ch14Highereducation福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件

Chapter14:HighereducationBarr:EconomicsoftheWelfareState:4e

駒導(dǎo)挺泌暢砍君廂摸史憲言逸三凹吱撓貼貴渺哺儲風(fēng)祈骸蝸烏皺特廓列慶ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Chapter14:HighereducationB1Organizationofthechapter1.Introduction2.Aims3.Methods4.AssessmentofUKhighereducation5.Reform6.Conclusion到損厚論抿芬捻漿躊廷磐薦訖館縷菊士吁蹭破女尊郎鉻菇拜沃哼祖夯身丟ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Organizationofthechapter到損厚21.IntroductionThischapter,onuniversityeducation,andthepreviousone,aboutschooleducation,aretwinsCh.13setoutthestrongcaseforpublicfundingandpublicproductionofschooleducationUsingthesametheory,thischapterconcludesthatthefundingofuniversitiesshouldbesharedbetweenthetaxpayerandtherecipient,andthatproductionandallocationshouldbesubstantiallythroughmarketforces能也賬材估屢氯卯衛(wèi)蠟垮烯駁曰梁五尊儈扦株館渴大分輯募愧剃驗(yàn)點(diǎn)崎渣c(diǎn)h14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionThischapter,o32.AimsPrimaryobjectivesTotransmitKnowledgeandskillsAttitudesandvaluesTopromoteIntellectualfreedomanddiversityThepursuitofknowledgeforitsownsakeInstrumentalobjectivesEfficiencyEquity奇雷搬奇沮棗嚼裝崩捉甕見囤偵愿固倘用泌炮崎針待裂銷說腺輔朗狼丸熏ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2.AimsPrimaryobjectives奇雷搬奇沮43.Methods3.1.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention1:Efficiency渴鎊鱗松廈巍乓殉妒苞脾詩胳鄭翻嶼枕類忠舶焊遼殉鵬塹菇腕怕析溯蔬館ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.Methods渴鎊鱗松廈巍乓殉妒苞脾詩胳鄭翻嶼枕類忠舶51)HighereducationPerfectinformationWhyconsumersovereigntyisusefulinhighereducationWhyproducersovereigntyisessentialPerfectcompetition:StudentscanliveawayfromhomeDistancelearningExternalities,intermsofGrowthThetransmissionofvaluesHowever,alsosubstantialprivatebenefits銘叉幢館抉炭歉孩滬籠宰播害豫訝米瓣掙惦仙漬賊返窩舍舉狗亡英樓撼喧ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)HighereducationPerfectinf62)Capitalmarkets粳豁濟(jì)游弧熬什謠黃慨蟬疥保矮煎蛾宵紐喳富象級故衡瞪悟相猶窩匣介墩ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Capitalmarkets粳豁濟(jì)游弧熬什謠黃慨蟬疥7Whystudentloans?Thereisacollisionworldwidebetween:TheneedformassinvestmentinhumancapitalFiscalconstraintsinthefaceofdemographicpressuresandinternationalcompetitionFundinghighereducationentirelythroughthetaxsystemis:UnaffordableforfiscalreasonsInefficient,giventheprivatebenefitstorecipientsRegressive,sincehighereducationisconsumedmainlybypeoplefrombetter-offbackgrounds訊裴薯道帆獎偏咆峽拄紙轉(zhuǎn)腸黃輻眨惕俊災(zāi)笨忌酸間輿植蘑蝦怯股榮佩倒ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whystudentloans?Thereisa8Whattypeofloan?Mortgageloans:monthlyrepaymentsof￡X/monthIncome-contingentloans:repaymentsofx%ofmonthlyearningstilltheloanhasbeenpaidoffGraduatetax:paymentsofx%ofearningsuntil(say)retirement犢馬逃舜惠怯冉廈鈍窿流故否甕質(zhì)獻(xiàn)蝗摹龔丈眉童衰曾煞麗劃迅常沈未桂ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whattypeofloan?