考研考博-英語-北京石油化工學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京石油化工學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Whencompaniesdobusinessoverseas,theycomeincontactwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Theseindividualsoftenspeakadifferentlanguageandhavetheirownparticularcustomandmanners.Thesedifferencescancreateproblems.

Forexample,inFrance,businessmeetingsbeginpromptlyatthedesignatedtimeandeveryoneisexpectedtobethere.Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness.Unlessoneisawareofsuchexpectedbehaviorshemayendupinsultingthepeoplewithwhomhehopestoestablishtraderelations.

Asecondtraditionalproblemisthatofmonetaryconversions.Forexample,ifatransactionisconductedwithRussia,paymentmaybemadeinrubles.Ofcourse,thiscurrencyisoflittlevaluetotheAmericanfirm.Itis,therefore,necessarytoconverttheforeigncurrencytoAmericandollars.HowmucharetheseRussianrublesworthintermsofdollars?Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday.Forexample,therublemaybeworth0.75onMondayand0.72onTuesdaybecauseofanannouncedwheatshortageinRussia.Inaddition,thereisthedilemmaassociatedwithconvertingat0.72.Somefinancialinstitutionsmaybeunwillingtopaythisprice,feelingthattherublewillsinkmuchloweroverthenextweek.Asaresult,conversionmayfinallycomeat0.69.These“l(fā)osses”mustbeacceptedbythecompanyasoneofthecostsofdoingbusinessoverseas.

Athirduniqueproblemistradebarriers.Foronereasonoranother,allcountriesimposetradebarriersoncertaingoodscrossingtheirborders.Sometradebarriersaredirectlyrelatedtoexports.Forexample,theUnitedStatespermitsstrategicmilitarymaterialtobeshippedabroadonlyaftergovernmentpermissionhasbeenobtained.Mosttradebarriers,however,aredesignedtorestrictimport.Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs.

1.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe（

）.

2.InFrance,tardybusinesspeople

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,conversionrates

（

）.

4.Theintendedaudienceofthispassageare

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingislikelytobediscussedinthenextparagraph?

問題1選項

A.HowtoSucceedinInternationalTrade

B.MonetaiyConversion

C.TradeBarriers

D.UniqueProblemsinInternationalTrade

問題2選項

A.areofteninsulted

B.oftensufferfromcoldness

C.areoftenleftoutdoorswaiting

D.areoftenaskedtopolishtheirshoes

問題3選項

A.arealwaysnotchanging

B.aredeterminedbyfinancialinstitutions

C.areagreeduponbytwotradingcountries

D.varyfromdaytoday

問題4選項

A.professorsofeconomics

B.postgraduatestudentsofinternationaltrade

C.beginnersofbusiness

D.businesspeople

問題5選項

A.Exporttradebarriers.

B.Quotasandtariffs.

C.Reasonsforimposingtradingbarriers.

D.Measurestobreakdowntradebarriers.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。第一段先指出“當(dāng)企業(yè)從事海外業(yè)務(wù)時通常都會接觸到來著不同文化的人”,后面分別從時間觀、貨幣兌換以及貿(mào)易壁壘三個方面舉例闡述并給出建議。故A項“如何在國際貿(mào)易中獲得成功”最適合做文章標(biāo)題。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞tardybusinesspeople定位至第二段:Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness(遲到的外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)人員通常會遭遇長吋間等候，這也是一種讓他們知道準(zhǔn)吋的重要性的方法)。因此C項“通常需要在門外等候”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞conversionrates定位至第三段:Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday(匯率是由支持貨幣流通的市場情況決定的。因此，盡管匯率每天都會波動，但也會有一個既定的比率),故選C“每天都會變化”。

4.判斷推理題。文章主要討論的是海外貿(mào)易過程中可能遇到的因地區(qū)差異導(dǎo)致的問題,因此推測文章的目標(biāo)受眾是“商業(yè)人士”。

5.判斷推理題。最后一段講到了國際貿(mào)易中的第三個問題-貿(mào)易壁壘,最后一句指出:Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs(兩種最主要的進(jìn)口壁壘就是配額與關(guān)稅),因此推測下一段將討論“配額與關(guān)稅”。

2.單選題

Inthecaseofmobilephones,changeiseverything.Recentresearchindicatesthatthemobilephoneischangingnotonlyourculture,butourverybodiesaswell.

