考研考博-英語-廣州大學松田學院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣州大學松田學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

______he’salreadyheardthenews.

問題1選項

A.Chancesare

B.Chanceis

C.Opportunitiesare

D.Opportunityis

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定表達。（the）chancesare+句子，這是一種口語的表達方法，表示很有可能的意思。選項A符合題意。

2.單選題

Apopularwayofkeepingfitistogo（）,whichisakindofslow-tomedium-pacedrunning.

問題1選項

A.trotting

B.sauntering

C.strolling

D.jogging

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項trot“小跑”；B選項saunter“漫步；閑逛”；C選項stroll“漫步；閑逛；巡回演出”；D選項jog“慢跑；輕推，輕撞”。句意：保持健康的流行方式是去慢跑，其是一種緩慢到中等步伐的跑步。結(jié)合此處語境，D選項正確。

3.單選題

Instudyingsocialgroups,sociologistsoftengain（）throughtheuseofsuchdevicesasquestionnaires.

問題1選項

A.assess

B.credibility

C.understanding

D.insight

【答案】A

【解析】gainaccess（to）為固定搭配,意為“接近,獲得權(quán)限,得到（信息,資源等）”,這里省略了介詞to。選項A正確。

4.單選題

Inthe1930s,whenmillionsofcomicbookswere______theyoungwithfightingandkilling,nobodyseemedtonoticethattheviolenceofcarsinthestreetswasmorehysterical.

問題1選項

A.inundating

B.imitating

C.immolating

D.insulating

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項inundating“泛濫；使充滿”；B選項imitating“模仿”；C選項immolating“獻祭；犧牲”；D選項insulating“隔離”。句意：在20世紀30年代，數(shù)以百萬計的漫畫書______年輕人的戰(zhàn)斗和殺戮，似乎沒有人注意到，街道上的汽車暴力比這更歇斯底里。根據(jù)語境，這里是漫畫書里有很多年輕人的暴力因素，所以inundating“泛濫；使充滿”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

5.單選題

heboarddeemediturgentthatthesefiles（）rightaway.

問題1選項

A.hadtobeprinted

B.shouldhavebeenprinted

C.havebeenprinted

D.beprinted

【答案】D

【解析】語法題。當句中出現(xiàn)deem,suggest,insist,require等表主觀愿望的詞時,

從句需要使用虛擬語氣,

即should+動詞原形,should可省略。根據(jù)句意：委員會認為迫切需要立即把這些文件打印出來。由此可知文件還沒打印,

所以不用完成時。選項D正確。

6.單選題

Understandingisoneofthemostimportant（

）ofahappymarriage.

問題1選項

A.initiatives

B.ingredients

C.proverbs

D.possessions

【答案】B

【解析】initiative主動權(quán),首創(chuàng)精神；ingredients要素,組成部分；proverb諺語,格言；possession擁有,財產(chǎn)。句意:理解是幸福婚姻最重要的因素之一。選項B符合句意。

7.翻譯題

ChinaDreamistheguidingideologyputforwardbyPresidentXiJinping.HebelievesthatitisthegreatestdreamoftheChinesenationinmoderntimes,andstatesthatthedreamcandefinitelyberealizeD.ThecoreobjectiveofChinaDreamistoachievethegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation.Tobemorespecific,thatistorealizenationalprosperityandrejuvenation,aswellasthewell-beingofpeople.Anditsfundamentalrequirementistobuildawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway.Onlywhenthecountryisdevelopedcomprehensivelyandscientifically,canindividualsrealizetheirdreams.Similarly,onlywheneveryoneisfullofpassion,canChinaDreambebeautiful.