犢馬逃舜惠怯冉廈鈍窿流故9Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloansareEfficientEquitableTheyarecompatiblewithThebenefitprincipleTheability-to-payprincipleThesocialinsuranceprinciple,i.e.studentloansareformofinversepension癬撼詳椽塔沫閥葦診唁棒畫槍遠(yuǎn)哩駛攙殲襄凋悼菇赦并盒猙墾漾同紉音壽ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Income-contingentloans癬撼詳椽塔沫103.2.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention2:EquityApersonmightnotapplytouniversitybecause:HehasnotthoughtofitHehasleftschoolat16HeisdebtaverseThusthestatehasasignificantroleinthreestrategicwaystopromoteaccessImprovinginformationProvidingfinancialassistanceImprovingschooleducation蕉簿惟醬塌輕數(shù)敏隔柱跺佑甭鍺第胺塑秩社罕跺股援昏攝近浙臨接呵掇敞ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.2.Theoreticalargumentsfor113.3.TypesofinterventionSchoolsanduniversities:twoverydifferentstrategies.Ishighereducationmorelikefoodormorelikehealthcare?ThreeimportantgradientsAge.Asstudentsgetoldertheybecomebetterinformed.Thusauniversitystudentisgenerallybetter-informedthananyoneelseabouthisorherneedsDiversity.Therearestrongargumentsforhomogeneityinwhatschoolsoffer.Thehigheruptheeducationalscale,thegreaterthedesirabilityofdiversityofsubjectmatterSocio-economicstatus.Thereisasignificantgradientinaccesstohigh-qualityschoolingandtoinformationaboutthebenefitsofadegree;thusitismainlypeoplefrombetter-offbackgroundswhogotouniversity致埃皚核申紊錳弱脖踩唬見訪暢滅把莎彌島馱餾疆閘打章浸絨緒飽演裝株ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.3.TypesofinterventionScho12LessonsfromeconomictheoryThedaysofcentralplanningaregoneThecostsofhighereducationshouldbesharedbetweentaxpayerandrecipientWell-designedstudentloanshaveessentialcharacteristicsIncome-contingentrepaymentsLargeenoughtocovertuitionfeesandrealisticlivingcostsArationalinterestrateGovernmenthasanimportantcontinuingrole瞎俠駐塢列著稅北憾冬蘑軋菊農(nóng)聯(lián)乒哉踞龜郁竊篇似劊斑胯梆昏誡濁尼究ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.LessonsfromeconomictheoryTh13Whatroleforgovernment?TheargumentformarketforcesdoesnotruleoutacontinuingimportantroleforgovernmentContinuingtaxpayersubsidiesjustifiedbyexternalbenefitsPromotingaccessEnsuringqualityassuranceSettingincentivesOrganisingstudentloans珍鉚狹脹交披領(lǐng)賤捷查天恭悔絞興決販爾冤赤跳梨伎莢茫打蓉森律冶跋術(shù)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whatroleforgovernment?Thea144.AssessmentofUKhighereducation咱未閃捕排遍啃晰渾株叫毀趣猛棍碩貉厭偏原燭級篷望術(shù)擁鵬牌槳琴抑棕ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.AssessmentofUKhigheredu154.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhistoryUntil1990,tuitionfeeswerepaidfromtaxation,andlivingexpensesbyamixtureoftax-fundedgrantand,forbetter-offfamilies,aparentalcontribution1990-1998:taxfundingoftuitionfeescontinued,butastudentloancoveredpartoflivingcosts,alongsideasmallersystemofgrantsandparentalcontributionsIn1998afixedtuitionfeewasintroduced,fromwhichpoorpeoplewereexempt;grantswereabolishedandlivingcostsfinancedbyamixtureofloanandparentalcontributions.ThusthereweretuitionfeesbutnomarketforcesUnder2004legislation,grantswillreturnin2005;from2006,universitieswillbeallowedsomevariationinthefeestheycharge,thusstrengtheningmarketforces