First,let'stalkaboutculture.Thedifferencebetweenthemobilephoneanditsparent,theFixed-linephone,isthatamobilenumbercorrespondstoaperson,whilealandlinegoestoaplace.Ifyoucallmymobile,yougetme.Ifyoucallmyfixed—linephone,yougetwhoeveranswersit.

Thishasseveralimplications.Themostcommonone,however,andperhapsthethingthathaschangedourcultureforever,isthe“meeting”influence.Peoplenolongerneedtomakefirmplansaboutwhenandwheretomeet.Twentyyearsago,aFridaynightwouldneedtobearrangedinadvance.Youneededenoughtimetoalloweveryonetogetfromtheirplaceofworktothefirstmeetingplace.Now,however,anightoutcanbearrangedontherun.Itisnolonger“seeyouthereat8”,but“textmearound8andwe'llseewhereweallare”.

Textingchangespeopleaswell.Intheirpaper,InsightsintotheSocialandPsychologicalEffectsofSMSTextMessaging,twoBritishresearchersdistinguishedbetweentwotypesofmobilephoneusers:the“talkers”andthe“texters”—thosewhoprefervoicetotextmessagesandthosewhoprefertexttovoice.

Theyfoundthatthemobilephone'sindividualityandprivacygavetexterstheabilitytoexpressawholenewouterpersonality.Texterswerelikelytoreportthattheirfamilywouldbesurprisediftheyweretoreadtheirtexts.Thissuggeststhattextingallowedtexterstopresentaself-imagethatdifferedfromtheonefamiliartothosewhoknewthemwell.

Anotherscientistwroteofthechangesthatmobileshavebroughttobodylanguage.Therearetwokindsthatpeopleusewhilespeakingonthephone.Thereisthe“speakeasy”:theheadisheldhigh,inaself-confidentway,chattingaway.Andthereisthe“spacemaker”:thesepeoplefocusonthemselvesandkeepoutotherpeople.

Whocanblamethem?Phonemeetingsgetcancelledorreformedandcamera-phonesintrudeonpeople'sprivacy.So,itisunderstandableifyourmobilemakesyounervous.Perhapsyouneedn'tworrysomuch.Afterall,itisgoodtotalk.

1.Whenpeopleplantomeetnowadays,they（）.

2.AccordingtothetwoBritishresearcher,socialandpsychologicaleffectsaremostlylikelytobeseenon（）.

3.Wecaninferfromthispassagethatthetextsare（）.

4.Accordingtothispassage,whoisafraidofbeingheardwhiletalkingonthemobile?

5.Anappropriatetitleforthepassagemightbe,（）.

問題1選項

A.arrangethemeetingplacebeforehand

B.postponefixingtheplacetillthelastminute

C.seldomcareaboutwhenandwheretomeet

D.stilllovetoworkoutdetailedmeetingplans

問題2選項

A.talkers

B.the“speakeasy”

C.the“spacemaker”

D.texters

問題3選項

A.quiterevealing

B.wellwritten

C.unacceptablebyothers

D.shockingtoothers

問題4選項

A.Talkers

B.The“speakeasy”

C.The“spacemaker”

D.Texters

問題5選項

A.theSMSEffect

B.culturalImplicationsofMobilePhoneUse

C.changesintheUseoftheMobile

D.bodyLanguageandthemobilePhone

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“Now,however,anightoutcanbearrangedontherun.Itisnolonger‘seeyouthereat8’,but‘textmearound8andwe'llseewhereweallare’.”現(xiàn)在，人們可以在奔走忙碌中，安排一次晚上約會，只需一個大概的時間，到時候找個地方見，以至于見面地點可以拖到最后一分鐘才能確定。選項B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第四段的第二句“Intheirpaper,InsightsintotheSocialandPsychologicalEffectsofSMSTextMessaging.”在他們的論文中，研究了短信的社會作用和心理作用。發(fā)短信和talk,speak無關(guān)，所以產(chǎn)生影響的只能是發(fā)短信的人，選項D正確。

