考研考博-英語-廣州民航職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣州民航職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Attheheartofthedebateoverillegalimmigrationliesonekeyquestion:“Areimmigrantsgoodorbadfortheeconomy?”TheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey’rebad.Yettheconsensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration,bothlegalandillegal,providesasmallnetboosttotheeconomy.Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes,andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.Sowhyistheresuchadiscrepancybetweentheperceptionofimmigrants’impactontheeconomyandthereality?

Thereareanumberoffamiliartheories.Somearguethatpeopleareanxiousandfeelthreatenedbyaninflowofnewworkers.Othershighlightthestressthatundocumentedimmigrantsplaceonpublicservices,likeschools,hospitals,andjails.Stillothersemphasizetheroleofrace,arguingthatforeignersaddtothenation’sfearsandinsecurities.There’ssometruthtoalltheseexplanations,buttheyaren’tquitesufficient.

Togetabetterunderstandingofwhat’sgoingon,considerthewayimmigration’simpactisfelt.Thoughitsoveralleffectmaybepositive,itscostsandbenefitsaredistributedunevenly.DavidCard,aneconomistatUCBerkeley,notesthattheoneswhoprofitmostdirectlyfromimmigrants'low-costlaborarebusinessesandemployers—meatpackingplantsinNebraska,forinstance,oragriculturalbusinessesinCalifornia.Granted,theseproducers’savingsprobablytranslateintolowerpricesatthegrocerystore,buthowmanyconsumersmakethatmentalconnectionatthecheckoutcounter?Asforthedrawbacksofillegalimmigration,these,too,areconcentrated.Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBorjas,aHarvardeconomist,immigrationreducedthewagesofAmericanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%from1980to2000.

Amonghigh-skilled,better-educatedemployees,however,oppositionwasstrongestinstateswithbothhighnumbersofimmigrantsandrelativelygeneroussocialservices.Whatworriedthemmost,inotherwords,wasthefiscalburdenofimmigration.Thatconclusionwasreinforcedbyanotherfinding:thattheiroppositionappearedtosoftenwhenthatfiscalburdendecreased,asoccurredwithwelfarereforminthe1990s,whichcurbedimmigrants’accesstocertainbenefits.

Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.Evenforthosemostacutelyaffected—say,low-skilledworkers,orCaliforniaresidents—theimpactisn’tallthatdramatic.“Theunpleasantvoiceshavetendedtodominateourperceptions,saysDanielTichenor,apoliticalscienceprofessorattheUniversityofOregon.“Butwhenallthosefactorsareputtogetherandtheeconomistscalculatethenumbers,itendsupbeinganetpositive,butasmallone.”Toobadmostpeopledon’trealizeit.

1.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?

2.InwhatwaydoestheauthorthinkordinaryAmericansbenefitfromimmigration?

3.Whydonativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromillegalimmigration?

4.Whatisthechiefconcernofnativehigh-skilled,better-educatedemployeesabouttheinflowofimmigrants?

5.Whatistheironyaboutthedebatedoverimmigration?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whetherimmigrantsaregoodorbadfortheeconomyhasbeenpuzzlingeconomists.

B.TheAmericaneconomyusedtothriveonimmigrationbutnowit’sadifferentstory.

C.Theconsensusamongeconomistsisthatimmigrationshouldnotbeencouraged.

D.Thegeneralpublicthinksdifferentlyfrommosteconomistsontheimpactofimmigration.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theycanaccessallkindsofpublicservices.

B.Theycangetconsumergoodsatlowerprices.

C.Theycanmixwithpeopleofdifferentcultures.

D.Theycanavoiddoingmuchofthemanuallabor.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhavegreaterdifficultygettingwelfaresupport.

B.Theyaremorelikelytoencounterinterracialconflicts.

C.Theyhaveahardertimegettingajobwithdecentpay.

D.Theyarenomatchforillegalimmigrantsinlaborskills.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itmaychangetheexistingsocialstructure.

B.Itmayposeathreattotheireconomicstatus.

C.Itmayleadtosocialinstabilityinthecountry.

D.Itmayplaceagreatstrainonthestatebudge.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Eveneconomistscan’treachaconsensusaboutitsimpact.

B.Thosewhoareopposedtoitturnouttobenefitmostfromit.

C.Peoplearemakingtoobigafussaboutsomethingofsmallimpact.