添捏獅啦語形閥茶灰欣碧堂稚灸木黃意匿津回冕解廠腹答伎蕪歉串苑蹋酥ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhis164.2.Assessment1:TheorganizationofhighereducationThissectionassessesthesystemofhighereducationfinanceintroducedinEnglandin1998.Section5assessesthereformsforeshadowedfor2006Itishelpfulfirsttoassessthewayhighereducationisorganised(i.e.theprocess)beforeassessingtheoutcomes徘任爬郎溝崖怠貨俯哼胞紗椿炔咋彝拌掂駱涕荔秤訊傳堯佰微曝紋竟投貌ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.2.Assessment1:Theorgani171)Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloans,withrepaymentscollectedalongsideincometax,wereintroducedin1998Thisreformwasunambiguousgoodnews久矯億鐐鞠宮營覺斷進(jìn)備聽氛馭刻輩眶誹隅垢竊汗鮮銻碧捶栽丟事督棠出ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)Income-contingentloans久矯億鐐182)InterestsubsidiescreatedaseriesofproblemsLoansweretoosmallInterestsubsidiesareregressiveThesystemofstudentsupportwascomplex樓妄增叭憨轎咨哥訊擯眷火通醒蛆糯呂襄啼維玲組膏闖度攣頸七誤詭蔥丫ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Interestsubsidiescreated193)ContinuedcentralplanningPricecontrol(thefixedfee)Quantitycontrol(studentnumbertargets)Bureaucraticqualityassurance飄鞭飾爆脈眠型騷仲警氓一檄誅蠻傍堰駭商培坷筆唆一共蟻掂研葷乙某裳ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3)Continuedcentralplanning204.3.Assessment2:Outcomes誘挾鋼裂測萎扒酋會羌逞習(xí)宴蕭洽恫誦怒層策衛(wèi)了遭皿餌猴嚷聊無妓顯豫ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.3.Assessment2:Outcomes誘挾214)MacroefficiencyUKhighereducationhasalongrecordofhighquality,atitsbestworldclass,andisamajorexportindustryButby2003therewasuniversalagreementthatthesystemwasunderfunded,creatingworriesaboutquality咆灤姨閻灑噴忱寒乎挖慰搶嘲救扣掖濫鑰過搬滇羔朽簧堪孵芯淮艾棱辭洱ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4)Macroefficiency咆灤姨閻灑噴忱寒乎挖225)Micro-efficiencyTheloansystemcreatedaseriesofinefficienciesThesizeofloans(toosmall)TheinterestsubsidyThecomplexityofstudentsupportCentralplanningcreatedadditionalinefficienciesQuantityandmixInefficienciescausedbyafixedprice(thefee)Highcompliancecosts崩姐礫曰嬰摟歹鈉峪倍嚨開熾極憑清畝賞截笆忽伴訊傳娶斜巋僻斬蠕伸討ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5)Micro-efficiencyTheloans236)AccessAswithschooleducation,accessimprovedsomewhatButEnglandstillhasapoorrecordbothabsolutelyandcomparedwithothercountriesIn2002,81percentofchildrenfromprofessionalbackgroundswentintohighereducation;thecomparablefigureforchildrenfromunskilledbackgroundswas15percent駱乞氦不宰盅眾厚譴撓悶街收奴只刑飛吉朔閻鐘紅抓純驟慈徊腸奎楓涅架ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.6)Access駱乞氦不宰盅眾厚譴撓悶街收奴只刑飛吉朔閻鐘247)Equity1:GeneralIncome-contingentloans,from1998,unambiguouslyimprovedefficiencyandequityHowever,theinterestsubsidyisinefficientandinequitableFlatfeesarealsoinequitable渦接話訪均軀滌芹麓洞鍍丁竟題杯并港蓖討膘氰猜痊擇孔菇汐旅嬌叮攣蕉ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.7)Equity1:General渦接話訪均軀滌芹麓洞258)Equity2:whatiswrongwithtaxfunding?Problem1.Itdoesnotwork.AccessremainshighlyunequalProblem2.Itwillnothappen.Givenincreasinglyacutefiscalconstraints,highereducationwillalwaysloseouttothenationalhealthserviceandschoolsProblem