考研考博-英語(yǔ)-東莞理工學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-東莞理工學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Ifprofitandmoneyareyourfirst（）,andcommitmenttopeopleyourleastconcern,youhavefailededucation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.potentiality

B.priority

C.superiority

D.responsibility

【答案】B

【解析】句意:如果利潤(rùn)和金錢(qián)是你首先考慮的事情，對(duì)人的義務(wù)是你最不關(guān)心的，那你的教育就失敗了。

考查名詞辨析。potentiality潛能;可能性;priority優(yōu)先考慮的事;優(yōu)先權(quán);superiority優(yōu)越;優(yōu)勢(shì);responsibility責(zé)任;職責(zé);義務(wù)。根據(jù)句中first(首先)以及后面的yourleastconcern(你最不關(guān)心的事情)可知B項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Theanalysissuggeststhatthetradeoffbetweenourchildrencollegeandourownretirementsecurityischilling.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.frightening

B.promising

C.freezing

D.revealing

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“令人恐懼的”；B選項(xiàng)“有希望的，有前途的”；C選項(xiàng)“冰點(diǎn)以下的，結(jié)冰的”；D選項(xiàng)“揭露真情的，有啟迪作用的”；題干中chilling“令人恐懼的”，句意：分析表明，在孩子上大學(xué)和我們自己的退休保障之間的權(quán)衡令人不寒而栗。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Wedon’tbelieveher______aboutthewonderfulthingsthathappenedtoher.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.miniatures

B.romances

C.consensus

D.chaos

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)miniature“縮圖，微型畫(huà)”，B項(xiàng)romance“傳奇，浪漫史，風(fēng)流韻事，虛構(gòu)”，C項(xiàng)consensus“一致，輿論，合意”，D項(xiàng)chaos“混沌，混亂”。根據(jù)句子意思“關(guān)于發(fā)生在她身上的奇妙的事情，我們不相信她的……”可知，空格處表示“夸張，虛構(gòu)”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：我們不相信她對(duì)發(fā)生在她身上的美妙事情的虛構(gòu)。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Becareful;thispatient’sdiseaseis（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.congenial

B.accessible

C.compulsory

D.contagious

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)為“意氣相投的；一致的”；B選項(xiàng)為“易相處的；可理解的”；C選項(xiàng)為“義務(wù)的；必須的；強(qiáng)制性的”；D選項(xiàng)為“傳染性的；會(huì)蔓延的”。根據(jù)所修飾名詞disease疾病可知，D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

5.單選題

TheelderlyRussiansfindithardtoliveontheirstate______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pensions

B.earnings

C.salaries

D.donations

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)pension“退休金，撫恤金”，B項(xiàng)earning“收入，所賺的錢(qián)”，C項(xiàng)salary“工資”，D項(xiàng)donation“捐款，捐贈(zèng)物”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞elderly“老年人”和liveon“靠……生活”可知，空格處填入pension“養(yǎng)老金”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：俄羅斯的老年人發(fā)現(xiàn)靠國(guó)家養(yǎng)老金生活很困難。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Scientistshaveacknowledgedthattointerpretananimal’sthoughtprocessesinasoundmannerre-quiresaheavydoseof（）fromourownmentalpatterns,whichweaccessintrospectively.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.estimation

B.calculation

C.skepticism

D.inference

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：科學(xué)家已經(jīng)承認(rèn)，用聲音的方式來(lái)翻譯一個(gè)動(dòng)物的思維進(jìn)程，需要從我們使用內(nèi)在的思維模式進(jìn)行大量的（）。estimation評(píng)價(jià)，估計(jì)；calculation計(jì)算；skepticism懷疑論；inference推理。故選B。

7.單選題

Thenewconvergenceofbiologyandeconomyhasbeenhelpedbyacommonmethodology—gametheory.JohnMaynardSmith,aprofessorofbiologyattheUniversityofSussex,inBritain,wasthefirsttoeffectivelyapplytheeconomist’shabitofplayinga“game”withcompetingstrategiestoevolutionarymysteries.Theonlydifferenceisthattheeconomicgamesrewardwinnerswithmoneywhileevolutionarygamesrewardwinnerswithchancetosurviveandbreed.Onegameinparticularhasprovedespeciallyinformativeinbothdisciplines:theprisoner’sdilemma.