D.Thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenseeminglyoppositeopinions.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第一段“TheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey’rebad.Yettheconsensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration,bothlegalandillegal,providesasmallnetboosttotheeconomy.絕大多數(shù)美國民眾認(rèn)為移民是有害的。然而，大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的共識(shí)是，無論是合法的還是非法的移民，都對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有小小的促進(jìn)作用?！笨芍娕c經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家就移民是好還是壞有不同的看法。故D項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段“Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes，andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.移民提供了廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力，降低了從農(nóng)產(chǎn)品到新住房等一切商品的價(jià)格，讓消費(fèi)者口袋里多了一些錢?！笨芍泼窠o普通美國人帶來的好處是：降低了物價(jià)，使他們手中能有多一些錢。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題.由題干關(guān)鍵詞“nativelow-skilledworkers”定位到第三段倒數(shù)一、二句“Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBorjas,aHarvardeconomist,immigrationreducedthewagesofAmericanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%from1980to2000.本地的低技能工人在與外國勞工的競爭中受害最深。根據(jù)哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家GeorgeBorjas的一項(xiàng)研究，從1980年到2000年，移民使美國高中輟學(xué)生的工資下降了9%?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)“他們很難找到一份薪水體面的工作”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第四段“Whatworriedthemmost,inotherwords,wasthefiscalburdenofimmigration.換句話說，他們最擔(dān)心的是移民帶來的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)“它會(huì)給國家預(yù)算帶來很大壓力”正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由最后一段“Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.Evenforthosemostacutelyaffected—say,low-skilledworkers,orCaliforniaresidents—theimpactisn’tallthatdramatic.具有諷刺意味的是，盡管所有的爭論都過于激烈，移民的凈影響卻微乎其微。即使對(duì)那些受影響最嚴(yán)重的人——比如，低技能工人或加州居民——影響也不那么顯著?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)“人們對(duì)影響不大的事情大驚小怪”正確，即人們對(duì)于移民的影響過于大驚小怪。

2.單選題

Ican’tworkwithyou（）allthetime.Goaway.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.steppingonmytoes

B.breathingdownmyneck

C.standinginthegap

D.comingintoyourown

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)steppingonmytoes的原型是steponone’stoes，意思是“觸怒某人”；B選項(xiàng)breathingdownmyneck的原型是breathedownone’sneck，意思是“緊跟著，緊盯著”；C選項(xiàng)standinthegap“挺身阻擋；首當(dāng)其沖”；D選項(xiàng)comingintoyourown的原型是comeintoone’sown，意思是“進(jìn)入繁盛期；得到自己該得的東西”。句意：你一直，我不能工作。走開。根據(jù)句意可知，“我”想讓對(duì)方走開，那么很有可能是因?yàn)閷?duì)方一直在監(jiān)視自己，所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.

Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickeringatthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitudegoestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.

Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic,andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfactofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.

1.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is（）.

2.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis（）.

3.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis（）.

4.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis（）.

5.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.quiteencouraging

B.fairlybright

C.veryimpressive

D.ratherbleak

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass

B.thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.

C.themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreading

D.elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassics

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theirfondnessofmusicandTVprograms

