大學(xué)英語教學(xué)資料-高中語法歸類和練習(xí)

復(fù)習(xí)一句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分：主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。（-）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名詞）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代詞）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（數(shù)詞）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（動名詞）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞化的形容詞）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主語從句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage,（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1＞簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfbrtwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞）Isityours?（代詞）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（數(shù)詞）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（愛好）isplayingfootball.（動名詞）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介詞短語）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副詞）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代詞）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（數(shù)詞）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名詞化形容詞）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短語）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（動名詞短語）Ithink（that）heisfitfbrhisoffice.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.六）賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名詞）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容詞）Letthefreshairin.（副詞）Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短語）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介詞短語）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容詞）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分詞）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名詞）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代i司）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短語）Theteachingplanfbrnexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動名詞）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篖ighttravelsmostquickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）Hehaslivedinthecityfbrtenyears.（介詞短語）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短語）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分詞短語）Waitaminute.（名詞）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（時間狀語）Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因狀語）Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.（條件狀語）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地點狀語）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式狀語）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴隨狀語）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的狀語）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（結(jié)果狀語）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（讓步狀語）Iamtallerthanheis.（比較狀語）練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.Hehandedmethenewspaper.shallansweryourquestionafterclass.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.HeistoleavefbrShanghaitomorrow.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.Tomcametoaskmefbradvice.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.Henoticedamanentertheroom.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（一）、謂語（=）、賓語（?）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn*toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語(一)、狀語(=)、補語(?)：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、選擇填空：()1.willleavefbrBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotupyesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactorattheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.wereallverytired,butnoneofwouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.1thinknecessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedogmad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.1willneverforgetthedayIjoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn'thearofyoubefore.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can'tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don'ttalkinclass4）感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesfbrthewallnewspapers.2）并列句：由并列連詞（and,but,or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主語+不及物動詞：e.g.Wework.3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）2列句的分類1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher'snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or,either...or...,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so,fbr,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（四）高考考點探討1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點之一。有時把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個題目，幾個考點，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢。3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and,but,or,while,以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動詞的時態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯，時間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點在高考中經(jīng)?？疾?。如：Wewillgooutingifitdoesn'traintomorrowo練習(xí)二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn'tthere?MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn'tit?Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1hopeyouareverywell（）.I'mfine,buttired（）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（）.Itisthetimeofyearfbrthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（）Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors（）.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat().Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm().Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim().Butheemploysmoremenfbrtheharvest().Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden().Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere().Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden().Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell().Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden().MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime().Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy().Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside().It'sgreat()!Americanseatalotofmeat一toomuchinmyopinion().Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer().Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty().InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates().TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates().InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime().HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina()?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep().Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents().三、選擇填空：GivemeonemoreminutePllbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.soIt'sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,?A.hasn'theB.isn'theC.isn'titD.hasn'titjoyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.WhatanLetuspass,?A.shan'tweB.shallweC.won'tweD.willyousupposehe'sserious,?A.doIB.don'tIC.isheD.isn'theYouhadbetternotsmokehere,?A.willyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyouTrainashardasyoucanyou'llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.orI'msorrytohavetosaythis,youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.becauseJohnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and.A.Henryhasn'ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenryTherearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.fbrC.whileD.so-???Doyoufeellikegoingoutwouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?