantstohelppeopletoswitchjobsfaster.Unlikemostonlinecourses,Lambdadoesnotchargestudentsupfronttoattend(thoughadmissionsarecompetitive)andonlinetuitionisliveandinteractive,notrecorded.Full-timestudentsattendforninemonths,MondaytoFriday,8amto5pmSanFranciscotime.Latecomersriskfallingbehind.Inmostrecentclasses,85%ofstudentswhobeganacoursefinishedit.Theschoolonlystartsgettingpaidbackforitsservicesafteritsstudentshavelandedajobwhichpaysthemmorethan$50,000ayear,somethingLambdaexpendssignificantenergytohelpthemdo.Around70%ofthoseenrolleddosowithinsixmonthsofgraduation.Lambdathengetsacutofaboutasixthoftheirincomeforthenexttwoyears,untiltheyhavepaidabout$30,000.(Ortheycanpay$20,000upfront.)Thefirmdevotesaboutathirdofitstimeandresourcestofindingjobsforitsgraduates,anunusuallyhighshare.Anotherthirdgoestorecruitingstudentsandtheresttoteaching.Coursesarecreatedwithemployers’requirementsinmind.Foritsweb-developmentprogramme,thelistgiventoLambdabycompaniesrunsto280items.Unlikecoding,nursingcannotbetaughtentirelyovertheinternet,soLambdawantstoco-operatewithnursingschoolsacrossAmericathatcouldprovidethenecessaryhands-oninstruction.Afternursing,Lambdaplanstoworkitswaydownthelistofprofessionswiththebiggestjobshortages.Itisalsoexaminingtheproblemfromtheotherside,identifyingavailablejobsthatrequireskillsakintothoseofvictimsofautomation–truckersdisplacedbyself-drivinglorriesorcall-centreworkersreplacedbyrobocalls.Lambda’squirkssetitapartinSiliconValley,butMrAllredisnotthefirsttorecognisethevalueofwork-focusededucationandtraining.Germanyisfamedforitswidespreadvocationaltrainingandapprenticeships.ClosertoCalifornia,theUniversityofWaterloo,atechnology-orientedCanadianinstitution,hashadgainfulemploymentwithinthefieldofstudyasoneofitscoregoalssinceitwasfounded62yearsago.Studentsseekinganinternshipcanenrollinaspecialschemewhichmatchesthemwithfirms.NorahMcRae,whorunstheprogramme,saysthatmostuniversitiesspendlittletimefindingworkforthegraduates,orteachingtheskillstheyneedtoprosperinthejobmarket.Toooftenstudentsaretreatedascashcowstobemilkedforresearchfunding.ButMsMcRaeisalsoconcernedthatprogrammeslikeLambdaSchool,thoughwell-meaning,riskunderminingexistingeducationalinstitutionsbyofferingaquickerroutetowork.ThekindofintenseoptimisationwhichLambdaespousescannot,sheworries,replaceconventionallearning,whichstrivestocreatenotjustcapableworkersbutroundedindividuals.SuchfearspresupposethatLambdacansucceedbeyondevenMrAllred’swildestdreams–orthoseoftheventurecapitalistswhopumped$30mintothefirminJanuary,valuingitat$150m.Studentnumbers,andsoupfrontcosts,aregrowingfasterthanrevenues.IfLambdacanturnaprofitbyofferingpeopleastabatadecentjobthatwouldbeafinelessonincapitalism.在線教育：學(xué)習(xí)護(hù)理一種新型網(wǎng)校想要教授護(hù)理和其他很多職業(yè)技能“我離收購(gòu)一所護(hù)理學(xué)校只有一步之遙了?！比藗儾粫?huì)想到這樣的話竟是出自一位創(chuàng)業(yè)公司的創(chuàng)始人之口。護(hù)理行業(yè)似乎與硅谷的前沿科技風(fēng)馬牛不相及。