3.根據(jù)第五段的第一句“Theyfoundthatthemobilephone'sindividualityandprivacygavetexterstheabilitytoexpressawholenewouterpersonality.”他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，手機(jī)的個性和隱私賦予了發(fā)短信的人表達(dá)一種全新的外在個性的能力。也就是說能夠揭露發(fā)短信者的內(nèi)心世界，展現(xiàn)出另一個不一樣的自己。所以選項A正確。

4.根據(jù)第六段的最后一句“Andthereisthe‘spacemaker’：thesepeoplefocusonthemselvesandkeepoutotherpeople."選項C正確。

5.通讀全文可知本文主要是闡述手機(jī)使用過程中所產(chǎn)生的文化內(nèi)涵。選項B更符合原文。

3.單選題

We’ll______youforanydamagedonetoyourhousewhileweareinit.

問題1選項

A.compensate

B.remedy

C.supplement

D.retrieve

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項compensate“補(bǔ)償，賠償”，B項remedy“補(bǔ)救，治療”，C項supplement“增補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)充”，D項retrieve“恢復(fù)，重新得到”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞damagedonetoyourhouse“對你房子的破壞”可推測，空格部分表示“賠償”。句意：我們?nèi)胱∑陂g對你的房子所造成的任何損害，我們都會賠償你的。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

4.單選題

Itisthroughlearningthattheindividual（

）manyhabitualwaysofreactingtosituations.

問題1選項

A.acquires

B.achieves

C.gains

D.retains

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。acquire意為“獲得，取得”，指經(jīng)過努力逐步獲得才能、知識、習(xí)慣等；achieve意為“取得”，指成就、目標(biāo)、幸福的取得；gain意為“獲得”，指通過較大努力獲得某種利益或好處；retain意為“保持，保留”。

句意：正是通過學(xué)習(xí)，個人才能獲得處理各種情況的習(xí)慣做法。

5.單選題

TheHouseisexpectedtopassapieceoflegislationThursdaythatseekstosignificantlyrebalancetheplayingfieldforunionsandemployersandcouldpossiblyreversedecadesofdecliningmembershipamongprivateindustries.

TheEmployeeFreeChoiceActwouldallowauniontoberecognizedaftercollectingamajorityofvotecards,insteadofwaitingfortheNationalLaborRelationsBoardtooverseeasecretballotelection,whichcanoccurmorethan50daysafterthecardvoteiscompleted.

RepresentativesofbusinessonCapitolHillopposethebill.TheNationalAssociationofManufacturers,TheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,theU.S.ChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsopposetheshiftawayfromsecretballotssayingthechangecouldthreatentheprivacyoftheworkers.“Thisisn’taboutpreventingincreasedunionizationit’saboutprotectingrights,’’saidtheNationalAssociationofManufacturer’sJasonStraczewski,ofhisorganization’soppositiontobill.Straczewskisayseliminatingthesecret-ballotstepwouldopenupemployeestocoercion（強(qiáng)迫，脅迫）fromunions.

SamueloftheAFL-CIOcontendstherealcoercioncomesfromemployers.“Workerstalkingtoworkersareequalswhilemanagerstalkingtoworkersaren’t,”Samuelsaid.Hecitesthe31,358casesofillegalemployerdiscriminationactedonbytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardin2005.

Samuelalsopointsoutthatcountertoclaimsfromthebusinesslobby,thesecretballotwouldnotbeeliminated.Thechangewouldonlytakethecontrolofthetimingoftheelectionoutofthehandsoftheemployers.“Ontheground,thedifferencebetweenhavingthislegislationandnotwouldbethedifferencebetweennightandday,”saidRichardShawoftheHarrisCountyCentralLaborCouncil,whosaysitwouldhaveatremendousimpactonthelocallevel.

Thebillhasotherprovisions（條款，規(guī)定）aswell.TheEmployeeFreeChoiceActwouldalsoimposebindingarbitration（仲裁）whenacompanyandanewlyformedunioncannotagreeonacontractafter3months.Anagreementworkedoutunderbindingcompulsoryarbitrationwouldbeineffectfor2years,afactthatStraczewskicalls,“borderlineunconstitutional.”“Idon’tseehowitwillbenefitemployeesifthey’relockedintoacontract,”saidStraczewski.