【答案】中國夢，是習近平主席提出的指導思想。他認為，這是近代以來中華民族最偉大的夢想，這個夢想一定能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。中國夢的核心目標是實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興。具體來說，就是要實現(xiàn)國家富強、民族振興、人民幸福。其根本要求是全面建設(shè)小康社會。只有國家全面科學發(fā)展，個人才能實現(xiàn)自己的夢想。同樣，只有每個人都充滿激情，中國夢才會美麗。

8.單選題

Itiseasytocomplicatethings,toindulgein“somethingtodo”or“somethingtothinkabout”insteadofstillingthemonkey-mind,findingthefutilityofcontrivedactionwhichleadsonlytoseparation,hardness,ethics,self-righteousness,andultimatestrife.

問題1選項

A.flux

B.paradox

C.conformity

D.uselessness

【答案】D

【解析】句意：人們很容易把事情復(fù)雜化，沉迷于“要做的事”或“想的事”，而不是擯棄浮躁的心態(tài)，發(fā)現(xiàn)人的那些做作行為是徒勞的，只會導致分離、冷酷、道德、自以為是和最終的沖突。劃線詞futility表明thecontrivedaction的一種性質(zhì)，而這種“做作的行為”后有定語從句修飾，表示它們只會帶來不好的結(jié)果，futility也應(yīng)表示不好的現(xiàn)象。A選項flux“流量”；B選項paradox“悖論”；C選項conformity“一致”；D選項uselessness“誤用，無效”。四個選項中，D選項色彩十分明確，符合句意，因此D選項正確。

9.單選題

They（

）theirhuntingskillsforthelifeofsettledfarmers.

問題1選項

A.forsook

B.forged

C.sacrificed

D.reserved

【答案】A

【解析】句意:為了過著穩(wěn)定的農(nóng)民生活,他們放棄了狩獵技能。選項A符合句意。

10.單選題

Peoplehavebeendonatingbloodsincetheearlytwentiethcenturytohelpaccidentvictimsandpatientsundergoingsurgicalprocedures.Usuallyapintofwholebloodisdonated,anditisthendividedintoplatelets,whitebloodcells,andredbloodcells.Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths.

Transfusingthebloodfromthedonortotherecipientisstraightforward.D.Itinvolvestakingthebloodfromadonor’sarmveinbymeansofahypodermicsyringe.Thebloodflowsthroughaplastictubetoacollectionbagorbottlethatcontainssodiumcitrate,whichpreventsthebloodfromclotting.

Whenthebloodisgiventoapatient,aplastictubeandhypodermicneedleareconnectedtotherecipient’sarm.Thebloodflowsdownfromthecontainerbygravity.Thisisaslowprocessandmaylastaslongas2hourstocompletetheinfusionofbloodintotherecipient.Thepatientisprotectedfrombeinginfectedduringthetransfusion.Onlysterilecontainers,tubing,andneedlesareused,andthishelpsensurethattransfusedorstoredbloodisnotexposedtodisease-causingbacteria.

Negativereactionstotransfusionsarenotunusual.Therecipientmaysufferanallergicreactionorbesensitivetodonorleukocytes.Somemaysufferfromanundetectedred-cellincompatibility.Unexplainedreactionsarealsofairlycommon.Althoughtheyarerare,othercausesofsuchnegativereactionsincludecontaminatedblood,airbubblesintheblood,overloadingofthecirculatorysystemthroughadministrationofexcessblood,orsensitivitytodonorplasmaorplatelets.

Today,hospitalsandbloodbanksgotogreatlengthstoscreenallblooddonorsandtheirblood.D.Alldonatedbloodisroutinelyandrigorouslytestedfordiseases,suchasHIV(whichcauseAIDS),hepatitisB,andsyphilis.Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement.Donatedbloodiswashed,andthewhitebloodcellsandplateletsareremoved.

Storingthebloodsometimesrequiresafreezingprocess,tofreezetheredbloodcells,aglycerolsolutionisadded.D.Tounfreeze,theglycerolisremoved.D.Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth.

1.Accordingtothispassage,howoftencanpeopledonatebloodforredbloodcells?

2.Whichsentenceinparagraph2explainshowclottingispreventedinthebloodcontainer?

3.AllofthefollowingarementionedaspotentialnegativereactionstotransfusionsEXCEPT?