而且用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的套話來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)行業(yè)不容易很快做大。但蘭姆達(dá)學(xué)校的老板奧斯丁·奧爾雷德有不同的看法。成立于兩年前的蘭姆達(dá)提供快速、高效的培訓(xùn)，為職場(chǎng)輸送新人，以此匹配勞動(dòng)力供需。公司目前提供五門在線課程，為科技公司培訓(xùn)程序員。下一步它準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)展護(hù)士培訓(xùn)，這并非不合邏輯——人口老齡化的美國(guó)亟需更多護(hù)士，尤其是在當(dāng)前很多護(hù)校無(wú)力招收更多學(xué)生的情況下。奧爾雷德希望幫助人們更快地轉(zhuǎn)行，而不是用所謂的“全民基本收入”來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)自動(dòng)化帶來(lái)的失業(yè)威脅。與大多數(shù)在線課程不同，蘭姆達(dá)并不在開(kāi)課前收學(xué)費(fèi)(盡管入學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈)，其在線教學(xué)也是實(shí)時(shí)互動(dòng)，而不是事先錄制的。全日制學(xué)生的學(xué)制為九個(gè)月，授課時(shí)間為舊金山時(shí)間周一到周五的上午8點(diǎn)至下午5點(diǎn)。中途入學(xué)者可能會(huì)跟不上進(jìn)度。在近期大部分課程中，85%的學(xué)生修完了自己選的課程。只有在學(xué)員謀得一份年薪超過(guò)五萬(wàn)美元的工作后，學(xué)校才開(kāi)始收取服務(wù)回報(bào)。而為了幫學(xué)生找到一份這樣的工作，蘭姆達(dá)花費(fèi)了大量精力。約70%的學(xué)員在畢業(yè)后六個(gè)月內(nèi)達(dá)到了這個(gè)目標(biāo)。在此后的兩年里，蘭姆達(dá)會(huì)抽取學(xué)員收入的約六分之一，最終累計(jì)收取約三萬(wàn)美元。如果學(xué)員一次性付清，則為兩萬(wàn)美元。蘭姆達(dá)將三分之一左右的時(shí)間和資源花在為畢業(yè)學(xué)員找工作上，這么高的比重不常見(jiàn)。另外三分之一用于招生，三分之一用于教學(xué)。課程是根據(jù)雇主的要求而設(shè)計(jì)的。在它的網(wǎng)站開(kāi)發(fā)課程中，企業(yè)開(kāi)給蘭姆達(dá)的需求多達(dá)280項(xiàng)。而護(hù)理有別于編程，不可能完全通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)教授，因此蘭姆達(dá)希望與全美各地能提供必要操作實(shí)訓(xùn)的護(hù)校合作。在開(kāi)展護(hù)理培訓(xùn)后，蘭姆達(dá)還計(jì)劃逐個(gè)進(jìn)軍其他人員最緊缺的職業(yè)。同時(shí)它也從另一面審視問(wèn)題，為那些被自動(dòng)化淘汰的人員(例如被無(wú)人駕駛貨車取代的卡車司機(jī)，或者被自動(dòng)語(yǔ)音呼叫取代的呼叫中心員工)找到需要類似技能的就業(yè)崗位。蘭姆達(dá)的另類做法在硅谷獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟，但要說(shuō)認(rèn)識(shí)到以工作為導(dǎo)向的教育與培訓(xùn)的價(jià)值的，奧爾雷德并非第一人。德國(guó)就以職業(yè)培訓(xùn)和學(xué)徒制的普及而聞名。離加州更近些的滑鐵盧大學(xué)是加拿大一所技術(shù)型大學(xué)。自62年前創(chuàng)辦以來(lái)，該校一直將找到與學(xué)生專業(yè)對(duì)口的較高收入工作作為自己的核心目標(biāo)之一。想找實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)的學(xué)生可以注冊(cè)一個(gè)將他們與企業(yè)相匹配的特別項(xiàng)目。負(fù)責(zé)該項(xiàng)目的諾拉·麥克雷表示，多數(shù)大學(xué)很少花時(shí)間幫助畢業(yè)生就業(yè)，也很少教授他們?cè)诰蜆I(yè)市場(chǎng)獲得成功所需的技能。很多時(shí)候，學(xué)生們都被當(dāng)成了撈取研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的搖錢樹(shù)。但麥克雷也擔(dān)心，像蘭姆達(dá)學(xué)校這樣的培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目雖然出發(fā)點(diǎn)不錯(cuò)，但可能會(huì)因?yàn)樘峁┚蜆I(yè)上的捷徑而損害現(xiàn)有的教育體系。她擔(dān)心蘭姆達(dá)倡導(dǎo)的那種密集型的優(yōu)化培訓(xùn)并非是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)教育的一種好的替代，因?yàn)楹笳咧铝ε囵B(yǎng)的不僅是能勝任工作的員工，還是全面發(fā)展的個(gè)體。不過(guò)這種擔(dān)憂成立的前提是蘭姆達(dá)取得的成功要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出奧爾雷德本人的想象——或者那些今年1月向蘭姆達(dá)投資3000萬(wàn)美元、對(duì)其估值1.5億美元的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資家們的想象。目前，學(xué)生人數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)以及由此帶來(lái)的前期成本的增速——超過(guò)了收入的增速。如果蘭姆達(dá)能通過(guò)幫助人們拿下一份體面工作來(lái)贏利，那還真會(huì)是資本主義的一條有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)。