Thebill’sproponentspointtothetrendofrecognizedunionsunabletogetcontractsfromunwillingemployers.TheFederalMediationandConciliationService,theorganizationthatoverseesarbitration,reportedthatin2004,45percentofnewlyformedunionsweredeniedfirstcontractsbyemployers.Thebillwouldalsostrengthenthepenaltiesforcompaniesthatillegallycoerceorintimidateemployees.Asitstands,thelawonthebookshasn’tchangedsubstantiallysincetheNationalLaborRelationsActwasmadeintolawin1935.TheNLBRcanenforcenootherpenaltythanreinstatingwrongfullyfiredemployeesorrecoveringlostwages.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.Accordingtoitsopponents,thebill（）.

3.Theword"it"（Line5,Para.5）refersto（）.

4.PeoplesupportthebillbecauseofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT（）.

5.thebillwillstrengthenthepunishmentforcompanieswhichillegallycoerceorthreatenemployees

問題1選項

A.Housebillaimstospurlaboruniongrowth.

B.Housebillaimstocounterlaboruniongrowth.

C.EmployeeFreeChoiceActaimstospuremployment.

D.EmployeeFreeChoiceActaimstoraiseemployee’sincome.

問題2選項

A.willprotectemployees'rights

B.willbenefitworkersbybindingcontracts

C.willempowerunionstoomuch

D.makesitpossibleforemployeestoyieldtocoercionfromunions

問題3選項

A.thechange

B.thelegislation

C.theAFL-CIO

D.thedifference

問題4選項

A.thebillwillprobablyenableunionstohavefewermembersofprivateindustries

B.thebillwillallowauniontoberecognizedearlierandhaveagreateffectonthelocallevel

C.bindingarbitrationwillbeimposedtoprotectemployeesifacontractcan’tbeagreedonbetweenarecentlyestablishedunionandacompany

D.thebillwillstrengthenthepunishmentforcompanieswhichillegallycoerceorthreatenemployees

問題5選項

A.fewerprivateindustriesjoinedunionsinthepast

B.workers’coercionoftencomesfromunions

C.thebillwillbeawin-and-winoneforemployeesandemployers

D.punishmentauthorizedbythebillwillbelighter

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。原文首段表明眾議院將出臺新立法，seekstosignificantlyrebalancetheplayingfieldforunionsandemployers,是為了維護(hù)工會的權(quán)利，激發(fā)工會的發(fā)展。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞opponents定位到原文第三段第三句，opponents指的是JasonStraczewski。后面他說道would?open?up?employees?to?coercion?(強(qiáng)迫：脅迫）from?unions,與選項D對應(yīng)。

3.語義題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文第五段第五行，who指代的是前句中RichardShaw，it指代前句中的legislation。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。題干說下列哪項不是人們支持該法案的原因，文章首段couldreverse?decades?of?declining?membership?among?private?industries(立法有助于改善勞工與雇主之間的關(guān)系)。

5.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。最后一段提到in2004,45percentofnewlyformedunionsweredeniedfirstcontractsbyemployers(2004年，45%的新成立工會被雇主拒絕簽訂第一份合同)，因此答案為A。

6.單選題

Inorderto（）therisingproductioncosts,thesubscriptionrateshavebeenincreased.

問題1選項

A.addupto

B.lookupto

C.cutshort

D.keepupwith

【答案】D

【解析】詞組辨析題。A選項addupto“合計達(dá)...，總共達(dá)...”；B選項lookupto“尊敬”；C選項cutshort“縮短，縮減”；D選項keepupwith“跟上，趕上”。句意：為了跟上不斷上漲的生產(chǎn)成本，訂閱費已經(jīng)提高了。選項D符合語境。

7.單選題

Anotherbigissue（）thenationistheproblemoftheeducationofitscitizens.

問題1選項

A.confining

B.confirming

C.conforming

D.confronting

【答案】D

【解析】動詞辨析題。confine限制，局限；confirm確認(rèn)，批準(zhǔn)；conform符合，遵守；confront面臨，遭遇。句意：這個國家面臨的另一大問題是公民的教育問題。選項D符合句意。

8.單選題

Thewoodencasesmustbesecuredbyoverallmetalstrappingsothattheycanbestrongenoughtostandroughhandlingduring（）.