B.theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstanding

C.theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliterature

D.theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue

B.toanalyzeitsessentialfeatures

C.tothinkitoverconscientiously

D.tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeit

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.upset

B.uncertain

C.alarmed

D.pessimistic

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是：作者所描繪的美國人的閱讀能力是怎樣的？根據(jù)原文第一段的首句Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.（我?guī)缀鯖]有必要列舉所有令人沮喪的人們的識(shí)字狀況）。由此可知，D選項(xiàng)“相當(dāng)凄涼”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是：作者最關(guān)心的是？根據(jù)原文第二段的首句Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.（但我今天擔(dān)心的與其說是基本識(shí)字這個(gè)壓倒性的問題，不如說是一個(gè)更為奢侈的問題，即美國中產(chǎn)階層讀者閱讀技能的衰退，他們不愿意在安靜的地方，犧牲難得在家的時(shí)間，集中注意力用以讀書，而這些與經(jīng)典閱讀行為息息相關(guān)），由此可知A選項(xiàng)“中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的閱讀能力與閱讀行為”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是：大多數(shù)識(shí)字青少年最主要的一個(gè)問題是？根據(jù)原文第二段中的Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickeringatthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.（有人認(rèn)為，近80%有文化，受過良好教育的美國青少年，沒有背景音樂和閃爍的電視屏幕的陪伴就無法閱讀）以及thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration（而這種邊閱讀邊在背景干擾下進(jìn)行理解的新方法使某些基本的理解和集中行為變得不可能），由此可知，B選項(xiàng)“他們?nèi)狈ψ⒁饬突纠斫饬Α狈项}意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是：作者認(rèn)為，讀者對(duì)一篇詩歌或散文表現(xiàn)贊賞的最好方式是？根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.（更不用說人們對(duì)他們真正喜歡的詩歌或散文給予的最高評(píng)價(jià)了，那就是把它記在心里），由此可知D選項(xiàng)“能夠欣賞它并記住它”符合題意。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題目問的是：關(guān)于閱讀藝術(shù)的未來，作者的感覺是怎樣的？根據(jù)原文最后一段的第一句Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.（在這種情況下，閱讀藝術(shù)的未來是什么，這確實(shí)是一個(gè)大問題。）以及最后一句話Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.（在圖書界沒有人能自信地說他知道未來將會(huì)發(fā)生什么。）由此可推斷，作者認(rèn)為閱讀藝術(shù)的未來充滿了不確定性，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

4.單選題

ThomasEdison’sfirstpatentedinventionwasadevice______inCongress.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.forcountingvotes

B.thatcountingvotes

C.countsvotes

D.countedvotes

【答案】A

【解析】考查后置定語。句意：托馬斯?愛迪生的第一個(gè)專利發(fā)明是在國會(huì)計(jì)算選票的裝置。A選項(xiàng)forcountingvotes表明了裝置的目的，放在句子里作后置定語，符合邏輯和語法，故正確。B選項(xiàng)thatcountingvotes用that引導(dǎo)定語從句應(yīng)該使用謂語動(dòng)詞counts而不是表示主動(dòng)語態(tài)的非謂語動(dòng)詞counting，故錯(cuò)誤；同理，C選項(xiàng)countsvotes應(yīng)該添加that，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)countedvotes的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不符合裝置主動(dòng)發(fā)出計(jì)票動(dòng)作的語境，故錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Whensnowcollectsontopofabuildingduringthewinter,theweightsometimesweakenstheconstructionandoccasionallycausestherooftocollapse.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.melts

B.accumulates

C.selects

D.scatters

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.melts融化B.accumulates積累

C.selects選擇D.scatters分散

【考查點(diǎn)】語義銜接

【解題思路】后文提到“積雪的重量有時(shí)會(huì)削弱建筑結(jié)構(gòu)（weakenstheconstruction），有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致屋頂?shù)顾╟ausestherooftocollapse）”，雪花本來是很輕的，只有積累到一定程度才會(huì)很重，有使房屋倒塌的能力，原詞collect“收集；聚集”，因此B選項(xiàng)accumulates“積累”與原詞最接近。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)melts“融化”，雪花融化了就更不可能有使房屋倒塌的影響力了，不符合句意；

C選項(xiàng)selects“選擇”，沒有依據(jù)；

D選項(xiàng)scatters“分散”，分散了的話，重量會(huì)更輕，不會(huì)使房屋倒塌，不符合句意。

【句意】當(dāng)積雪在冬天堆積在建筑物頂部時(shí)，積雪的重量有時(shí)會(huì)削弱建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致屋頂?shù)顾?/p>

6.問答題

Increasingthetaxonhouseholdgoodsisboundtocausetrouble.(It’sasking)

【答案】It’saskingfortroubletoincreasethetaxonhouseholdgoods.

7.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingfiveunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.

Warningandothersignsblamedfortwomillionaccidents

NearlytwomilliondriversintheUKhavehadaccidentsdueto“BabyOnBoard”signsandchildren'stoysthatobscuretheirview,accordingtoalarmingnewresearch.

Onein20motoristssaysstickersandplaytimeparaphernaliaaretoblameforacollision-equivalentto1.85millionofBritain's37milliondrivers.

1.TherevelationtriggeredawarningbyroadsafetycharityBraketocutdownonclutterinthecar.

DeputychiefexecutiveJulieTownsendsaid“BabyOnBoard”signsareusefulinalertingtheemergencyservicesthatachildmaybeinvolvedintheeventofacrash.

“Thishelpcanbecomeahindranceifdriversdisplaysignswhentheirchildisn'tinthevehicle，”shesaid.