2021年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級(jí)筆譯材料HowBirdwatchers,OthersCanHelpMigratingBirdPopulationsThekindsofbirdscomingthroughyourneighborhoodareprobablychanging,andsoisthetimingoftheirmigrations.Birdwatchersnoticingthesedifferencesareplayingabigpartinunderstandinghowclimatechangeandsevereweathereventsareaffectingbirdpopulations.JohnRowdenisdirectorofcommunityconservationattheNationalAudubonSociety,whichaimstoprotectbirdsandtheirenvironments.Hesaid,“Birdershavetobemuchmorealerttowhenbirdsarecomingthroughthantheyusedtobe,sincebirdsmaybecomingthroughmuchearlierormuchlater…”Birdwatchersareincreasinglyseeingbirdsintheirareathatareusuallyfoundelsewhere,Rowdensays.And,theyareseeingfewerofthebirdsthatusuallytravelthrough.“...Justbecausewe’veseenthesebirdsyearafteryeardoesn’tmeanthey’llalwaysbethere.Theyaredeclininginnumbersbecausewe’rethrowingsomanythingsatthem,soweneedtodowhatwecantohelpthem,”Rowdensaid.Atleast314speciesofAmericanbirdsareexpectedtolose50percentormoreoftheirrangebytheendofthecentury.ThosespeciesarelistedbytheAudubonSocietyasclimate-threatenedorendangered,Rowdenadded.AUnitedNationssciencereportissuedMondaysays1millionspeciesofplantsandanimalsareatriskofdisappearingfromEarth.Scientistswhoissuedthereportblameddevelopmentthathasledtolossofhabitataswellasclimatechange,overfishing,pollutionandinvasivespecies.Environmentalistssaythereareafeweasystepspeoplecantaketohelpstrugglingbirdpopulations.Theseincludeplantingnativespecies,whichleadstomorenativeinsectsforthebirdstoeat.TheAudubonSociety’sPlantsforBirdswebsiteprovidesplantsuggestionsforpeopleintheUnitedStates,basedonwheretheyliveinthecountry.Duringspringandfallmigrationseasons,peoplecanhelpmigratingbirdsbykeepingoutdoorlightsturnedoffandcoveringreflectivesurfaceslikelargewindows.Peoplealsoshouldmakeindoorplantslessvisibletopassingbirds.TheAudubonSocietyalsorunsacommunityscienceprogramcalledClimateWatch.Itaimstocollectdataonhowbirdranges–ortheplacestheyarefound–arechanging.Rowdensaystheprogramaskspeopletocountthenumbersofeachspeciestheysee.TheprogramgoesfromMay15toJune15.GeoffLeBaron,directoroftheChristmasBirdCountattheNationalAudubonSociety,sayshehasseentheeffectsofclimatechangefirsthand.“I’vebeenabirdersinceIwasalittlekid,”hesaid.“It’sclearthatclimatechangeisaffectingandwillcontinuetoaffectbirdsonaglobalscale,andit’saquestionofwhetherornottheycanadapttowhattheclimateisthrowingatthem.”Recorddroughts,floods,hurricanesandmorearehavingamajoreffect,hesaid.Hurricanesusuallyhappenduringmigrationseason,LeBaronnoted.Theyhaveanespeciallybigeffectonseabirds,whosemigrationpathsmightchangebythousandsofkilometersasaresult.Expertssayseabirdsandgrasslandsbirdsaremostatriskfromclimatedisasters.Birdsknownasaerialinsectivoresarealsoatriskbecausetheinsectstheyeataregettinghardertofind.鳥(niǎo)類觀察者和其他人該如何幫助鳥(niǎo)類遷徙從你附近飛過(guò)的鳥(niǎo)類種類可能在一直變化，它們遷徙的時(shí)間也在改變。