4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutbloodtransfusedtoinfantsandnewborns?

5.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Everymonth

B.Everytwomonths

C.Everythreemonths

D.Everyyear

問題2選項

A.Thefirstsentence

B.Thesecondsentence

C.Thethirdsentence

D.Noneoftheabove

問題3選項

A.allergies

B.sensitivitytodonorleukocytes

C.red-cellincompatibility

D.airbubblesintheblood

問題4選項

A.Itisasrigorouslytestedasbloodforadults

B.Itistreatedwithradiantenergy

C.Itisnottreateddifferentlyfromadults

D.Itisnotdangerousforchildren

問題5選項

A.Transfusingbloodisadangerousprocess

B.Freezingblooddestroysplatelets

C.Clottingcannotbeprevented

D.Storingbloodbenefitsmankind

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句話提到的內(nèi)容Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths可知選項B符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。第二段第一句話提到把獻血的血液輸血給接受者很簡單。第二句話提到通過皮下注射器從獻血者手臂的靜脈中抽取血液。第三句話提到檸檬酸鈉可以防止血液凝固。因此可知是第三句話講述了如何防止血液凝固，選項C符合題意。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第四段前三句話，可以排除A、B、C三個選項，因此選項D符合題意。

4.細節(jié)事實題。文章第五段倒數(shù)第二句話提到當接受者是新生兒或嬰兒時，通常對血液進行輻射處理以消除有害的毒素（Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement），由此可知選項B符合題意。

5.細節(jié)事實題。文章第六段最后一句話提到長期儲存血液的能力對人類健康大有裨益（Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth），因此選項D符合題意。

11.單選題

ThefirstEnglishattemptstocolonizeNorthAmericawerecontrolledbyindividualsratherthancompanies.SirHumphreyGilbertwasthefirstEnglishmantosendcoloniststotheNewWorld.Hisinitialexpedition,whichsailedin1578withapatentgrantedbyQueenElizabethwasdefeatedbytheSpanish.Asecondattemptendedindisasterin1583,whenGilbertandhisshipwerelostinastorm.Inthefollowingyear,Gilbert’shalfbrother,SirWaterRaleigh,havingobtainedarenewalofthepatent,sponsoredanexpeditionthatexploredthecoastoftheregionthathenamed“Virginia”.UnderRaleigh’sdirectioneffortswerethenmadetoestablishacolonyonRoanokeIslandin1585and1587.ThesurvivorsofthefirstsettlementonRoanokereturnedtoEnglandin1586,butthesecondgroupofcolonistsdisappearedwithoutleavingatrace.ThefailureoftheGilbertandRaleighventuresmadeitclearthatthetaskstheyhadundertakenweretoobigforanyonecolonizer.Withinashorttimethetradingcompanyhadsupplantedtheindividualpromoterofcolonization.

1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

2.ThepassagestateswhichofthefollowingaboutthefirstEnglishpeopletobeinvolvedinestablishingcoloniesinNorthAmerica?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSirHumphreyGilbertistrue?

4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutmembersofthefirstRoanokesettlement?

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesecondsettlementonRoanokeIslandistrue?

問題1選項

A.TheRegulationofTradingCompanies.

B.British-SpanishRivalryintheNewWorld.

C.EarlyAttemptsatColonizingNorthAmerica.

D.RoyalPatentsIssuedinthe16thCentury.

問題2選項

A.TheywererequestedtodosobyQueenElizabeth.

B.Theyweremembersoflargetradingcompanies.

C.Theywereimmediatelysuccessful.

D.Theywereactingontheirown.

問題3選項

A.HeneversettledinNorthAmerica.

B.Histradingcompanywasgivenapatentbythequeen.

C.HefoughttheSpanishtwice.

D.Hediedin1587.

問題4選項

A.Theyexploredtheentirecoastalregion.

B.Somedidnotsurvive.

C.Theynamedthearea“Virginia”.