Adramatizedversionofthegamerunsasfollows:twoguiltyaccomplicesareheldinseparatecellsandinterrogatedbythepolice.Eachisfacedwithadilemma.Iftheybothconfess(or“defect”),theywillbothgotojailforthreeyears.Iftheybothstaysilent(or“cooperate”),theywillbothgotojailforayearonalesserchargethatthepolicecanprove.Butifoneconfessesandtheotherdoesnot,theformerwillwalkfreeonanagreement,whilethecooperator,whostayedsilent,willgetafive-yearsentence.

Assumingthattheyhavenotdiscussedthedilemmabeforetheywerearrested,caneachtrusthisaccomplicetostaysilent?Ifnot,heshoulddefectandreducehissentencefromfivetothreeyears.Butevenifhecanrelyonhispartnertocooperate,heisstillbetteroffifhedefects,becausethatreduceshissentencefromthreeyearstononeatall.Soeachwillreasonthattherightthingtodoistodefect,whichresultsinthreeyearsforeachofthem.Inthelanguageofgametheorists,individuallyrationalstrategiesresultinacollectivelyirrationaloutcome.

Biologistswereinterestedintheprisoner’sdilemmaasamodelfortheevolutionofcooperation.Underwhatconditions,theywantedtoknow,woulditpayananimaltoevolveastrategybasedoncooperationratherthandefection?Theydiscoveredthatthebleakmessageoftheprisoner’sdilemmaneednotobtainifthegameisonlyoneinalongseries—playedbystudents,researchers,orcomputers,forpointsratherthanyearsinjail.Underthesecircumstancesthebeststrategyistocooperateonthefirsttrialandthendowhatevertheotherguydidlasttime.Thisstrategybecameknownastit-for-tat.Thethreatofretaliationmakesdefectionmuchlesslikelytopay.

RobertAlfred,apoliticalscientist,andWilliamHamilton,abiologist,bothattheUniversityofMichigan,discoveredbypublictournamentthatthereseemstobenostrategythatbeatstit-for-tat.Tit-for-two-tats—thatis,cooperateeveniftheotherdefectsonce,butnotifhedefectstwice—comesclosetobeatingit,butofhundredsofstrategiesthathavebeentried,noneworksbetter.

1.Whatisgametheory?

2.ThetwoguiltyaccomplicesmentionedinPara.2are（）.

3.Fortheworstsituation,whatisthetotalyearofthetwoaccomplices’sentence?

4.Whatarethebiologists’findingsforthecooperationstrategy?

5.Whatdoestit-for-two-tatsmean?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thetheorytoplaygames.

B.Itmeansplayinga“game”withcompetingstrategiestoevolutionarymysteries.

C.Itisamethodologyappliedtobotheconomyandevolution.

D.Ithelpspeopletosurvive.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.partofadrama

B.usedtofindasimplerwaytoexplainthegametheory

C.toexplainhowthepolicepunishthecrime

D.toexplainhowthegametheorycomeintobeing

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Threeyears.

B.Fiveyears.

C.Sixyears.

D.Zero

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisnoresultsincethegameisinalongseries.

B.Peoplewouldliketocooperate.

C.Peoplewouldliketocooperateandwhattheydonexttimedepends.

D.Peoplewouldlikenottocooperate.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Whenonegivestit,theotherwillgivetwotatsinresponse.

B.Whenonegivestwotats,theotherwillgivetitinresponse.

C.Tit-for-two-tatsdevelopsfromtit-for-tat.

D.Whencooperationfailsthefirsttime,therewillbeanotherchance.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到原文第一段“Theonlydifferenceisthattheeconomicgamesrewardwinnerswithmoneywhileevolutionarygamesrewardwinnerswithchancetosurviveandbreed.”中文翻譯為：而這里的唯一差異是，經(jīng)濟(jì)博弈會(huì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)贏家金錢(qián)，而進(jìn)化博弈卻獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)勝者生存和繁殖的機(jī)會(huì)。因此答案為C選項(xiàng)：一種應(yīng)用在經(jīng)濟(jì)和進(jìn)化上的方法論。

2.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“Onegameinparticularhasprovedespeciallyinformativeinbothdisciplines:theprisoner’sdilemma.”中文翻譯為：一種游戲，即囚犯的進(jìn)退兩難，尤其在這兩門(mén)學(xué)科上被證明能增長(zhǎng)見(jiàn)聞的。知B項(xiàng)“被用來(lái)去發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單的方式來(lái)解釋博弈論”符合題意。