鳥(niǎo)類觀察者注意到這些差異可能對(duì)于他們理解氣候變化以及惡劣天氣事件如何影響鳥(niǎo)類種群方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。約翰·羅登是美國(guó)國(guó)家?jiàn)W杜邦協(xié)會(huì)的社區(qū)保護(hù)主任，該協(xié)會(huì)旨在保護(hù)鳥(niǎo)類及其生存環(huán)境。他說(shuō):“觀鳥(niǎo)者必須比以往更加警惕鳥(niǎo)類何時(shí)會(huì)飛來(lái)，因?yàn)轼B(niǎo)類可能來(lái)得更早，也可能來(lái)得更晚……”羅登說(shuō)，鳥(niǎo)類觀察者越來(lái)越多地發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的地區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)其他地區(qū)的鳥(niǎo)類。此外，該地區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的鳥(niǎo)類反而更少了。“……我們年復(fù)一年地看到這些鳥(niǎo)并不意味著它們就會(huì)一直出現(xiàn)在那里。它們的數(shù)量正在下降，因?yàn)槲覀兿蛩鼈內(nèi)恿四敲炊鄸|西，所以我們需要盡我們所能來(lái)幫助它們?！钡奖臼兰o(jì)末，預(yù)計(jì)至少有314種美國(guó)鳥(niǎo)類將失去50%甚至更多的活動(dòng)范圍。羅登補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，這些鳥(niǎo)類被奧杜邦協(xié)會(huì)列入受氣候威脅或?yàn)l危的物種。周一，聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)表的一份科學(xué)報(bào)告表示，有100萬(wàn)種動(dòng)植物面臨從地球上消失的危險(xiǎn)。發(fā)布該報(bào)告的科學(xué)家指責(zé)稱，發(fā)展導(dǎo)致棲息地喪失、氣候變化、過(guò)度捕撈、污染和物種入侵。環(huán)保人士表示，人們可以采取一些簡(jiǎn)單的措施來(lái)幫助苦苦掙扎的鳥(niǎo)類種群。這些措施包括種植當(dāng)?shù)匚锓N以產(chǎn)生更多的當(dāng)?shù)乩ハx(chóng)供鳥(niǎo)類食用。奧杜邦鳥(niǎo)類協(xié)會(huì)的“鳥(niǎo)類可食用植物”網(wǎng)站為居住在美國(guó)不同地區(qū)的人們提供了植物種植建議。在春、秋兩個(gè)鳥(niǎo)類遷徙的季節(jié)，人們可以通過(guò)關(guān)閉戶外燈光和遮蓋大塊反光玻璃等方式幫助鳥(niǎo)類遷徙。人們也需要隱藏室內(nèi)植物，避免路過(guò)的鳥(niǎo)類看到。奧杜邦協(xié)會(huì)還進(jìn)行著一項(xiàng)名為“氣候觀察”的社區(qū)科學(xué)項(xiàng)目。目的是為收集關(guān)于鳥(niǎo)類活動(dòng)范圍(或它們被發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方)如何變化的數(shù)據(jù)。羅登表示，該項(xiàng)目要求人們記錄所看到的每個(gè)種類的數(shù)量。該項(xiàng)目從5月15日持續(xù)到6月15日。美國(guó)奧杜邦協(xié)會(huì)的圣誕鳥(niǎo)類統(tǒng)計(jì)主任杰夫·萊巴龍說(shuō)，他親眼目睹了氣候變化所產(chǎn)生的影響。“我從很小的時(shí)候就愛(ài)觀察鳥(niǎo)類，”他說(shuō)?！昂苊黠@，氣候變化正在并將繼續(xù)影響全球范圍內(nèi)的鳥(niǎo)類，問(wèn)題是鳥(niǎo)類能否適應(yīng)氣候變化給它們帶來(lái)的影響?！彼f(shuō)，創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的干旱、洪水、颶風(fēng)等也產(chǎn)生重大影響。萊巴龍指出，颶風(fēng)通常發(fā)生在遷徙的季節(jié)。颶風(fēng)對(duì)海上鳥(niǎo)類的影響特別嚴(yán)重，它們的遷徙路線可能因此改變數(shù)千公里。專家表示，海上的鳥(niǎo)類和草原上的鳥(niǎo)類最容易受到氣候?yàn)?zāi)害的威脅。空中食蟲(chóng)的鳥(niǎo)類也處于危險(xiǎn)之中，因?yàn)樗鼈兂缘睦ハx(chóng)越來(lái)越難找到。2021年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級(jí)筆譯材料SyntheticBiology:RedesigningLife合成生物學(xué)：生命再設(shè)計(jì)(節(jié)選)Thepromiseandperilsofsyntheticbiology合成生物學(xué)的希望與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)ThenewbiologycallsallindoubtStartwiththemostrecentofthesepreviousshifts.Fossilfuelshaveenabledhumanstodriveremarkableeconomicexpansioninthepresentusingbiologicalproductivityfromagespast,storedawayincoalandoil.Butmuchwildernesshasbeenlost,andcarbonatomswhichlastsawtheatmospherehundredsofmillionsofyearsagohavestrengthenedtheplanet’sgreenhouseeffecttoadegreethatmayprovecatastrophic.Here,syntheticbiologycandowell.Itisalreadybeingusedtoreplacesomeproductsmadefrompetrochemicals;intimeitcouldreplacesomefuels,too.BurgerKingrecentlyintroducedintosomeofitsrestaurantsabeeflessWhopperthatgetsitsmeatinessfromanengineeredplantprotein;suchinnovationscouldgreatlyeaseashifttolessenvironmentallytaxingdiets.Theycouldalsobeusedtodomorewithless.Plantsandtheirsoilmicrobescouldproducetheirownfertilisersandpesticides,ruminantslessgreenhousegas–thoughtoensurethatsyntheticbiologyyieldssuchlaudableenvironmentalgoalswilltakepublicpolicyaswellasthecuesofthemarket.