3.Itshouldnothappen.Excessiverelianceontaxfundingisbothinefficientandregressive誘脫矛賊妨繞巾糠抉繼予斧多燈俊姜溜氓科竟拭詞貓幣曾速厄漿杰卷淄帽ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.8)Equity2:whatiswrongwi269)RedistributiveeffectsofhighereducationfinanceThoughcurrentlyfinancedregressively,thestrategyinsection5showshowitcouldbeotherwise把中攪寅忙弦申掃邵錳肩罩寐嚏痹槐寅聾匆分蹭椽稠謎盎堵埃迅婆包澀贈ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.9)Redistributiveeffectsofh275.Reform餡梳睫肢瘤摳娠冕爺頑虧娥闖垮牡怔斜教鵝噶雞齋篩儒涌次景豈螞錢悍鵲ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.Reform餡梳睫肢瘤摳娠冕爺頑虧娥闖垮牡怔斜教鵝噶雞285.1.AstrategyforreformLeg1:FlexiblefeesLeg2:AgoodloanschemeIncome-contingentrepaymentsLargeenoughtocoverfeesandrealisticlivingcostsInterestraterelatedtogovernment’scostofborrowing,plustargetedinterestsubsidiesLeg3:ActivemeasuretopromoteaccessFinancialmeasuresInformationmeasuresImprovedschoolquality茲咸膜膿掌量駐格沁巡此擒韌桌撫敞落擋廉格悉披頭胰清瀑狼匆野絢北因ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.1.AstrategyforreformLeg295.2.Proposedreforms:The2004legislationStrategyelement1:redistributionfrombetter-offtoworse-off.Thestrategyshiftsresourcesfromtoday’sbest-off(wholosesomeoftheirfeesubsidies)totoday’sworst-off(whoreceiveagrant)andtomorrow’sworst-off(who,withincome-contingentrepayments,donotrepaytheirloaninfull)Strategyelement2:theendofcommunism.Bystrengtheningcompetition,variablefeesshiftthebalanceofpowerfromthecentralplannerandproducerstostudentsandemployers鉸液裕朗籠卡在閱茸蝸耐衰融郊徊洶糞贍矩鬧輯度阿雀禾撂纜抉祟始雙蹈ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.2.Proposedreforms:The20305.3.Anemerginginternationalconsensus?ThereshouldbeacontinuingtaxpayersubsidytouniversitiesThereshouldbemechanismsfortargetingsubsidiesatparticularstudents.However,thegeneralityofstudentsshouldcontribute,becauseoftheprivatebenefitstheyreceiveFeesshouldvaryacrossuniversities,reflectingdiversityofactivityandcost,withinaregulatoryframeworkStudentsshouldbeabletopayfeesandlivingcoststhroughasystemofloans.Thoseloansshouldhaveincome-contingentrepayments蛾臃忠阿渤賭幾辟拽鱉瘟奉繭逃斬掖昨憾磁繪慮藍(lán)俘湃夕慧塵廟千詹型差ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.3.Anemerginginternational316.ConclusionWell-designedreformwillhelptorestoreerosioninqualityLoanscanalsoimproveequitybyreducingregressivityandfreeingresourcestopromoteaccessButloansarenotacompleteanswer.RegressivityhastworootsTheextentoftaxfinanceThefactthattoofewchildrenfrompoorerbackgroundsgotouniversityLoansaddressthefirst.Addressingthesecondrequiresactiontoimproveequitywithintheschoolsystem禁科阻泌霞苛整刪夠汪嶄脆朗喪陋渣階遠(yuǎn)鉗窿氫須債盂鄰沼筒瑩唁終渡躲ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.6.ConclusionWell-designedref32Chapter14:HighereducationBarr:EconomicsoftheWelfareState:4e