3.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段“Soeachwillreasonthattherightthingtodoistodefect,whichresultsinthreeyearsforeachofthem.”中文翻譯為：因此，每個(gè)人將推斷，失信是正確的選擇，這導(dǎo)致他們中每個(gè)人被判3年監(jiān)禁。因此，C選項(xiàng)“6年”最符合題意。

4.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第五段“discoveredbypublictournamentthatthereseemstobenostrategythatbeatstit-for-tat.”中文翻譯為：通過(guò)公開(kāi)錦標(biāo)賽發(fā)現(xiàn)，似乎沒(méi)有打敗針?shù)h相對(duì)的策略。故D選項(xiàng)“人們不愿意去合作”最符合題意。

5.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位第五段“thatis,cooperateeveniftheotherdefectsonce,butnotifhedefectstwice.”中文翻譯為：就是說(shuō)，即使另外一個(gè)人失信了一次也合作，但是如果他失信了兩次，那么就不會(huì)進(jìn)行合作?？梢缘弥狣項(xiàng)“當(dāng)?shù)谝淮魏献魇『?，還有另外一次機(jī)會(huì)”最為符合。

8.翻譯題

1.OneofthefastestgrowingareasinInternetapplicationsistheadoptionofInternettechnologiesforthedevelopmentofcorporatenetworks.ManypublicsectorsandcommercialorganizationsthroughouttheworldareacceleratingtheirpacesinbuildingcorporatenetworksbasedonInternettechnologies,allowingthemtorollouttheirprivate“Intranets”.TheseIntranetsareusedtosupportenterpriseapplicationsandcommunicationsbothinsideandoutsidethecorporatefirewall.

2.IntranetisthenewbuzzwordreferringtotheuseoffastgrowingandrelativelyinexpensiveInternettechnologiesforthedevelopmentofenterpriseinformationandcommunicationsystems.Itgenerallyinvolvestwokeytypesofsoftware:the“browser”whichallowsuserstoscanthenetworkforusefulinformationandthe“server”whichstoresandorganizestheinformation.MajorITvendorshaveannouncedorareplanningtoannounceproductsandserviceswhichwillhelptheircustomersinrealizingthecompetitiveadvantagesmadepossiblebythesenewtechnologies.Forexample,OracleandSybasehaveunveiledtheirplanstointroducebrowsersthatincludeapplicationdevelopmenttoolsbasedonJava,aprogramminglanguagelicensedfromSunMicrosystemsInc.Thesenewtoolsetswillallowdeveloperstowritenetwork-connection-ready,web-enabledapplicationsthatlinktocorporatedatabases.

ThecreationofprivateintranetsprovidesopportunitiesforcompaniestousetheWebasacomplementoranalternativefortraditionalinternalnetworking,applicationdevelopmenttoolsandgroupwareproducts.3.Forexample,MorganStanleyandTurnerBroadcastinghavesuccessfullyimplementedtheirownIntranetswhichallowtheiremployeestoshareinformation,collaborateonprojects,andtocreateveryeffectiveworkgroupsspreadingacrosslargegeographicalregions.

WithimprovedsecuritydesignontheIntranetwhichcanbebridgedintotheInternet,manycompaniesaredevelopingnewbusinessapplicationswhichwerenottechnicallyfeasiblenoreconomicallyviableinthepast.Forexample,shippingcompaniesandcouriercompaniescanbuildcargoandparceltrackingsystemswhichallowtheirinternationalcustomers,anywhereintheworld,tologontotheirlocalInternetnetworkstoaccesssecureddatabasestoretrievethelatestinformationabouttheirshipments.

OneofthemostoftenquotedcriticismsofInternetwhenbeingconsideredforseriousbusinessapplicationsisitssecurityrisk,oritsperceivedinadequacyofsecurityfeatures.ManyfeelthattheInternetisdistributedand“uncontrolled”.Byitsveryownnature,thereisnosingleorganizationowningtheInternet,runningitorcanbeheldresponsibleforitintheconventionalsense.Intrusionmaycomefromanywhereintheworld.Tofurthercomplicatethematter,legislationandlawenforcementconcerningelectroniccrimesvarygreatlyfromonecountrytoanother.ThispresentsgreatchallengesintheprosecutionofcrimescommittedusingtheInternet.