考生如果怕自己錯(cuò)過(guò)考試成績(jī)查詢的話，可以免費(fèi)預(yù)約短信提醒，屆時(shí)會(huì)以短信的方式提醒大家報(bào)名和考試時(shí)間。ThesecondexampleofbiologicalchangesweepingtheworldistheColumbianexchange,inwhichthe16thcentury’snewlyglobalnetworkoftradeshuffledtogetherthecreaturesoftheNewWorldandtheOld.Horses,cattleandcottonwereintroducedtotheAmericas;maize,potatoes,chilliandtobaccotoEurope,AfricaandAsia.Theecosystemsinwhichhumanslivebecameglobalisedasneverbefore,providingmoreproductiveagricultureallround,richerdietsformany.Buttherewerealsodisastrousconsequences.Measles,smallpoxandotherpathogensranthroughtheNewWorldlikeaforestfire,claimingtensofmillionsoflives.TheEuropeansweaponisedthiscatastrophe,conqueringlandsdepletedanddisorderedbydisease.Syntheticbiologycouldcreatesuchweaponsbydesign:pathogensdesignedtoweaken,toincapacitateortokill,andperhapsalsotolimitthemselvestoparticulartypesoftarget.Thereisrealcauseforconcernhere–butnotforimmediatealarm.Forsuchweaponisationwould,liketherestofcutting-edgesyntheticbiology,takehighlyskilledteamswithsignificantresources.Andarmiesalreadyhavelotsofwaystoflattencitiesandkillpeopleinlargenumbers.Whenitcomestomassdestruction,adiseaseisapoorsubstituteforanuke.What’smore,today’ssynthetic-biologycommunitylivesuptoidealsofopennessandpublicservicebetterthanmanyolderfields.Maintainedandnurtured,thatcultureshouldserveasapowerfulimmunesystemagainstrogueelements.Theearliestbiologicaltransformation–domestication–producedwhatwashithertothebiggestchangeinhowhumanslivedtheirlives.Haphazardly,thenpurposefully,humansbredcerealstobemorebountiful,livestocktobemoredocile,dogsmoreobedientandcatsmorecompanionable(thelastapartialsuccess,atbest).Thisallowednewdensitiesofsettlementandnewformsofsocialorganisation:themarket,thecity,thestate.Humansdomesticatedthemselvesaswellastheircropsandanimals,creatingspaceforthedrudgeryofsubsistenceagricultureandoppressivepoliticalhierarchies.Syntheticbiologywillhaveasimilarcascadingeffect,transforminghumans’relationshipswitheachotherand,potentially,theirownbiologicalnature.Theabilitytoreprogramtheembryois,rightly,thesiteofmostoftoday’sethicalconcerns.Infuture,theymayextendfurther;whatshouldonemakeofpeoplewiththeupper-bodystrengthofgorillas,ormindsimpervioustosorrow?Howhumansmaychoosetochangethemselvesbiologicallyishardtosay;thatsomechoiceswillbecontroversialisnot.Whichleadstothemainwayinwhichthistransformationdiffersfromthethreethatcamebefore.Theirsignificancewasdiscoveredonlyinretrospect.Thistime,therewillbeforesight.Itwillnot