D.Mostwerenotexperiencedsailors.

問題5選項

A.ItssettlersallgaveupandreturnedtoEngland.

B.Itlastedforseveralyears.

C.Thefateofitsinhabitantsisunknown.

D.ItwasconqueredbytheSpanish.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。整個文章從吉爾伯特第一次嘗試殖民北美到最后英國成功殖民北美的過程，所以C選項“殖民北美的早期嘗試”正確。A選項“貿(mào)易公司的管理”和B選項“英國和西班牙在新世界的競爭”不是表達的重點。D選項“皇家專利頒發(fā)于16世紀”錯誤，這個是伊麗莎白女王允許吉爾伯特到北美的專利。因此C選項正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一句ThefirstEnglishattemptstocolonizeNorthAmericawerecontrolledbyindividualsratherthancompanies.（英國第一次殖民北美的嘗試是由個人而不是公司控制的。），可知他們自己決定怎樣行動，D選項“他們自主行動”正確。A選項“伊麗莎白女王要求他們這樣做”：根據(jù)第三句Hisinitialexpedition,whichsailedin1578withapatentgrantedbyQueenElizabeth（他的第一次遠征是在1578年，并獲得了伊麗莎白女王授予的專利權(quán)），可知不是伊麗莎白女王要求的，故錯誤。B選項“他們是大型貿(mào)易公司的成員”文中沒有提到。C選項“他們很快就成功了”：在1578年和1583年分別進行了兩次嘗試，都失敗了，可知進展不順利，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三句Hisinitialexpedition…wasdefeatedbytheSpanish.（他的第一次遠征……被西班牙擊退。），和第四句Asecondattemptendedindisasterin1583,whenGilbertandhisshipwerelostinastorm.（第二次嘗試于1583年以災(zāi)難告終，當時吉爾伯特和他的船在一場風暴中喪生。），可知只有一次和西班牙交戰(zhàn)，而非兩次，吉爾伯特死于1583年，故C選項“他和西班牙人打了兩次仗”和D選項“他死于1587年”錯誤；吉爾伯特兩次以失敗告終，沒有到達北美，A選項“他從未在北美定居”符合題意。B選項“他的貿(mào)易公司被女王授予了專利權(quán)”：根據(jù)第五句Inthefollowingyear,Gilbert’shalfbrother,SirWaterRaleigh,havingobtainedarenewalofthepatent（第二年，吉爾伯特同父異母的兄弟沃特?羅利爵士獲得了專利的續(xù)期。），可知是個人而非公司得到專利權(quán)，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三句ThesurvivorsofthefirstsettlementonRoanokereturnedtoEnglandin1586（在羅阿諾克建立第一個殖民地的幸存者于1586年回到英國），可知B選項“一些人沒有存活下來”正確。A選項“他們探索了整個沿海地區(qū)”和C選項“他們把這個地區(qū)命名為弗吉尼亞”：根據(jù)文章第五句Inthefollowingyear,Gilbert’shalfbrother,SirWaterRaleigh…sponsoredanexpeditionthatexploredthecoastoftheregionthathenamed“Virginia”.（第二年，吉爾伯特同父異母的兄弟沃特?羅利爵士……贊助了一次探險，探索他稱之為“弗吉尼亞”的地區(qū)的海岸。），可知弗吉尼亞是沃特?羅利叫的，而不是大家這么叫，也沒有探索整個沿海地區(qū)。不符合文章內(nèi)容。和D選項“大多數(shù)人都沒有經(jīng)驗”文中沒有提到。因此B選項正確。

5.語義推測題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三句ThesurvivorsofthefirstsettlementonRoanokereturnedtoEnglandin1586,butthesecondgroupofcolonistsdisappearedwithoutleavingatrace.（在羅阿諾克建立第一個殖民地的幸存者于1586年回到英國，但第二批殖民者消失得無影無蹤。），可知第一批殖民者回到英國，第二批殖民者不知道具體情況，C選項“在那里的居民命運未知”正確，A選項“在那里的定居者都放棄了，回到了英國”錯誤。B選項“持續(xù)了好幾年”和D選項“被西班牙人征服”文中沒有提到。因此C選項正確。