問題1選項

A.transit

B.motion

C.shift

D.traffic

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項transit“搬運”；B選項motion“運動”；C選項shift“轉(zhuǎn)移”；D選項traffic“交通”。句意：木箱必須用整體金屬帶固定，這樣才能保證木箱在運輸過程中足夠堅固，經(jīng)得起粗暴的搬運。本句表示木箱的搬運過程，因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

NewYorkprobablyhasthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguage（）intheworld.

問題1選項

A.neighborhoods

B.communities

C.clusters

D.assemblies

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項neighborhood“街坊，街區(qū)”，B項community“社區(qū)，共同體，團(tuán)體”，C項cluster“群，簇”，D項assembly“裝配，集合”；根據(jù)空格前面的differentlanguage（不同的語言），結(jié)合句子的語境，只有B項符合。句意：紐約可能是世界上不同語言社區(qū)數(shù)量最多的城市。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

10.單選題

Forbetterhealthyoumustgiveupsmoking,takemoreexerciseand______eatingtoomuch.

問題1選項

A.refrainfrom

B.wonderat

C.drawup

D.livethrough

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項refrainfrom“克制，抑制，忍住”，B項wonderat“對……感到吃驚”，C項drawup“草擬，起草，停住”，D項livethrough“度過，經(jīng)受過”。由Forbetterhealth“為了更好的健康”對應(yīng)可知，______eatingtoomuch中用refrainfrom符合語境。句意：為了更健康，你必須戒煙，多做運動，不要吃得太多。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

11.翻譯題

FiveNationalHealthService(NHS)trustshavesignedpartnershipswithGoogletoprocesssensitivepatientrecords,inwhatarebelievedtobethefirstdealsoftheirkind.ThecollaborationscameafterDeepMind,theLondon-basedartificialintelligencecompanyownedbyAlphabet,transferredcontrolofitshealthdivisiontoitsCalifornianparent.DeepMindhadcontractstoprocessmedicaldatafromsixNHStruststodevelopitsapp,whichalertsdoctorsandnurseswhenpatientsareatriskofacutekidneyinjury,aswellastoconductAIresearch.FiveofthetrustschosetosigncontractswithGoogle.AccordingtopapersfromtheRoyalFree,thedatathatwillbesharedwithGooglewillincludedetailssuchasmedicalhistory,diagnoses,treatmentdatesandethnicorigin.

【答案】【參考譯文】英國國家醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系的五家信托公司與谷歌簽署了合作伙伴關(guān)系，以處理敏感的患者記錄，這被認(rèn)為是此類交易的首次。此前，總部位于倫敦的Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind將其醫(yī)療部門的控制權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給了位于加州的母公司。DeepMind與NHS簽訂了合同，處理來自6個信托機(jī)構(gòu)的醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)，以開發(fā)自己的應(yīng)用，以及進(jìn)行人工智能研究。當(dāng)患者面臨急性腎損傷風(fēng)險時，該應(yīng)用會向醫(yī)生和護(hù)士發(fā)出警報。其中5家信托公司選擇與谷歌簽訂合同。根據(jù)皇家自由報的文件，谷歌將共享的數(shù)據(jù)包括病史、診斷、治療日期和種族等細(xì)節(jié)。

12.單選題

Togiveyouageneralideaofourproducts,weenclosethecataloguesshowingvariousproductshandledbyuswithdetailed（）andmeansofpacking.

問題1選項

A.samples

B.specimens

C.inspections

D.specifications

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。sample樣品；specimen樣本；inspection視察，檢查；specification規(guī)格，說明書。向客戶寄送的產(chǎn)品目錄中應(yīng)包含對于產(chǎn)品的詳細(xì)說明書。故D項正確。句意：為了讓您對我們的產(chǎn)品有一個大致的了解，隨信附上產(chǎn)品目錄，其中包括我們所經(jīng)營的各種產(chǎn)品的詳細(xì)說明書，以及包裝方法。

