真題-火成巖課件

L

必備書目:1.

、邱檢生主編.2010.火成巖巖石學(xué).

科學(xué)

.2.3.大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與

.

2009.

火成巖巖石學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)指導(dǎo)書.大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與

.

2009.

巖石學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告.4.學(xué)、謝磊編著.2008.光性礦物學(xué).科.L

參考書目:1.

孫鼐、

主編.

1985.

火成巖石學(xué).

地質(zhì)2.

林景仟主編.1987.巖漿巖成因?qū)д?地質(zhì)Winter

JD.An

Introduction

toIgneous

andMetamorphic

Petrology.

Prentice

Hall,

2001.Myron

G

B

&

Eric

H.

Igneous

Petrology.

BlackwellScience,

2001.McBirney

A

R.

Igneous

Petrology

(3rd

edition),2007.Gill

R.

Igneous

Rocks

and

Process.

Wiley-Blackwell,2010.Winter

J

D.

AnIntroductionto

Igneous

and

MetamorphicPetrology.

Prentice

Hall,2001.Myron

G

B

&

Eric

H.IgneousPetrology.

Blackwell

Science,2001.McBirney

A

R.

IgneousPetrology

(3rdedition),

2007.Gill

R.

Igneous

Rocks

and

Process.Wiley-Blackwell,

2010緒

論一、巖石和巖石學(xué)的概念1.巖石（1）定義（Definition)巖石是天然產(chǎn)出的具有穩(wěn)定外形的礦物集合

體

，

主要由一種或數(shù)種造巖礦物（少數(shù)由天然玻璃或生物遺?。┌匆欢ǚ绞浇Y(jié)合而成，它是地球發(fā)展的一定階段，由各種地質(zhì)作用形成的產(chǎn)物，是構(gòu)成地球上層（地殼和至少上地幔）的主要物質(zhì)。The

Earth’s

InteriorCrust:Oceanic

crustThin:

10

kmRelatively

uniform

stratigraphy

=

ophiolite

suite:L

SedimentsL

pillow

basaltL

sheeted

dikesL

moremassive

gabbroL

ultramafic

(mantle)Oceanic

Crust

andUpper

Mantle

StructureTypical

OphioliteWehrlite

異剝輝石橄欖巖Continental

CrustThicker:

20-90

km average

~35

kmHighly

variable

composition—Average ~

granodioriteThe

Earth’s

Interior63702898CrustMantleCoreUpper

MantleTransitionZoneDepth

(km)60220410660LowerMantle5145InnerCore(solid)OuterCore(liquid)Mantle:Peridotite

(ultramafic)Upper

to

410

km

(olivine

spinel)Low

Velocity

Layer

60-220

kmTransition

Zone

as

vel.

incr.

~

rapidly660 spinel

perovskite

-typeL

SiIV

SiVILower

Mantle

has

more

gradualvelocity

increasePerovskite:鈣鈦礦The

Earth’s

Interior289860220410660CrustMantleCoreUpper

MantleTransitionZoneDepth

(km)LowerMantle5145InnerCore(solid)6370OuterCore(liquid)Core:Fe-Ni

metallic

alloyOuter

Core

is

liquidNo

S-wavesInner

Core

is

solid（2）分類(Classification)巖石的種類很多，但從成因來看，主要可分為三大類，即：L

火成巖(Igneous

Rocks)L

沉積巖(Sedimentary

Rocks)L

變質(zhì)巖(Metamorphic

Rocks)L

火成巖(Igneous

Rocks)L

是由高溫形成的巖漿(Magma)在

深處或噴出地表后經(jīng)冷凝固結(jié)而成的巖石，因此，火成巖也稱作巖漿巖.Granite

(light-colored

rock)

has

intruded

dark-colored

country

rock.

Cornwall,England.

Photo

by

C.

C.