12.單選題

Opponentsofaffirmativeactionsaythebattleovertheuseofraceincollegeadmissionsishardlyover,despitetheSupremeCourt’srulingMondayupholdingthegoalofadiversestudentbody.Highereducationleadersoverwhelminglyhailedthedecision,sayingitreaffirmedpoliciesusedbymostselectivecollegesanduniversities.Butsomecriticsraisedthepossibilityofmorelawsuits,andpromisedtocontinuepressuringtheDepartmentofEducation’sOfficeofCivilRightstoinvestigatequestionablepolicies.“We’retalkingaboutadmissionsprograms,scholarships,anyprogram,onlyforminoritiesorinwhichthestandardsusedtojudgeadmissionsaresubstantiallydifferent.”saysLindaChavez,founderandpresidentoftheCenterforEqualOpportunity,aconservativenon-profitgroup.

Otherssaythey'lltaketheircasetovoters.“Wehavetoseriouslycontestallthisattheballotbox.”SaysUniversityofCaliforniaregentWardCannerly,whohelpedwinvoterapprovalofCalifornia'sProposition209,whichprohibitsconsideringraceorgenderinpubliceducation,hiringandcontracting.Becauseofthatlaw,Monday’srulinghadnopracticalimpactinthestate.“Itmaybetimeforusto...letthe(Michigan)votersdecideiftheywanttouseraceasafactorinadmissions.”ConnerlysaidMonday.

Meanwhile,U.S.EducationSecretaryRodPaige,consistentwithPresidentBush'sstanceopposingaffirmativeaction,saidtheDepartmentofEducationwill“continueexaminingandhighlightingeffectiverace-neutralapproachestoensurebroadaccesstoanddiversitywithinourpublicinstitutions.”EvenSupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connor,inoneoftheopinions,recommendedthatstateslookforsessionsinrace-neutralprogramsbeingtriedinCaliforniaandelsewhere.Whiletherulingsaidadmissionsofficialsmayconsiderraceintheselectionprocess,collegesanduniversitiesarenotobligatedtodoso.“Ultimatelyinthedebate,diversityisachoice,notalegalmandate,’’saysArthurColeman,aformerDepartmentofEducationofficialwhonowhelpscollegesanduniversitiesensureconstitutionalpolicies.

Thepublic,too,remainsconflicted,largelyalongraciallines.AccordingtoaJanuarypollbythenon-profitresearchorganizationPublicAgenda,79%ofAmericanssaiditisimportantforcollegestohavearaciallydiversestudentbody,whilejust54%saidaffirmativeactionprogramsshouldcontinue.InaGalluppollconducteddaysbeforetheruling,49%ofadultssaidtheyfavoraffirmativeactionand43%didnot,withblacksandHispanicsfarmorelikelytofavorthepracticethanwhites.AndsomeeducatorsdoubtthatwithMonday’sruling,thoseopposingaffirmativeactionwillchangetheirminds.

Fornow,admissionsofficialsanduniversitylawyersareporingovertherulingtodeterminehoworwhethertoadjustpolicies.Whilemosttendtobeclosed-mouthedaboutadmissionspolicies,maysaytheydon’texpectsignificantchanges.

1.Whatthecriticssaidinthefirstparagraphamountstotheideathat（

）

2.ConnerlyinsiststhattheCourt'srulingshould（

）.

3.WhatistheattitudeoftheDepartmentofEducationtowardsaffirmativeaction?

4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutaffirmativeactionaccordingtothetext?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatoneofthemajorobjectivesofaffirmativeactionisto（

）

問題1選項

A.noadmissionpoliciesbasedonraceshouldbeimplemented.

B.minorityapplicantsbasedonraceshouldbeimplemented.