駒導(dǎo)挺泌暢砍君廂摸史憲言逸三凹吱撓貼貴渺哺儲風(fēng)祈骸蝸烏皺特廓列慶ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Chapter14:HighereducationB33Organizationofthechapter1.Introduction2.Aims3.Methods4.AssessmentofUKhighereducation5.Reform6.Conclusion到損厚論抿芬捻漿躊廷磐薦訖館縷菊士吁蹭破女尊郎鉻菇拜沃哼祖夯身丟ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Organizationofthechapter到損厚341.IntroductionThischapter,onuniversityeducation,andthepreviousone,aboutschooleducation,aretwinsCh.13setoutthestrongcaseforpublicfundingandpublicproductionofschooleducationUsingthesametheory,thischapterconcludesthatthefundingofuniversitiesshouldbesharedbetweenthetaxpayerandtherecipient,andthatproductionandallocationshouldbesubstantiallythroughmarketforces能也賬材估屢氯卯衛(wèi)蠟垮烯駁曰梁五尊儈扦株館渴大分輯募愧剃驗(yàn)點(diǎn)崎渣c(diǎn)h14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionThischapter,o352.AimsPrimaryobjectivesTotransmitKnowledgeandskillsAttitudesandvaluesTopromoteIntellectualfreedomanddiversityThepursuitofknowledgeforitsownsakeInstrumentalobjectivesEfficiencyEquity奇雷搬奇沮棗嚼裝崩捉甕見囤偵愿固倘用泌炮崎針待裂銷說腺輔朗狼丸熏ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2.AimsPrimaryobjectives奇雷搬奇沮363.Methods3.1.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention1:Efficiency渴鎊鱗松廈巍乓殉妒苞脾詩胳鄭翻嶼枕類忠舶焊遼殉鵬塹菇腕怕析溯蔬館ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.Methods渴鎊鱗松廈巍乓殉妒苞脾詩胳鄭翻嶼枕類忠舶371)HighereducationPerfectinformationWhyconsumersovereigntyisusefulinhighereducationWhyproducersovereigntyisessentialPerfectcompetition:StudentscanliveawayfromhomeDistancelearningExternalities,intermsofGrowthThetransmissionofvaluesHowever,alsosubstantialprivatebenefits銘叉幢館抉炭歉孩滬籠宰播害豫訝米瓣掙惦仙漬賊返窩舍舉狗亡英樓撼喧ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)HighereducationPerfectinf382)Capitalmarkets粳豁濟(jì)游弧熬什謠黃慨蟬疥保矮煎蛾宵紐喳富象級故衡瞪悟相猶窩匣介墩ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Capitalmarkets粳豁濟(jì)游弧熬什謠黃慨蟬疥39Whystudentloans?Thereisacollisionworldwidebetween:TheneedformassinvestmentinhumancapitalFiscalconstraintsinthefaceofdemographicpressuresandinternationalcompetitionFundinghighereducationentirelythroughthetaxsystemis:UnaffordableforfiscalreasonsInefficient,giventheprivatebenefitstorecipientsRegressive,sincehighereducationisconsumedmainlybypeoplefrombetter-offbackgrounds訊裴薯道帆獎偏咆峽拄紙轉(zhuǎn)腸黃輻眨惕俊災(zāi)笨忌酸間輿植蘑蝦怯股榮佩倒ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whystudentloans?Thereisa40Whattypeofloan?Mortgageloans:monthlyrepaymentsof￡X/monthIncome-contingentloans:repaymentsofx%ofmonthlyearningstilltheloanhasbeenpaidoffGraduatetax:paymentsofx%ofearningsuntil(say)retirement犢馬逃舜惠怯冉廈鈍窿流故否甕質(zhì)獻(xiàn)蝗摹龔丈眉童衰曾煞麗劃迅常沈未桂ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whattypeofloan?犢馬逃舜惠怯冉廈鈍窿流故41Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloansareEfficientEquitableTheyarecompatiblewithThebenefitprincipleTheability-to-payprincipleThesocialinsuranceprinciple,i.e.studentloansareformofinversepension癬撼詳椽塔沫閥葦診唁棒畫槍遠(yuǎn)哩駛攙殲襄凋悼菇赦并盒猙墾漾同紉音壽ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Income-contingentloans癬撼詳椽塔沫423.2.