2.“Worsestillisthedangerthatcanbeposedbydriversblockingouttheirviewbystainingwindowswithlotsofsign.”

“Drivers1priorityshouldalwaysbegettingtheresafelywithoutputtingthemselves,youngpassengersorotherroadusersatrisk.”

3.AsurveycommissionedbypricecomparisonwebsiteCfoundthat37percentofparentshavedisplayedsignsandfouroutoffiveofthembelievetheyimprovesafety

4.But46percentadmitdoingsoatalltimes—regardlessofwhetherornottheirchildisinthecar—and15percentconfesstheyonlyhavethemfortheirnoveltyvalue.

Thepollof2,000driversalsofoundthat46percentofdriversregardthemasahazardand33percentsaytheyaretacky.

“Therearebenefitsanddangersto“BabyonBoard”signs.5.Theycanofferusefulinformationfornursesinthecaseofacrashbuthavingtoomanynoveltyitemsdisplayedcouldbeasafetyissue,”saidaConfused,comspokesman.

【答案】1.因此，道路交通安全慈善機(jī)構(gòu)Brake提醒大家清理車輛的相關(guān)物品。

2.“更糟的是，如果車主在車窗上散亂地貼了很多車貼，會(huì)妨礙視線，造成危險(xiǎn)。”

3.比價(jià)網(wǎng)站C開展的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，37%的父母使用了車貼，其中4/5相信這能使行駛更安全。

4.但有46%的受訪者承認(rèn)，不管孩子在沒在車?yán)铮麄兌紩?huì)使用車貼，還有15%承認(rèn)自己這樣做只是因?yàn)樾缕嬗腥ぁ?/p>

5.在遇到交通事故時(shí)，這種車貼可以為醫(yī)護(hù)人員提供有用的信息，但如果車上貼了太多花里胡哨的車貼，就會(huì)造成安全隱患了。”

8.單選題

Thecrisisinourindustrywas____byintensecompetitionfromforeignproducers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.broughton

B.broughtforward

C.broughtup

D.broughtround

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.broughton導(dǎo)致；引起B(yǎng).broughtforward提出；提前

C.broughtup提出；教育；養(yǎng)育D.broughtround使改變觀點(diǎn)；說服

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】詞組辨析。

【解題思路】句意：我們工業(yè)的危機(jī)是由外國生產(chǎn)商的激烈競爭……。根據(jù)邏輯，外國生產(chǎn)商的激烈競爭可能會(huì)引起我國的工業(yè)危機(jī)。因此選A。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。

【句意】我們工業(yè)的危機(jī)是由外國生產(chǎn)商的激烈競爭引起的。

9.單選題

A（）planneedstobeconsideredandacceptedsoastolowerthepricesinthesecities.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deliberate

B.disincentive

C.functional

D.fantastic

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。deliberate深思熟慮的，預(yù)有準(zhǔn)備的；disincentive妨礙活動(dòng)的；functional功能的；fantastic幻想的，奇異的?？崭癫糠謶?yīng)與consideredandaccepted邏輯上對(duì)應(yīng)。deliberate符合句意和邏輯。

10.單選題

“Youmustalwaysobeyyourleaders.’’Oh,Imust,（

）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mustn’tI

B.mustI

C.shouldn’tI

D.shouldI

【答案】B

【解析】句意:“你必須服從領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”。“噢，難道必須嗎？”

語法題?？疾榉戳x疑問句。反問用法(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語)表示對(duì)說話對(duì)象的質(zhì)疑,反對(duì),驚訝或反駁。

11.單選題

（）revealedthesecret?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whowasitthat

B.Whowasitwho

C.Itwaswhothat

D.Itwaswhomthat

【答案】A

【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。itis+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。該句強(qiáng)調(diào)部分在句中做主語，故用who，該句為疑問句，故A項(xiàng)正確。

12.翻譯題

AnothermilestoneonthejourneytowardsdigitalcashwaspassedonNovember13th.Thatdatemarkedtheemergencefrombeta-testinginAmericaofV.me,a“digitalwallet”thatholdsmultiplepaymentcards,inavirtualrepository(容器).1.Insteadofprovidingtheirpersonaldetailandcardnumberstopayforstuffonline,customersjustenterausernameandapassword.TheserviceisprovidedbyVisa,agiantcard-paymentnetworkwhoseheadquartersisintheheartofSiliconValley,closetoahostoftechnologyfirmswhichwouldlovetogettheirhandsonachunkoftheglobalpaymentsbusiness.