C.differentstandardsforadmittingminoritystudentsshouldbesetup.

D.selectivecollegesanduniversitiesshouldbepunishedfortheirdiscriminatorypolicies.

問題2選項

A.winapprovalfromCalifornianvotersbeforeitisputineffect.

B.becontestedbytheMichiganvoterswithanopinionpoll.

C.beappliedinsomestatesbeforeitisextendedtootherstates.

D.producetheintendedpracticaleffectbeforeitiswidelyaccepted.

問題3選項

A.Neutrality

B.Objection

C.Approval

D.Indifference

問題4選項

A.Avastmajorityofpeoplesupportit.

B.Theminoritiesclaimittobeadiscriminatorypolicy.

C.Theminoritystudentsaremorelikelytowelcomeit.

D.TheCourt’sdecisionwillcertainlychangepeople’sattitudetoit.

問題5選項

A.ensurerace-neutralprogramsaresetupincollegesanduniversities.

B.adapttheSupremeCourt’srulingtocollegesituations.

C.formulatetherightpoliciesforcollegeadmissions.

D.discouragethepracticeofracialdiscriminationincollegeadmissions.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)題。第一段：Butsomecriticsraisedthepossibilityofmorelawsuits,andpromisedtocontinuepressuringtheDepartmentofEducation’sOfficeofCivilRightstoinvestigatequestionablepolicies(反對者們提出了更多訴訟的可能性，并承諾繼續(xù)向教育部民權(quán)辦公室施壓，要求其調(diào)查可疑的招生政策)。故選A(不應(yīng)實施偏向少數(shù)民族的入學政策)。

2.細節(jié)題。定位至第二段Connerly所說:Itmaybetimeforusto...letthe(Michigan)votersdecideiftheywanttouseraceasafactorinadmissions(我們也許應(yīng)該讓密歇根州的選民們來決定他們是否贊同將種族當做錄取因素)。故選B。

3.推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞DepartmentofEducation定位至第三段:U.S.EducationSecretaryRodPaige,consistentwithPresidentBush’sstanceopposingaffirmativeaction,saidtheDepartmentofEducationwill“continueexaminingandhighlightingeffectiverace-neutralapproachestoensurebroadaccesstoanddiversitywithinourpublicinstitutions(與布什總統(tǒng)反對贊助性行動的立場(stance)一致，美國教育部長Paige說，教育部將“繼續(xù)審查并強調(diào)有效的種族中立政策，確保公立大學(publicinstitution)招收學生的廣泛代表性和多樣化)。故選B。

4.細節(jié)題。第四段指出:InaGalluppollconducteddaysbeforetheruling,49%ofadultssaidtheyfavoraffirmativeactionand43%didnot,withblacksandHispanicsfarmorelikelytofavorthepracticethanwhites(在判決前幾天進行的民意測驗中，49%的成年人說他們贊成贊助性行動，43%的人不贊成，黑人和拉美裔比白人更傾向于這種做法)。故選C。

5.推斷題。支持贊助性行動的人則是擔心錄取過程會出現(xiàn)種族歧視，因此才要求大學保證招收一定比例的少數(shù)民族學生。因此推斷他們希望贊助性行為可以減少大學入學時的種族歧視。

13.單選題

TheBuddhistreligiondevelopedfromtheteachingsofShakyamuniBuddha,wholivedfromabout563to483BCEinthepresent-dayregionsofNepalandcentralIndia.Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a“world-conqueringruler”—oraBuddha—a"fullyenlightenedbeing”.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain.Yettheprincewaseventuallyexposedtothesufferingofoldage,sickness,anddeath—theinevitablefateofallmortalbeings.Deeplytroubledbythehumancondition,Siddharthaatagetwenty-nineleftthepalace,hisfamily,andhisinheritancetoliveasanasceticinthewilderness.Aftersixyearsofmeditation,heattainedcompleteenlightenmentnearBodhGaya,India.