13.不定項選擇題

ItwouldbereasonabletoassumethattheyearsfollowingtheCivilWarwereatimeofhealingandrebuilding.Andforthemostpart,thatiswhattheywere,albeitaverylongandpainfulone.WhilethehealingoftheriftbetweenNorthandSouthdidmakeprogress,allwasnotpeacefulandthedisharmonywasn’tconfinedtothepoliticalarena.Inliterarycirclestoo,theperiodwascharacterizedbyupheavalandturmoil.AliterarycivilwarofsortswasragingbetweenthecampsoftheRomanticsandRealists.Later,theNaturalistswouldjointhefrayaswell.Thiswasabattlewagedoverthewaysfictionalcharacterswerepresentedinrelationtotheirexternalworld.Thoughtheunrestmighthavebeenbetweenschoolsoffiction,ithadaveryrealbasis.Thebattlereflectedfar-reachingsocialchangethatwasplantingtheseedsofnewdiscord-aconflictthatwouldthreatentofragmentthecountry;thistimenotalonggeographicalborders,butalongclasslines.

Usingplotandcharacterdevelopment,awriterexpressedhisorherphilosophyabouthowmuchcontrolamanreallyhadoverhisowndestiny.RomanticwriterssuchasRalphWaldoEmersoncelebratedwhattheysawastheabilityofthehumanwilltotriumphoveranyadversity.[A]OccupyingthemiddlegroundwereauthorslikeMarkTwain,WilliamDeanHowells,andHenryJames,allofwhomwereinfluencedbytheworksoftheearlyEuropeanRealists.Itwastheirbeliefthatpeoplehadonlyalimitedcapacitytodeterminethedirectiontheirlivestook;thathumanity’sfreedomofchoicewasconstrainedbythepowerofexternalforces.[B]DiametricallyopposedtotheRomanticauthorsweretheNaturalists—thelikesofStephenCraneandFrankNorris,wholineduponthesideofEmileZolaandtheDeterminismmovement.[C]Theirwritingsgavevoicetotheviewthatindividualshavenochoicewhatsoeverinwhathappenstothem.Itwastheirpositionthatthepathofone’slifewasdictatedwhollybyaconspiracybetweenhereditaryfactorsandtheexternalenvironment.[D]

Socio-economicchangeshadaprofoundanddecisiveinfluenceonthisdebate.TheIndustrialRevolutionthattookplaceattheendofthe19thcenturychangedtheUnitedStatesinfundamentalways.Inhugenumbers,peoplemigratedfromruralhomesseekingeconomicopportunitiesinurbanenvironments.Theplentifulsupplyoflabor,combinedwithnewmachineryandprocessesbeingdevelopedmadeconditionsripeforaneconomyfocusedonmanufacturing.Forthefirsttime,therewasanalternativetoagricultureandcommerceasameansoflivelihood.Atthesametime,immigrantsfromallovertheworldflowedacrossthebordersinpursuitofthesameopportunities.Insodoing,theyaddedtotheburgeoninglaborpool,drovedowncostsandhelpedtopushindustrializationforward.Uponarrivinginthecitiesandfindingwork,mostofthesemigrantsfoundthemselvesandtheirfamiliesatthemercyofunscrupulousbusinessmenwhoexploitedthemwithbrutalworkschedulesandcoercedanywhotriedtoresist,orinmanycases,anyonewhotriedtoescape.Intheend,itwasthesesweepingeconomicandsocialchangesandthepessimismtheyengenderedthatswungthebalanceofpowerinfavoroftheRealistsandtheNaturalists.

Muchoftheliteraryproductoftheperiodhadadistinctlyregionalcharacter.Thistoocouldbetracedtoeconomicchanges.TheIndustrialRevolutioncalledforstandardization,themassproductionofgoods,andstreamlinedchannelsofdistribution.Thelifestylechangesthisrationalizationofproductionentailedwereprofoundandpeoplebegantofearthatlocaltraditionswouldfallbythewaysidetrampledinrecklesspursuitofeconomicefficiency.Respondingtothesesentiments,Realistwriterssoughttocaptureandpreservethe“l(fā)ocalcolor”beforeitwaslost.Theydrewuponthegrimrealitiesofeverydaylifeindepictingthebreakdownoftraditionalvaluesandthedeepeningplightofthenewurbanunderclass.ThisfocusontheordinarylivesofordinarypeoplewascharacteristicofAmericanRealism.Readerswereattractedtothestoriesbecausetheyweresomethingwithwhichtheycouldidentify.Americanlifewaschanging,thepacewasquickening,andreadersneededwriterswhodealtdirectlywiththeproblemstheywerefacing.InthegreatliterarystruggletheRomanticwritershadbeenrenderedirrelevant,vanquishedbychangingcircumstances.