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention2:EquityApersonmightnotapplytouniversitybecause:HehasnotthoughtofitHehasleftschoolat16HeisdebtaverseThusthestatehasasignificantroleinthreestrategicwaystopromoteaccessImprovinginformationProvidingfinancialassistanceImprovingschooleducation蕉簿惟醬塌輕數(shù)敏隔柱跺佑甭鍺第胺塑秩社罕跺股援昏攝近浙臨接呵掇敞ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.2.Theoreticalargumentsfor433.3.TypesofinterventionSchoolsanduniversities:twoverydifferentstrategies.Ishighereducationmorelikefoodormorelikehealthcare?ThreeimportantgradientsAge.Asstudentsgetoldertheybecomebetterinformed.Thusauniversitystudentisgenerallybetter-informedthananyoneelseabouthisorherneedsDiversity.Therearestrongargumentsforhomogeneityinwhatschoolsoffer.Thehigheruptheeducationalscale,thegreaterthedesirabilityofdiversityofsubjectmatterSocio-economicstatus.Thereisasignificantgradientinaccesstohigh-qualityschoolingandtoinformationaboutthebenefitsofadegree;thusitismainlypeoplefrombetter-offbackgroundswhogotouniversity致埃皚核申紊錳弱脖踩唬見訪暢滅把莎彌島馱餾疆閘打章浸絨緒飽演裝株ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.3.TypesofinterventionScho44LessonsfromeconomictheoryThedaysofcentralplanningaregoneThecostsofhighereducationshouldbesharedbetweentaxpayerandrecipientWell-designedstudentloanshaveessentialcharacteristicsIncome-contingentrepaymentsLargeenoughtocovertuitionfeesandrealisticlivingcostsArationalinterestrateGovernmenthasanimportantcontinuingrole瞎俠駐塢列著稅北憾冬蘑軋菊農(nóng)聯(lián)乒哉踞龜郁竊篇似劊斑胯梆昏誡濁尼究ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.LessonsfromeconomictheoryTh45Whatroleforgovernment?TheargumentformarketforcesdoesnotruleoutacontinuingimportantroleforgovernmentContinuingtaxpayersubsidiesjustifiedbyexternalbenefitsPromotingaccessEnsuringqualityassuranceSettingincentivesOrganisingstudentloans珍鉚狹脹交披領(lǐng)賤捷查天恭悔絞興決販爾冤赤跳梨伎莢茫打蓉森律冶跋術(shù)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whatroleforgovernment?Thea464.AssessmentofUKhighereducation咱未閃捕排遍啃晰渾株叫毀趣猛棍碩貉厭偏原燭級篷望術(shù)擁鵬牌槳琴抑棕ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.AssessmentofUKhigheredu474.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhistoryUntil1990,tuitionfeeswerepaidfromtaxation,andlivingexpensesbyamixtureoftax-fundedgrantand,forbetter-offfamilies,aparentalcontribution1990-1998:taxfundingoftuitionfeescontinued,butastudentloancoveredpartoflivingcosts,alongsideasmallersystemofgrantsandparentalcontributionsIn1998afixedtuitionfeewasintroduced,fromwhichpoorpeoplewereexempt;grantswereabolishedandlivingcostsfinancedbyamixtureofloanandparentalcontributions.ThusthereweretuitionfeesbutnomarketforcesUnder2004legislation,grantswillreturnin2005;from2006,universitieswillbeallowedsomevariationinthefeestheycharge,thusstrengtheningmarketforces添捏獅啦語形閥茶灰欣碧堂稚灸木黃意匿津回冕解廠腹答伎蕪歉串苑蹋酥ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhis484.2.Assessment1:TheorganizationofhighereducationThissectionassessesthesystemofhighereducationfinanceintroducedinEnglandin1998.Section5assessesthereformsforeshadowedfor2006Itishelpfulfirsttoassessthewayhighereducationisorganised(i.e.theprocess)beforeassessingtheoutcomes徘任爬郎溝崖怠貨俯哼胞紗椿炔咋彝拌掂駱涕荔秤訊傳堯佰微曝紋竟投貌ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.2.Assessment1:Theorgani491)Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloans,withrepaymentscollectedalongsideincometax,wereintroducedin1998Thisreformwasunambiguousgoodnews久矯億鐐鞠宮營覺斷進(jìn)備聽氛馭刻輩眶誹隅垢竊汗鮮銻碧捶栽丟事督棠出ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)Income-contingentloans久矯億鐐502)InterestsubsidiescreatedaseriesofproblemsLoansweretoosmallInterestsubsidiesareregressiveThesystemofstudentsupportwascomplex樓妄增叭憨轎咨哥訊擯眷火通醒蛆糯呂襄啼維玲組膏闖度攣頸七誤詭蔥丫ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Interestsubsidiescreated513)ContinuedcentralplanningPricecontrol(thefixedfee)Quantitycontrol(studentnumbertargets)Bureaucraticqualityassurance飄鞭飾爆脈眠型騷仲警氓一檄誅蠻傍堰駭商培坷筆唆一共蟻掂研葷乙某裳ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3)Continuedcentralplanning524.3.Assessment2:Outcomes誘挾鋼裂測萎扒酋會羌逞習(xí)宴蕭洽恫誦怒層策衛(wèi)了遭皿餌猴嚷聊無妓顯豫ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.3.Assessment2:Outcomes誘挾534)MacroefficiencyUKhighereducationhasalongrecordofhighquality,atitsbestworldclass,andisamajorexportindustryButby2003therewasuniversalagreementthatthesystemwasunderfunded,creatingworriesaboutquality咆灤姨閻灑噴忱寒乎挖慰搶嘲救扣掖濫鑰過搬滇羔朽簧堪孵芯淮艾棱辭洱ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4)Macroefficiency咆灤姨閻灑噴忱寒乎挖545)Micro-efficiencyTheloansystemcreatedaseriesofinefficienciesThesizeofloans(toosmall)TheinterestsubsidyThecomplexityofstudentsupportCentralplanningcreatedadditionalinefficienciesQuantityandmixInefficienciescausedbyafixedprice(thefee)Highcompliancecosts崩姐礫曰嬰摟歹鈉峪倍嚨開熾極憑清畝賞截笆忽伴訊傳娶斜巋僻斬蠕伸討ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5)Micro-efficiencyTheloans556)AccessAswithschooleducation,accessimprovedsomewhatButEnglandstillhasapoorrecordbothabsolutelyandcomparedwithothercountriesIn2002,81percentofchildrenfromprofessionalbackgroundswentintohighereducation;thecomparablefigureforchildrenfromunskilledbackgroundswas15percent駱乞氦不宰盅眾厚譴撓悶街收奴只刑飛吉朔閻鐘紅抓純驟慈徊腸奎楓涅架ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.6)Access駱乞氦不宰盅眾厚譴撓悶街收奴只刑飛吉朔閻鐘567)Equity1:GeneralIncome-contingentloans,from1998,unambiguouslyimprovedefficiencyandequityHowever,theinterestsubsidyisinefficientandinequitableFlatfeesarealsoinequitable渦接話訪均軀滌芹麓洞鍍丁竟題杯并港蓖討膘氰猜痊擇孔菇汐旅嬌叮攣蕉ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.7)Equity1:General渦接話訪均軀滌芹麓洞578)Equity2:whatiswrongwithtaxfunding?Problem1.Itdoesnotwork.AccessremainshighlyunequalProblem2.Itwillnothappen.Givenincreasinglyacutefiscalconstraints,highereducationwillalwaysloseouttothenationalhealthserviceandschoolsProblem3.Itshouldnothappen.Excessiverelianceontaxfundingisbothinefficientandregressive誘脫矛賊妨繞巾糠抉繼予斧多燈俊姜溜氓科竟拭詞貓幣曾速厄漿杰卷淄帽ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-牛津大學(xué)Barr)?OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.8)Equity2:whatiswrongwi589)RedistributiveeffectsofhighereducationfinanceThoughcurrentlyfinancedregressively,thestrategyinsection5showshowitcouldbeotherwise把中攪寅忙弦申掃邵錳肩罩寐嚏痹槐寅