TheshorttermnewtechnologyisactuallyboostingusageofplasticSmartphoneappsoftenrequireuserstoentertheircarddetailstopayforservices.FirmssuchasSquareandPayPalhavedevelopedtinycardreadersthatplugintosmartphonesandallowsmalltradersusingtheirfewertoacceptpaymentscheaply.EdMcLaughlin,whooverseesemergingpaymentstechnologiesatMasterCard,reckonssuchdevelopmentshaveadded1.2mnewbusinessesoverthepast12monthstothecardfirmslistofmerchants.

2.Butevenifplasticcardseventuallygothewayofvinylrecords(黑膠唱片),cardnetworksshouldstillprosperbecausetheytooareinvestingheavilyinnewtechnologyandhaveseveralbuilt-inadvantages.VisaisbettinghasmemberbanscanhelpittonarrowthegapwithrivalslikePayPal,forinstance,whichispartofe-Bayandhasgrownto11mactiveusers,thanksinparttoitsuseontheauctionsite.Over50financialinstitutionsaresupportingthelaunchofV.me,whichacceptsnon-visacardsinitswallet,tooMasterCardandothersarealsotoutingdigitalwallets,someofwhichcanholddigitalcouponsandticketsaswellascarddetails.

Beforelongallofthesewalletsarelikelytoenduponmobilephones,whichcanbeusedtobuythingsinstoresandotherplaces.ThisiswherefirmssuchasSquare,whichhasdevelopeditsownelegantandeasy-to-usemobilewalletandGooglehavebeenfocusingplentyofenergy.JenniferSchulz,Visa’sglobalheadofe-commerce,predictstherewillbeashake-outthatleavesonlyafewwalletprovidersstanding.Thankstotheirtrustedbrands,bigbudgetsandpaymentssavvy(機(jī)智，悟性),oneormorecardcompanieswillbeamongthem.

Cardnetworksarealsotakingstakesininnovativefirmstokeepaneyeonpotentiallydisruptivetechnologies.Visaownspartofsquare,whichrecentlystruckadealwithStarbuckstomakeitsmobile-paymentserviceavailablein7,000ofthecoffeechainoutletsinAmerica,VisahasalsoinvestedinMonitise,amobile-bankingspecialist.AmericanExpress,foritspart,hassetupa$100mdigital-commercefund,oneofwhoseinvestmentsisiniZettle,aSquare-likefirmbasedinSweden.

Sofarfewhavetriedtocreatenewpaymentssystemsfromscratch.Thosethathavetoyedwiththeidea,suchasISIS,aconsortiumoftelecomscompaniesinAmerica,haveconcludeditisfartoocostlyandpainfultodealwithregulators,setupanti-fraudsystemsandsoforth.Fearsaboutthesecurityofnew-fangledpaymentsystemsalsoplayintothehandsofestablishedcardfirms.

Still,theycannotrelax.BryanKeane,ananalystatDeutscheRank,pointsoutrivaldigitalwalletscouldpromotealternativestocreditanddebitcards,includingstorevaluecardsanddirectbank-account-to-bank-accountpayments3.BigretailersinAmericahaveclubbedtogethertocreatetheirowndigitalwalletandarelikelytopromptuserstochoosethepaymentoptionsthatarecheapestforthechainsbyofferingthemincentiveslikecoupons.

JackDorsey,thebossofSquareandaco-founderofTwitter,agreesthatdigitalwalletswillmakethetrade-offsbetweenvariouspaymentoptionsclearertoconsumerandreckonsthiswillforcecardnetworkstouptheirgame.“Theyhadamajorinnovation60yearsago”,hesays,“andtherehavebeenvery,veryfewinnovationssince”4.Someinthepaymentsworldmightquibble(狡辯)withthatbutonethingtheycanallagreeonisthatspreadofmobilepaymentswillbringmaymorecustomers.MasterCard'sMr.McLaughlinclaimsthat85%ofcommercestillinvolvescashandcheck.Asmobilepurchasestakeoff,moreofthisactivitywillmoveonline.

5.Thebiggestprizeofallliesinemergingmarkets,wherealackoffinancialinfrastructureishasteningtheriseofphone-basedpaymentssystemsuchasM-PesawhichservesKenyaandseveralothermarket.VisahassnappedupFandom,whichspecializesinpaymentservetotheunbankedandunder-bankedinemergingmarkets;MasterCardhassetupajointventurecalledWandawithTelefonica,aSpanishtelecomfirm,whichaimtomobilepaymentsacrossLatinAmerica.Thepaymentsworldischangingfastbutthecardfirmsarenotabouttoletrivalsswipetheirbusiness.