Whilesomeofthesefeelingsandobservationsarecorrect,manyInternettechnologyprovidersthroughouttheworldareworkingveryaggressivelyinsolvingtheproblemsconcerningInternetsecurity.Usingcryptographictechniquesandnetworkmanagementtechnologies,Internetcanbeassecuredasanyprivatenetworksusedinthefinancial,commercialandnationaldefenseapplications.

TheInternetisaglobaltechnology.Itwillaffect,inmanyaspects,thewaythatweinteractwithpeople,conductourbusinesstransactions.Itwillalsochangethewaythatweacquireandshareexperienceandknowledge.4.Itunavoidablywillalteroursenseofcommunityandremovesomeoftheconstraintspreviouslyassociatedwithgeographicalboundaries.TheInternetandIntranetarepresentingopportunitiesandchallengestoindividualsandenterprises.Theywillrewardthosewiththeabilityandvisiontoharnesstheirpower,realizingtheirconstraintsandcapableofdevelopingsolutionsinovercomingtheselimitations.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】（1）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用中發(fā)展最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域采用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。全世界許多政府部門(mén)和商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)正加快步伐，創(chuàng)建基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，允許它們推銷(xiāo)秘密的“內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)”。

（2）“內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)”是一個(gè)時(shí)髦術(shù)語(yǔ)，指用發(fā)展迅速、相對(duì)廉價(jià)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)企業(yè)信息和通訊系統(tǒng)。內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)一般包含兩種重要的軟件：瀏覽器和服務(wù)器。前者允許用戶(hù)瀏覽網(wǎng)絡(luò)以獲取有用信息，后者儲(chǔ)存并整理信息。

（3）例如，摩根斯坦利金融公司和特納廣播公司成功地完成了各自的內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)，這些內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)使兩家公司的雇員共享信息，共同承擔(dān)項(xiàng)目并創(chuàng)建遍及各大洲的、效果明顯的工作組。

（4）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)必然會(huì)改變我們的社區(qū)意識(shí)并消除以往跟地理疆界聯(lián)系在一起的種種限制?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)和內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)給個(gè)人和企業(yè)帶來(lái)機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)獎(jiǎng)賞有能力和遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的人利用自己的權(quán)力，在種種局限發(fā)生時(shí)，能找到克服局限性的方案。

9.單選題

Theoutlineofthefigurewasbarely（

）inthedarkness.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.susceptible

B.perceptive

C.invisible

D.perceptible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。susceptible意為“易受影響的”；perceptive意為“有知覺(jué)力的”；invisible意為“看不見(jiàn)的”；perceptible意為“可理解的，可認(rèn)識(shí)的”。

句意：沒(méi)有一絲光，這個(gè)圖形的輪廓很難在黑暗中辨認(rèn)。

10.單選題

Shehesitatedfora（）ofasecondbeforeacceptinghischallengetoagameoftennis.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.fiction

B.function

C.friction

D.fraction

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。fiction小說(shuō);function功能;friction摩擦;fraction部分。afractionof意為"一小部分,零點(diǎn)幾",為固定搭配。句意：在接受他的網(wǎng)球挑戰(zhàn)之前,她猶豫了片刻。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

11.翻譯題

What’syourearliestmemory?Doyourememberlearningtowalk?Thebirthofasibling?Nurseryschool?Adultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergarten,justaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiences(asdistinctfromgeneralknowledge).Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurological,arguingthatthehippocampus,thebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemories,doesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildren,theycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestuckwithgrown-up“schema”,thebarebonesofnarratives.Whentheyi.ilTlethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffratimentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeleton，accordingtothistheory,theydon’tfindanythatIt'sliketryingtofindaFrenchwordinanEnglishindex.(1)

NowpsychologistKatharineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.ShearguesthatChildrendon’tevenformlasting,long-termmemoriesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-term，fleetingrecollectionsofthemintopermanentinemories.(2)Inotherwords,childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthemhearMomrecountthatday’striptothedinosaurmuseum,hearDadrememberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark.

Whyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrative?Nelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtime，forinstance，remembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.(3)Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrative，Nelsonsuggests，isthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmeinory’’，thespecificremembrancesthatfomione’slifestory.(4)(Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe.)