Plummer.花崗巖(granite)閃長巖（diorite)輝長巖（gabbro)DioriteDuniteVesicular

basalt.BasaltGraniteThin

section

of

graniteviewed

with

microscopeunder

polarized

lightGabbroThin

section

of

gabbro

viewedWith

microscope

underpolarized

lightBasaltScoriaceousbasaltic

lavaThin

section

of

basalt

viewedwith

microscope

underpolarized

lightThin

section

of

rhyolite

porphyryviewed

with

microscope

underpolarized

lightRhyolite

porphyryL

沉積巖(Sedimentary

Rocks)L是在地表或接近地表的條件下，由風(fēng)化作用、生物作用以及某種火山作用的產(chǎn)物經(jīng)過搬運(yùn)、沉積和作用所形成的巖石，如砂巖、粉砂巖、頁巖、石灰?guī)r等.Bioclastic

limestones.

The

two

on

the

left

are

coarse-grained

and

containvisible

fossils

of

corals

and

s s.

The

limestone

on

the

right

consists

of

fine-grained

carbonate

mud

formed

by

coralline

algae.s

are

brachiopods（腕足Fossiliferous

limestone.

The

fossil

s類）Bedding

in

sandstone

and

shale,

Utah.

The

horizontal

layers

formed

as

onetype

of

sediment

buried

another

in

the

geologic

past.

The

layers

usually

getyounger

upwards.Cross-bedded

sandstone

in

Zion

National

Park,

Utah.

Note

how

the

thinlayers

have

formed

at

an

angle

to

the

more

extensive

bedding

planes

(alsotilted)

in

the

rock.

This

cross-bedding

was

probably

formed

in

sand

dunesdeposited

by

the

wind.L

變質(zhì)巖(Metamorphic

Rocks)L

是由已存在的巖石，在溫度和壓力升高，或化學(xué)活動性流體作用的條件下，發(fā)生礦物成分和結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造的改造而形成的巖石。如灰?guī)r在溫度升高的條件下會發(fā)生重結(jié)晶作用形成大理巖；灰?guī)r在受到中酸性侵入體帶來的熱及化學(xué)活動性流體作用下會形成矽卡巖；砂泥質(zhì)巖石在溫度、壓力升高和區(qū)域應(yīng)力的作用下，會形成板巖、千枚巖、片麻巖等巖石。大理巖、矽卡巖、板巖、千枚巖、片麻巖等都屬于變質(zhì)巖。大別-蘇魯造山帶花崗片麻巖SlateMarbleSlate

outcrop

in

Antarctica.

Photo

by

P.D.

Rowley,

U.S.

Geological

Survey.Migmatite

in

theDaniels

Range,Antarctica.Photo

by

C.

C.Plummer.三大巖類相互演化關(guān)系圖（3）分布(Distribution)三大類巖石的分布情況各不相同:L

沉積巖主要分布在大陸地表，約占陸殼面積的75%.L

距地表越深，則火成巖和變質(zhì)巖越多，沉積巖越少.據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，從地表向下16km范圍內(nèi)火成巖和變質(zhì)巖的體積可達(dá)95%，沉積巖只占5%.L

就整個(gè)地殼而言，火成巖約占地殼總體積的66%，變質(zhì)巖約占20%，沉積巖僅占8%.L

自然界中分布最廣的火成巖有兩類:L

其二為花崗巖(granite)，SiO2平均約73.0%，為分布最廣的侵入巖。L

其一為玄武巖(basalt)，SiO2平均約52.5%,

為分布最廣的噴出巖。2.

巖石學(xué)（petrology)巖石學(xué)就是研究巖石的物質(zhì)組成(包括礦物組成和化學(xué)組成）、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、成因、共生組合、分布規(guī)律及其與成礦關(guān)系的一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科，它是地質(zhì)學(xué)的一個(gè)重要分支。巖石學(xué)根據(jù)其研究的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，可區(qū)分為巖類學(xué)和巖理學(xué)：L巖類學(xué)：又稱描述巖石學(xué)，主要研究巖石的物質(zhì)組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、分類、命名等方面的內(nèi)容。L巖理學(xué)：又稱成因巖石學(xué)或理論巖石學(xué)，以研究巖石的形成條件和形成過程等為主要內(nèi)容。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，巖石學(xué)又誕生了一些新興的分支學(xué)科，如實(shí)驗(yàn)巖石學(xué)、地幔巖石學(xué)、化學(xué)巖石學(xué)、同位素巖石學(xué)等。研究火成巖的組成（即物質(zhì)成分）、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、共生組合、產(chǎn)狀、分布、成礦