【答案】1.顧客只需要輸入用戶名和密碼，而不是提供他們個(gè)人信息和卡號(hào)來進(jìn)行在線支付。

2.但是盡管信用卡最終會(huì)重蹈黑膠唱片的覆轍，信用卡網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)依然繁榮，因?yàn)樗麄円舱罅ν顿Y新技術(shù)，并且存在一些內(nèi)在優(yōu)勢。

3.美國大型零售商聯(lián)合起來創(chuàng)建了他們自己的數(shù)字錢包，并且可能通過提供優(yōu)惠券等鼓勵(lì)措施促使用戶選擇對(duì)他們聯(lián)營企業(yè)來說最實(shí)惠的支付方式。

4.一些支付領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的信用卡公司可能會(huì)對(duì)此有所狡辯，但是他們共同贊成的一件事情是移動(dòng)支付的普及將帶來更多的客戶。

5.移動(dòng)支付帶來的最大好處在于新興市場，在這個(gè)市場中，金融設(shè)施的缺乏促進(jìn)了手機(jī)支付系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，如服務(wù)于肯尼亞和其他幾個(gè)市場的M-Pesa移動(dòng)錢包服務(wù)。

13.單選題

Theargumentwassimultaneouslyapolicydebateandanextendedexegesisofacrucialphraseina1986federallawthatregulatesthehiringprocedures.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exportation

B.expulsion

C.explication

D.expiation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)exportation“出口；輸出；出口貨”；B選項(xiàng)expulsion“逐出；開除；除籍”；C選項(xiàng)explication“說明；闡明；展開”；D選項(xiàng)expiation“補(bǔ)償；贖罪；抵罪”。句意：這場爭論同時(shí)是一場政策辯論，也是對(duì)1986年一項(xiàng)管理招聘程序的聯(lián)邦法律中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵短語的延伸注釋。exegesis“注釋，解釋”，C選項(xiàng)與該詞意思最相近，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Ifoundtherewasalotof（

）theftinthisarea.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.petty

B.pretty

C.major

D.peril

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)petty“瑣碎的，小規(guī)模的”；B選項(xiàng)pretty“漂亮的”；C選項(xiàng)major“主要的”；D選項(xiàng)peril“危及，置...于險(xiǎn)境”。句意：我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)地區(qū)有很多小規(guī)模的偷盜行為。選項(xiàng)A更符合語境。

15.單選題

IthinkIwasatschool,（

）IwasstayingwithafriendduringthevacationwhenIheardthenews.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.orelse

B.andthen

C.orso

D.evenso

【答案】A

【解析】詞組辨析題。A選項(xiàng)；B選項(xiàng)andthen“于是，然后”;C選項(xiàng)orso“大約”;D選項(xiàng)evenso“雖然如此，即使如此”。根據(jù)句意‘當(dāng)聽到這個(gè)消息時(shí)，我應(yīng)該是在學(xué)校，……在和朋友度假。’應(yīng)該是表示選擇，所以A選項(xiàng)orelse“否則,要不然”符合邏輯，正確。

16.單選題

Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecologistshaveturnedtohistoricaldatainrelationtoespeciallyhugevolcaniceruptions.Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.

OnesourceofinformationistheeffectoftheeruptionofTambora,avolcanoinSumbawa,theDutchEastIndies,inApril1815.Thelargestrecordedvolcaniceruption,Tamborathrew150milliontonsoffineashintothestratosphere.Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.Forexample,recordsofweatherinEnglandshowthatbetweenAprilandNovember1815,theaveragetemperaturehadfallen4,5F.Duringthenexttwentyfourmonths,Englandsufferedoneofthecoldestperiodsofitshistory.Farmer’srecordsfromApril1815toDecember1818indicatefrostthroughoutthespringandsummerandsharpdecreasesincropandlivestockmarkets.Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.

Ecologiststodaywarnthatwefaceatwo-foldmenace.Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatofMr.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.

41.Itisbelievedthattheearthgetscolderwhen______.

42.TheeffectsofTambora’seruptionwere______.

43.ThecauseofcoldweatherinEnglandfrom1815to1818was______.