Language,ofcourse,isthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.Inparticular,achildinustrecognizethataretellingofthatmuseumtrip，sayisjustthetripitselfinanothermedium，thatofspeechratherthanexperience.(5)Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayeven,bythen,havelearnednottoblurtthemoutinpublic.

【答案】1.根據(jù)這種理論，當(dāng)他們（即成年人）飛快地“翻閱大腦文件柜”希望通過(guò)尋找童年記憶的片斷來(lái)支撐這一敘事框架吋，他們找不到任何合適的記憶片斷。

2.她認(rèn)為，只有通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)他人對(duì)那些經(jīng)歷的描述，從而將自己稍縱即逝的短期記憶變成永久性記憶，兒童才能形成持久的長(zhǎng)期記憶。

3.例如，那些母親在臨睡前談?wù)撘惶斓幕顒?dòng)的孩子，比那些母親不提供這種小說(shuō)框架的孩子對(duì)于一天的特殊事件記住得更多。

4.納爾遜提出，學(xué)會(huì)將記憶構(gòu)成一種長(zhǎng)期存在的敘述，是形成永久性“自傳式記憶”(即構(gòu)成一個(gè)人生平故事的特定記憶)的關(guān)鍵。

5.尤其是兒童必須認(rèn)識(shí)到諸如博物館之旅的復(fù)述恰恰也是一次出行，只不過(guò)換了一種形式，用言語(yǔ)替代了經(jīng)歷。

12.填空題

YesterdayIgavemymother（1）orangesweaterfor（2）birthday.

句意:昨天，我送了一件橘色的羊毛衫給我媽媽做生日禮物。

【答案】1.an

2.her

【解析】1.語(yǔ)法題。考查不定冠詞。這里表示“送了一件橘色的羊毛衫”,此處應(yīng)填一個(gè)不定冠詞。orange的發(fā)音為元音開(kāi)始，故應(yīng)該選不定冠詞an。

2.語(yǔ)法題。考查人稱(chēng)代詞所有格。這里填her表示“她的”。

13.單選題

Nearlyeverybodycheats,butusuallyonlyalittle.ThatisoneofthethemesinDnanelAriely’snewbook“the(Honest)TruthAboutDishonesty”.Mostofusthinkweareverywonderful.Wecancheatatalittleandstillkeepthat“goodparson”identity.

Ariely,whoisoneofthemostcreativesocialscientistsontheplanet,hadoneblindcolleagueandonesightedcolleaguetakerides.Thedriverscheatedthesightedcolleaguebytakinglongroutesmuchmoreoftenthantheycheatedtheblindone,eventhoughshewouldhavebeeneasiertomislead.Theywouldhavefeltguiltycheatingablindwoman.Arielypointsoutthatwearedrivenbymoralitymuchmorethanstandardeconomicmodelsallow.ButIwasstruckbywhatyoumightcallthegoodpersonconstructandthemoralcalculusitimplies.Forthepastseveralcenturies,mostwesternerswouldhaveidentifiedthemselvesfundamentallyasdepravedsinners.Inthisconstruct,sinissomethingyoufightlikearecurringcancer―partofadailybattleagainstevil.

Butthesedays,peoplearemorelikelytobelieveintheiressentialgoodness.Peoplewholivebythegoodpersonconstructtrytobalancetheirvirtuousself-imagewiththeirselfishdesires.Theytrytomanagethemoralplusesandminusesandkeeptheiroverallrecordinpositiveterritory.Inthisconstruct,morallifeismorelikedieting:thegoodpersonisn’tshootingforperfectionandmorethanmostdietersarefollowingtheirdiet100percent.It’senoughtobeworkablysuboptimalandagenerallygoodguy.

Obviously,though,there’sameasurementproblem.Youcanbuyaweightscaletogetanobjectivemeasureofyourdiet.Butyoucan’tbuyascaleofvirustoputonthebathroomfloor.Andgivenourawesomecapacitiesforrationalizationandself-deception,mostofusaregoingtomeasureourselvesleniently.IwashonestwiththatblindpassengerbecauseIamawonderfulperson.Icheatedthesightedonebecausesheprobablyhastoomuchmoneyanyway.