6.Whichofthefollowingcouldbestserveasatitleforthepassage?

7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?

8.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialmeaningoftheitalicizedsentenceinthepassage?

9.Thephraseameansoflivelihoodinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

10.Inparagraph3,theauthormostlydoeswhichofthefollowing?

11.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatmotivatedRealistauthorstogivetheirworksaregionalflavor?

12.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingconclusions?

13.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thiswasanaltogetherpessimisticviewthatleftmantotallyatthemercyofcircumstance.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

問題1選項

A.TheEffectsoftheCivilWaronAmericanLiterature.

B.The19thCenturyStrugglebetweentheRealismandRomanticism.

C.RealismandtheIndustrialRevolution.

D.HowRealismPromotedSocialChangein19thCenturyAmerica.

問題2選項

A.TheNaturalists,Realists,andRomanticistshadfundamentallydifferentviewsontherolesmenplayintheirownlives.

B.ThedifferencesbetweenRomanticism,Realism,andNaturalismweremoreinthemeansofexpressionthaninthephilosophiesespoused.

C.Therewereanumberofcrucialdifferencesbetweenthe3contendingschoolsofAmericanliteratureinthelate19thcentury.

D.Whilethereweresignificantdifferences,theNaturalistsandRealistssharedsomecharacteristicsoftheRomanticists.

問題3選項

A.Thepessimismwasfinallysweptawaybyeconomicandsocialreform,andthisallowedabalancetobeformedbetweentheRealistsandtheNaturalists.

B.TheresultingtriumphoftheRealistsandtheNaturalistscanbeattributedtothebroadsocio-economicchangesthattookplaceandthefeelingsofhopelessnesstheygaveriseto.

C.ThevictoryoftheRealistsandtheNaturalistsledtodramaticsocio-economicchangeandincreasingpessimism.

D.Attheendofallthesocialandeconomicchange,theRealistsandNaturalistshadfallenoutoffavorandintodeeppessimism.

問題4選項

A.awaytosupportone’sself

B.awayoflookingatlife

C.awayofchangingone’slife

D.aplacetolive

問題5選項

A.ShowswhysocialcircumstancesfavoredRealismandNaturalism.

B.DescribesthesocialbackgroundthatledtothedominanceofRealismandNaturalism.

C.ShowswhyRomanticliteraturehadoncebeensopopular.

D.ShowswhytheRealistandNaturalistwritershaddifficultyinbeingacceptedatfirst.

問題6選項

A.Thepersonalbackgroundsoftheauthors.

B.Adesiretoprotestthechangesgoingonaroundthem.

C.Concernforthepreservationoftradition.

D.Thelimitedmarketsinwhichtheirworksweredistributed.

問題7選項

A.RealismwasanextensionofNaturalism.

B.RomanticismexperiencedasuddenresurgenceimmediatelyfollowingtheCivilWar.

C.NaturalismandRealismbothretainedpopularityinthelate19thcentury.

D.ReaderstooktoRomanticliteratureasameansofescapingthehardrealitiesoftheirlives.

問題8選項

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:C

第8題:D

【解析】6.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。本文主要討論十九世紀(jì)現(xiàn)實主義和浪漫主義之間的爭議，作者先從兩者的定義開始說明，接著用同一時期的工業(yè)發(fā)展所導(dǎo)致的社會變遷作為類比，最后談到因讀者的情感需求造成現(xiàn)實主義的流行以及浪漫主義的衰微。因此B選項“19世紀(jì)現(xiàn)實主義和浪漫主義之間的斗爭”最適合做文章標(biāo)題。A選項“內(nèi)戰(zhàn)對美國文學(xué)的影響”，本文說的是工業(yè)革命的影響，所以A錯誤。C選項“現(xiàn)實主義和工業(yè)革命”只提到了現(xiàn)實主義一個方面，不能完整概括文章內(nèi)容，所以C錯誤。D選項“現(xiàn)實主義如何促進(jìn)了19世紀(jì)美國的社會變革”，由原文可知，是工業(yè)革命先導(dǎo)致社會變遷，然后才有了文學(xué)相應(yīng)的變化，所以D錯誤。