Followinghisenlightenment,theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.HereheexpoundedtheFourNobleTruths,whicharethefoundationofBuddhism:(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpathofrightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,andrightconcentration.AftertheBuddha’sdeathattheageofeighty,hismanydisciplesdevelopedhisteachingsandestablishedtheworld’soldestmonasticinstitutions.

ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirththatotherwiseholdsusinitsgrip,whetherwearebornintotheworldofthegods,humans,animals,torturedspirits,orhellbeings.

TheearlyformofBuddhismknownasTheravadaorHinayana,stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself.TheravadaBuddhismhascontinuedinsouthIndia,SriLanka,andSoutheastAsia.Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen).CompassionforallbeingsisthefoundationofMahayanaBuddhism,whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.MahayanaBuddhismrecognizesBuddhasotherthanShakyamunifromthepast,present,andfuture.OnesuchisMaitreya,thenextBuddhatoappearonEarth.AnotheristheAmitabhaBuddha,theBuddhaofInfiniteLightandInfiniteLife(thatis,incorporatingallspaceandtime),whodwellsinparadiseknownastheWesternPureLand.AmitabhaBuddhabecameparticularlypopularinEastAsia.MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas(thosewhoseessenceiswisdom),saintlybeingswhoareonthebrinkofachievingBuddhahoodbuthavevowedtohelpothersachieveBuddhahoodbeforecrossingoverthemselves.

Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes.InHinduism,adeitymaydwellinitsimage,butinBuddhismportrayalsofBuddhasandbodhisattvasarerecognizedaspurelysymbolic,andnospiritisbelievedtoresidewithin.

1.WhichtypeofBuddhismdevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattva,andhowarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations?

2.WhichkindofBuddhismemphasizespersonaldevelopmentforthepurposeofachievingnirvana,andwhatisnirvana?

3.WhydidSiddhartha’sfathershelterhimwhenhewasyoung?

4.WhattypeofBuddhismflourishedhalfamillenniumaftertheBuddha’sdeath,andmainlydevelopedfurthertotheeast;whatwasitsmaingoal?

5.WhatarethefourNobleTruthsandwheredidtheBuddhafirstexpoundthisdoctrine?

問題1選項

A.MahayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredressedlikeIndianprinces.

B.VajrayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredistinguishedbytheyellowhatsandsaffronrobestheywear.

C.ChanBuddhism,andtheycanbeidentifiedinartbytherobesthatcovertheirbodies.

D.TheravadaBuddhism,andtheyareidentifiedbytheprincelygarbofIndiathattheywear.

問題2選項

A.TheravadaBuddhism;theBuddhistequivalentoftheChristianheaven.

B.TheravadaBuddhism;thepersonalextinctionofthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth.

C.HinayanaBuddhism;theextinctionofsamsara.

D.BothBandC.

問題3選項

A.Hewasafraidthathisson,whowouldonedaysucceedhimasking,mightgetsickanddieifhewereexposedtothedangersofeverydaylife.

B.Hewasworriedthathissonmightbecomegreatandchallengehisreign,andthatiswhyhetriedtodistracthimwithpleasure.

C.Helovedhissonverydeeplyanddidnotwantanypainorsicknesstoaffecthim;hewantedhimtoliveonlyintheperfect“world”thathecreatedforhim.

D.OraclesforetoldthatthebabySiddhartha,whenhegrewup,wouldeitherbeaworldconquerororafullyenlightenedbeing,buthisfatheronlywantedhimtobeanordinarykinglikehimself.

問題4選項

A.MahayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwasBuddhahoodforeverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.

B.ShakyamuniBuddism,anditsmaingoalwastoendsamsaraforeverybodhisattva.

C.ZenBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastobringthePureLandintothepresentworld.

D.VajrayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastosharetheBuddha’smessagethroughcreatingpurelysymbolicimagesoftheBuddhathroughpaintingsandsculptures.

問題5選項

A.Lifeissuffering;ignorantpeoplecausesuffering;ignorancecanbeovercome;onecanovercomeignorancebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingatBodhGayainIndia.