Thekeyjobinthegoodpersonconstructistomanageyourrationalizationsandself-deceptionstokeepthemfromgettingconspicuous.Arielysuggestsyouresetyourmoralgaugefromtimetotime.Yourmoralstandardswillgraduallyslipasyoubecomemoreandmorecomfortableyou’reyourownrationalizations.

I’daddthatyoureallyshouldn’tshootforgoodness,whichissovague.We’remostlyunqualifiedtojudgeourownmoralperformance,soattachyourselftosomeexteriororsocialstandards.Andaswegoaboutdoingourgoodpersonmoraleducations,itmightbeworthasking:Isthisgoodenough?

1.TowhichofthefollowingstatementwouldArielyagree?

2.Westerntraditionalculturemaintainedthathumannatureis（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,goodpersonconstruct

（

）.

4.Theword“l(fā)eniently”inparagraph4mostprobablymeans（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.AbitofdeceptioninvitesnoHarm.

B.Weareunlikelytobetrulyhonest.

C.Wearedrivenbyeconomicmodels.

D.Peopletendtoclingtomoralcodes.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.inherentlygood

B.subjecttoexteriorinfluence

C.geneticallydetermined

D.originallyevil

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.isdesirableforitsmoralimplications

B.contributetotheresistancetoinnersin

C.ismorelikelytoencouragedishonesty

D.caneaseconflictsbetweenvirtuesandselfishness

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.honestly

B.falsely

C.tolerantly

D.subjectively

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Nearlyeverybodycheats,butusuallyonlyalittle.ThatisoneofthethemesinDnanelAriely’snewbook“the(Honest)TruthAboutDishonesty”.（幾乎人人都會(huì)欺騙他人，雖然通常只是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。這也是DnanelAriely的新書(shū)《不誠(chéng)實(shí)的事實(shí)》中的主題之一）可知B選項(xiàng)“我們不太可能真正誠(chéng)實(shí)”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Forthepastseveralcenturies,mostwesternerswouldhaveidentifiedthemselvesfundamentallyasdepravedsinners.（在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里，大多數(shù)西方人都會(huì)認(rèn)定自己從根本上是墮落的罪人）可知選D，西方傳統(tǒng)文化認(rèn)為人性本惡。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的It’senoughtobeworkablysuboptimalandagenerallygoodguy.（成為一個(gè)欠佳的人，但總體上是一個(gè)好人就足夠了）可推測(cè)在goodpersonconstruct結(jié)構(gòu)下人們對(duì)自己的要求降低了，以及本文主要講的是關(guān)于誠(chéng)實(shí)的話(huà)題，那么人們也就不那么誠(chéng)實(shí)了，因此選C。

4.詞義題。honestly意為“誠(chéng)實(shí)地”；falsely意為“虛偽地，不實(shí)地”；tolerantly意為“寬容地，包容地”；subjectively意為“主觀地”。由Andgivenourawesomecapacitiesforrationalizationandself-deception,mostofusaregoingtomeasureourselvesleniently.（鑒于我們?cè)诤侠砘妥云燮廴朔矫媪钊司次返哪芰?，我們大多?shù)人都會(huì)……衡量自己）可知我們會(huì)用欺騙的手段合理化自己行為，因此排除A、D選項(xiàng)；由leniently后面句中的Iamawonderfulperson可知我們給自己的定位是好人，可排除B選項(xiàng)，因此選C。

14.單選題

Someparentsdidnotappear（）theirchildrentosummerschools.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tofavortosend

B.tofavorsending

C.favoringtosend

D.thattheyfavortosend

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞搭配辨析。appear后面接不定式，appeartodo，好像做了某事，排除C；favor后面接動(dòng)名詞，favordoingsth.，喜歡、贊成做某事，排除A，D。句意：一些家長(zhǎng)似乎不贊成把孩子送到暑期學(xué)校。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

WhenthenovelistJodiPicoultwasapproachedtowriteafewinstallmentsofthe"WonderWoman"comicsseries,herfirst_______wastotakethecharacteroutofhertrademark.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conspiracy

B.subversion

C.impulse

D.dissipation

【答案】C

【解析】conspiracy共謀,陰謀;subversion顛覆,破壞;impulse推動(dòng),剌激;dissipation消散,分散。句意：當(dāng)小說(shuō)家JodiPicoult被邀請(qǐng)為《神奇女俠》系列漫畫(huà)寫(xiě)一些情節(jié)時(shí),她的第一個(gè)想法就是把這個(gè)角色從自己的性格特征中脫離出來(lái)。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