7.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由A選項可以定位到文章第二段Romanticwriters…celebratedwhattheysawastheabilityofthehumanwilltotriumphoveranyadversity.（浪漫主義作家歌頌了他們所認(rèn)為的人類意志戰(zhàn)勝任何逆境的能力。），…wereinfluencedbytheworksoftheearlyEuropeanRealists.Itwastheirbeliefthatpeoplehadonlyalimitedcapacitytodeterminethedirectiontheirlivestook;thathumanity’sfreedomofchoicewasconstrainedbythepowerofexternalforces.（他們都受到早期歐洲現(xiàn)實主義作品的影響。他們相信，人們在決定自己生活的方向方面能力有限；人類的選擇自由受到外部力量的限制。），Naturalists…Theirwritingsgavevoicetotheviewthatindividualshavenochoicewhatsoeverinwhathappenstothem.（自然主義者的作品表達(dá)了個人在發(fā)生的事情中沒有選擇余地的觀點。），說明浪漫主義者認(rèn)為人類意志足以克服逆境，而現(xiàn)實主義者則認(rèn)為人類選擇的自由受限于外在的力量，但自然主義者的觀點是個人是毫無選擇的，三個學(xué)派的基本信念完全不同。因此A選項“自然主義者、現(xiàn)實主義者和浪漫主義者對人在自己的生活中所扮演的角色有著根本不同的看法”正確。B選項“浪漫主義、現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義之間的差異更多地體現(xiàn)在表達(dá)方式上，而不是所擁護(hù)的哲學(xué)”表述與原文相反，三個學(xué)派的哲學(xué)各不相同，所以B錯誤。C選項“19世紀(jì)末，美國文學(xué)的三個競爭流派之間存在著很多關(guān)鍵的差異”，由原文可知，事實上差異只有一點，即基本理念的不同，所以C錯誤。D選項“雖然有很大的區(qū)別，但自然主義者、現(xiàn)實主義者與浪漫主義者有一些共同的特點”，原文只說了他們的差異，沒有說共同之處，所以D錯誤。

8.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Intheend,itwasthesesweepingeconomicandsocialchangesandthepessimismtheyengenderedthatswungthebalanceofpowerinfavoroftheRealistsandtheNaturalists.（最終，正是這些全面的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會變革以及由此產(chǎn)生的悲觀主義，改變了權(quán)力的天平，使之有利于現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者。），說明橫掃全國的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)的變遷以及它們所造成的悲觀心態(tài)使得平衡力量倒向支持現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義。因此B選項“由此產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者的勝利可以歸因于所發(fā)生的廣泛的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)變化以及它們所引起的無望感”正確。A選項“悲觀主義最終被經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會改革所掃除，這使得現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者之間形成了一種平衡”，原文說的是經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會改革產(chǎn)生了悲觀主義，所以A錯誤。C選項“現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者的勝利導(dǎo)致了社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的巨大變化和日益嚴(yán)重的悲觀情緒”，因果關(guān)系和原文相反，所以C錯誤。D選項“在所有的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)變革結(jié)束時，現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者已經(jīng)失寵，陷入深深的悲觀主義”與原文意思不符，所以D錯誤。

9.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“ameansoflivelihood”可以定位到文章第三段第五句Forthefirsttime,therewasanalternativetoagricultureandcommerceasameansoflivelihood.（有史以來第一次，有了一種替代農(nóng)業(yè)和商業(yè)的謀生手段。），此處的means是“方法”的意思，而livelihood是“生計”的意思，所以ameansoflivelihood的意思是“謀生的方法”。因此A選項“一種養(yǎng)活自己的方法”正確。B選項“一種看待生活的方法”，C選項“一種改變生活的方法”，D選項“一個居住的地方”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯誤。

10.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段，作者在第三段先描述社會的變遷，最后說明巨大的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化使得平衡力量倒向支持現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義。因此B選項“描述了導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義占主導(dǎo)地位的社會背景”正確。A選項“說明為什么社會環(huán)境有利于現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義”，C選項“顯示了為什么浪漫主義文學(xué)曾經(jīng)如此受歡迎”，D選項“顯示了為什么現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義作家一開始難以被接受”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

11.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段第四句Thelifestylechangesthisrationalizat