44.Noonerealizedthecauseofthedeteriorationoftheworldagriculturalcommoditymarketbecause______.

45.If,assomescientistspredict,theworldendsinice,whatmightbethecause?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.volcanoeserupt

B.theairispollutedbymodernman

C.theraysofthesunareturnedintospace

D.alloftheabove

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.feltmainlyintheDutchEastIndies

B.ofseveraldays’durationworldwide

C.evidenceofpollution’scoolingtheearth

D.immediatelyevidenttotheworld’sscientists

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.decreasedcropandlivestockproduction

B.volcanicashintheatmosphere

C.pollutioncausedbytheIndustrialRevolution

D.itsproximitytotheNorthSea

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.therewasalongdelaybetweencauseandeffect

B.theweatherisbeyondourcomprehension

C.weatherforecastswereinaccurate

D.ecologistsdidn’texistuntilmoderntimes

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Modernman’spollutionoftheair.

B.Volcaniceruptions.

C.Obliterationofsolarradiation.

D.Alloftheabove.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】41.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“人們相信在……地球會(huì)變得更冷”。根據(jù)文章第一段首句Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature（科學(xué)家聲稱，空氣污染導(dǎo)致世界平均氣溫下降）和最后一句Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.（科學(xué)家們懷疑火山對(duì)天氣變化的影響類似于空氣污染）可知，volcanoeserupt是改變天氣的一個(gè)原因；第二段第四行提到Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（其作用是將入射的太陽輻射送入太空，從而使地球降溫）可知，太陽輻射送入太空可以降低地球溫度；第三段最后一句提到man’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.（人們使用石油、天然氣、煤炭和其他污染物質(zhì)對(duì)大氣的污染，可能會(huì)給我們帶來越來越寒冷的天氣）可知，空氣污染也是天氣變冷的一個(gè)原因；因此A項(xiàng)“火山爆發(fā)”，B項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代人造成的空氣污染”，C項(xiàng)“把太陽輻射送入太空”均正確，故該題選D項(xiàng)“以上都是”。

42.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“坦博拉火山爆發(fā)的影響是……”。根據(jù)第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.（坦博拉火山爆發(fā)噴出的火山灰在數(shù)天里擴(kuò)散到了全球且這些火山灰長達(dá)數(shù)年地保留在空氣中）和第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.（由于原因與后果之間的長達(dá)數(shù)年的時(shí)差，所以當(dāng)人們?cè)庥龊蠊麜r(shí)候，往往不能認(rèn)識(shí)到導(dǎo)致其的真正原因）可知A項(xiàng)“荷屬東印度群島才會(huì)感覺到這一影響”，B項(xiàng)“在世界范圍內(nèi)持續(xù)數(shù)天”，D項(xiàng)“立刻成為全世界科學(xué)家所關(guān)注的證據(jù)”都不符合。故該題C項(xiàng)“污染正在冷卻地球的證據(jù)”正確。

43.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“1815到1818年英國冷天氣的原因是由于……”。根據(jù)第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（坦博拉火山爆發(fā)噴出的火山灰在數(shù)天里擴(kuò)散到了全球且這些火山灰長達(dá)數(shù)年地保留在空氣中;火山灰讓太陽輻射轉(zhuǎn)入太空，進(jìn)而讓地球溫度下降）可知B項(xiàng)“大氣中的火山灰”正確，A項(xiàng)“農(nóng)作物和牲畜產(chǎn)量下降”是后果，不是原因；C項(xiàng)“工業(yè)革命造成的污染”和D項(xiàng)“靠近北?！痹谖闹袥]有提及，因此B正確。

44.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“沒有人認(rèn)識(shí)到世界農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場惡化的原因是因?yàn)椤薄８鶕?jù)第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect（由于因果之間有幾年的時(shí)間差）可知A項(xiàng)“因果之間有一段長時(shí)間間隔”正確，B項(xiàng)“天氣變化超出了人類理解力范圍”，C項(xiàng)“天氣預(yù)報(bào)不準(zhǔn)確”，D項(xiàng)“到現(xiàn)代才出現(xiàn)生態(tài)學(xué)家”在文中沒有提及，因此該題選A。

45.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“如果像一些科學(xué)家預(yù)測的那樣，世界將在冰中終結(jié)，原因可能是什么?”。根據(jù)文中第二段中的第四句Itseffectistoturnincomingsolar