16.單選題

Afterfouryearsinthesamejob,hisenthusiasmfinally（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.deteriorated

B.dispersed

C.dissipated

D.drained

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)deteriorate“惡化，變壞”；B選項(xiàng)disperse“分散；消散”；C選項(xiàng)dissipate“驅(qū)散；放蕩”；D選項(xiàng)drain“逐漸消失；流干”。句意：在做同樣的工作四年后，他的激情逐漸消失了。根據(jù)句意可知D選項(xiàng)正確。

17.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

MylastflighttoRomelandedatstupido’clockinthemorningsoIwasalmostlookingforwardtogettingacupofhotcoffeefromtheflightcrew.Instead,IoptedforholdingmyeyelidsupwithtwofingerssoIcouldfindthefirstcoffeeshopintheairport.Coffeealwaystastesterribleonplanesandtherecouldbeasimple—anddisgusting—reasonwhy.

Acoupleofweeksago,anassortmentofairlineemployeesspilledsomeoftheirindustry’ssecretsinanAskRedditthread,andtwoofthemhadsomeunpleasantthingstosayaboutthecoffee-makers.AusernamedMuddbutt7wrote:

“Sometimes,thevehiclethatfillsthepotablewaterforwashinghandsandmakingcoffeeisparkednexttothevehiclethatinusedtodumpthe[toilets]andfillthebluejuiceforthelavatories.They’renotsupposedto.Sometimes,theyparkedatadistancefromeachother,whichispolicy,yettheguywhoisfillingthewaterisusingglovesthathehasn’tinover2years.”

WhileasecondusernamedWorsetoadded:

“Thecoffeeisabsolutelydisgustingbecausenoonewashesthecontainerthatgoesouteverymorning.Thestationagentswhogetpaidwaytoolittledon’tgivea[expletive]aboutcleaningit.Icertainlydidn’twhenIworkedforAA.Also,becauseweweren’tgiventhepropersuppliestocleanit.Weprettymuchjustrinseditoutanddumpedcoffeeintoit.‘‘

Afterreadingthosesortofstomach-churningconfessions,HuffingtonPostattemptedtodeterminehowtruethosestatementsare.AbbieUnger,aformerflightattendant,toldthesite:

“Itistruethattheportablewatertanksarenotcleaned.Buttheyareonlyfilledwithpotable(drinkable)water,soit’snotlikethereisoldcoffeeinabigcontainersomewhere.Thewaterdoesn’tmakeforanexcellentcupofcoffee,butit’snotunsafe.”

Sobasically,thereasonthatcupofStarbucksduringyourDeltaflighttastesworsethanthecupyouhadattheairportisbecauseofthewater,whichisapointthathasbeenraisedpreviously.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencybeganinvestigatingthesafetyofthewateronairplanesin2004,afterdiscoveringthat15%—or1.5outofevery10planes—testedpositiveforcoliformbacteriainthedrinkingwater.

In2013,NBC5lookedintowhetherthosenumbershadimprovedanddiscoveredthat12%ofplaneshadatleastonepositivetestforcoliforminwhatwasthentheEPA’smostrecentsurvey.AlthoughtheEPAsaidthattherehadnotbeenanycasesofanyonegettingsickfromthewateronboardaplane,insidersstillsaythatthetanks—andthehosesthatareusedtofillthem—canbeprettygross(“prettygross”isahighlyscientificterm).

InaForbespiececalled“WhyAirlineCrewsSkiptheCoffeeandTeaOnBoard”,formerUSAiremployeeJohnGogliawrote:

“ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasworkingforUSAir,webeganaprocesstobleachthewatertanksthatholdthewaterandflushoutthesystem.Thiswasdoneonaregularbasis.Yet,itwascleartoanyoneworkingonthesetanksandtheirhosesthatalotofsedimentwasaccumulatinginthesystem,sedimentthatwasakintopondscum.Evenafterthetankswerebleachedandflushed,somesedimentalwaysremained.”

Ofcourse,therecouldbeotherreasonswhythecoffeetastessounpleasant.CornellUniversityscientistsbelievethattheloud,inescapablesoundofcabinnoisecanaffectthewaywebothperceiveandtastefoodsduringflight.Eitherway,wemightjuststickwithcoffeeservedatgroundlevelfromnowon.