B.Lifeissuffering;sufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;ignorancecanbeovercomebycarefulstudy;hegavehisfirstteachingtothedeerthatgatheredaroundhimatBodhGayainIndia.

C.Lifeissuffering;thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachinginDeerParkatSamath.

D.Lifeissuffering;ignoranceisthecauseofsuffering;ignorancecanbeovercomebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.事實細節(jié)題。本題有兩個問題。第一個是“哪一種佛教擴大了菩薩的范疇”，第四段最后一句說到“MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas…”，由此可知，是大乘佛教“MahayanaBuddhism”擴大了菩薩的范疇；第二個問題，howarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations“菩薩與佛在藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)上有何不同”，最后一段第一句正說到了兩者在藝術(shù)方面的區(qū)別“Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes”，在藝術(shù)上，菩薩和佛最明顯的區(qū)別是他們的服飾：菩薩穿的是印度的公主服，而佛穿的是僧袍。對比選項可知A選項正確。

第2題:2.事實細節(jié)題。本題同樣有兩個問題。第一個問題“哪種佛教強調(diào)個人發(fā)展以達到涅槃的目的”，第四段第一句說到“TheearlyformofBuddhism…stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself”，佛教的早期形式（小乘佛教）強調(diào)自我修養(yǎng)，以達到涅槃的目的，即不再輪回，因此是小乘佛教強調(diào)個人發(fā)展達到涅槃；第二個問題“什么是涅槃”，因為涅槃是佛教強調(diào)的個人發(fā)展目的，因此涅槃與佛有關(guān)，第三段中說到“ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth…”，佛陀不是神，而是一個看到世界終極本質(zhì)的人，因此不再受制于輪回，也就是生、死和重生的循環(huán)，由此可知，涅槃也就是不再受制于生、死和重生的循環(huán)。對比選項發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項符合題意。

第3題:3.事實細節(jié)題。題干中受到父親庇護的Siddhartha出現(xiàn)在文章第一段“Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a‘world-conqueringruler'—oraBuddha—a‘fullyenlightenedbeing’.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain”，釋迦牟尼在出生時，被預(yù)言他或?qū)⑹钦鞣澜绲慕y(tǒng)治者，或?qū)⑹且粋€完全開悟的人。他的父親希望他成為像自己一樣的統(tǒng)治者，想讓他免受痛苦而努力保護他。對比選項可知D選項正確。

第4題:4.事實細節(jié)題。本題又是兩個問題。第一個問題“什么樣的佛教在佛陀死后500年才興盛起來，而且主要在東方發(fā)展得更遠”，第四段第三句說到“Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen)”，佛陀去世后500年內(nèi)，另一種佛教形式大乘佛教主要在印度北部流行起來；它最終在中國（作為禪宗和藏傳佛教）和韓國、日本（作為禪宗）興盛起來。第二個問題“它的主要目的是什么”，第四段第四句說到“whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse”，其目標不是為涅槃，而是為宇宙中的每一個眾生成佛（開悟）。對比選項可知A選項正確。

第5題:5.事實細節(jié)題。第二段中說到“theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath”，佛陀在薩馬斯的鹿園里進行了他的第一次教導，闡述了四圣諦的內(nèi)容：(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath…對比選項可知C選項正確。

14.單選題

Storesgivenpermissiontosellfireworksallyearwillneedalicensewhichlocalauthorities______willbeabletorefuseandifnecessary.

問題1選項

A.revolve

B.revolt

C.revoke

D.revive

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項revolve“使……旋轉(zhuǎn)”，B項revolt“反抗”，C項revoke“撤回”，D項revive“使復(fù)興”。根據(jù)句子意思“獲得全年銷售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方當局將有權(quán)……該許可證?！笨赏茰y，空格部分表示“吊銷，撤銷”，C項最符合。句意：獲得全年銷售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方當局將有權(quán)吊銷該許可證。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

15.翻譯