1.Whatattitudesdidtheauthorhavetowardsthecoffeeonplanesaccordingtothepassage?

2.（）isbasicallythecauseoftheterriblecoffeetasteonplanes.

3.Accordingtothecontext,whatpossiblyistheChinesemeaningoftheword“coliform”inParagraph9?

4.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaccordingtoUSAiremployeeJohnGoglia?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.longing

B.negative

C.indifferent

D.melancholy

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theunwashedcontainerthatgoesouteverymorning

B.Theunchangedglovesofthecrewmember

C.Thewaterusedformakingcoffee

D.Theimpropersuppliesusedtocleanthecontainer

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.大腸菌

B.幽門(mén)螺桿菌

C.沙門(mén)氏菌

D.曲狀桿菌

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Therewasaregularprocesstobleachthewatertanksandflushoutthesystem.

B.Alotofsedimentwasaccumulatinginthetanksandtheirhoses.

C.Noneofthesedimentremainedaftercleaning.

D.Sedimentwassimilartopondscum

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Whatattitudesdidtheauthorhavetowardsthecoffeeonplanesaccordingtothepassage?1.根據(jù)文章，作者對(duì)飛機(jī)上的咖啡有什么態(tài)度？

A.longingA.渴望的

B.negativeB.消極的，負(fù)面的

C.indifferentC.冷漠的

D.melancholyD.憂(yōu)郁的

【考查點(diǎn)】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段最后一句“在飛機(jī)上喝咖啡總是很難喝（Coffeealwaystastesterrible），原因可能很簡(jiǎn)單，也很惡心”，可知，作者對(duì)飛機(jī)上的咖啡的態(tài)度是負(fù)面的。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“渴望的”、C選項(xiàng)“冷漠的”和D選項(xiàng)“憂(yōu)郁的”不符合原文，曲解原文。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.______isbasicallythecauseoftheterriblecoffeetasteonplanes.2.______基本上是飛機(jī)上咖啡味道糟糕的原因。

A.TheunwashedcontainerthatgoesouteverymorningA.每天早上送出去的未清洗的容器

B.TheunchangedglovesofthecrewmemberB.機(jī)組人員不變的手套

C.ThewaterusedformakingcoffeeC.用來(lái)煮咖啡的水

D.TheimpropersuppliesusedtocleanthecontainerD.用于清潔容器的不當(dāng)用品

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第八段第一句“所以基本上（Sobasically），你在達(dá)美航班上喝一杯星巴克比在機(jī)場(chǎng)喝一杯味道更差的原因是水（becauseofthewater），這一點(diǎn)之前已經(jīng)提過(guò)了”，理解可知，飛機(jī)上的咖啡味道很糟糕的原因在水。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“每天早上送出去的未清洗的容器”、B選項(xiàng)“機(jī)組人員不變的手套”和D選項(xiàng)“用于清潔容器的不當(dāng)用品”只是制作咖啡的衛(wèi)生令人惡心的原因，文中并沒(méi)有提到這是咖啡味道糟糕的原因，張冠李戴。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Accordingtothecontext,whatpossiblyistheChinesemeaningoftheword“coliform”inParagraph9?3.根據(jù)文章，第9段中“coliform”一詞的中文含義可能是什么？

A.大腸桿菌A.大腸桿菌

B.幽門(mén)螺桿菌B.幽門(mén)螺桿菌

C.沙門(mén)氏菌C.沙門(mén)氏菌

D.曲狀桿菌D.曲狀桿菌

【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測(cè)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞coliform定位至第九段第一句“環(huán)境保護(hù)局在2004年調(diào)查飛機(jī)上水的安全時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)15%的飛機(jī)飲用水里含有coliformbacteria”，根據(jù)常識(shí)，在水中存活引起人腸道疾病的細(xì)菌為大腸菌。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B選項(xiàng)“幽門(mén)螺桿菌”、C選項(xiàng)“沙門(mén)氏菌”和D選項(xiàng)“曲狀桿菌”都不符合這一分析，曲解原文。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaccordingtoUSAiremployeeJohnGoglia?4.根據(jù)美國(guó)航空公司員工約翰?哥利亞的說(shuō)法，以下哪項(xiàng)是不正確的？

A.Therewasaregularprocesstobleachthewatertanksandflushoutthesystem.A