--I'dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so--一“isthetemperaturetoday?^^--"It's38degrees.”A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh--Youruncleisn'tanengineer,ishe?-—一.A.Yes,heisn'tB.No,heisn'tC.No,heisD.Heisfriendlytoeveryone!A.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.fbrD.yetMotheradresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.madeHelayinbedreadsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yet-???EdreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.-???whatyouwantandIcangetitfbryou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.IfyoutellmeAsheisstrong,canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he-■-Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.---Ihad,Fvelostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.sodowntheradio---thebaby'sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn--一Idon'tlikechickenfish.--一Idon'tlikechickenIlikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but——Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?-???Fdliketo,I'mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.butWouldyoulikeacupofcoffeeshallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwiseShesetoutsoonafterdarkhomeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived"Can'tyouread?”Marysaidtothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointedShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whichD.while28.itwithmeandI'llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave.--一Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,?--ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn'tyouD.don'tyou.himandthentrytocopywhathedoes.A.MindB.GlanceatC.StareatD.Watch四、按要求完成下列句子：Hedarestotellthetruth.（改為否定句）Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.（對畫線部分提問）Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,?（完成反意疑問）Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改為祈使句）Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.（改為一般疑問句）Itisaninterestingstory.（改為感嘆句）Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（對畫線部分提問）Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,?（完成反意疑問）Themoonisshiningbrightly.（改為感嘆句）lO.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（對畫線部分提問）復(fù)習(xí)二主謂一致在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。（一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm./TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy./Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadfbryoureyes.注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時,主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfultoyou.2、由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。如：LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates./Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.注意：①若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它后面的謂語動詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:Thewriterandartisthascome.;/②由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no,each,everymorethana(an),manya(an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom../Noboyandnogirllikesit.3、主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面總艮有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,besides,including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：MrGreen,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground./She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.4、either,neither,each,every或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook./Everythingaroundusismatter.注意：①在口語中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“o升復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neitherofthetextsis(are)interesting.②若noneof后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.5^在定語從句時，關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.6,如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。如：ClassFourisonthethirdfloor./ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.注意：people,police,cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：Thepolicearelookingfbrthelostchild.7、由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therestof,themajorityof+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom./Therestofthelectureiswonderful./50%ofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.注意：anumbero儼許多”，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；thenumberoF…的數(shù)量”，主語是number,謂語用單數(shù)。8、在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：Therecomesthebus./Onthewallaremanypictures./Suchistheresult./Sucharethefacts.(二)邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致(因有時主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù))。1、what,who,which,any,more,all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：Whichisyourbag?/Whichareyourbags?/Allisgoingwell./AllhavegonetoBeijing.2、表示“時間、重量、長度、價值''等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體，如：Thirtyminutesisenoughfbrthework.3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如："TheArabianNights^isaninterestingstory-book.4、表數(shù)量的短語“oneandahalf后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式(也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Oneandahalfapplesis(are)leftonthetable.5、算式中表示數(shù)目(字)的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelvepluseightistwenty./Fifty-sixdividedbyeightisseven.6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等,都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990./1thinkphysicsisn'teasytostudy.7xtrousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the)pairof等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Myglassesarebroken./Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.8、“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(三)就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。1、當(dāng)兩個主語由either...or,neither...nor,whether...ornotonly...butalso連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends./Neithertheynorheiswhollyright./Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?2、therebe句型be動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如：Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom..注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。練習(xí)：主謂一致whoyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwithyourEnglish.A.amB.isC.areD.beTherichnotalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.hasD.haveNeitherTomnorJackandIhisstudents.A.areB.amC.isD.wasMaryaswellashersistersChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.studyNeithermyfathernorIathome.A.amB.isC.areD.beNotonlymybrotherbutalsoIgoodatpainting.Bothofusgoodpainters.,A.are;areB.am;amC.ani;areD.is;isEvery*boyandeverygirltoattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.islikeD.likeOver80percentofthepopulationofChinapeasants.A.wasB.isC.wouldbeD.areThepopulationofChinalargerthanthatof.anyothercountryintheworld.A.isB.areC.hasD.haveEverymeanstriedbutwithoutanyresult.A.havebeenB.istobeC.aretobeD.hasbeenAlice,togetherwithtwoboys,forhavingbrokentherule.A.waspunishedB.punishedC.werepunishedD.beingpunishedTheLeaguesecretaryandthemonitoraskedtoattendthe.meetingthisafternoon.A.isB.wasC.areD.isbeingThegreatwriterandprofessor.A.isanoldmanB.arebotholdmenC.isanoldmanandayoungmanD.weretwoChineseThereapen,twopencilsandthreebooksonthedesk.A.areB.isC.hasD.haveAlargenumberofstudentsinourclassgirls.A.areB.wasC.isD.beThenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildrosesmuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.A.doesn*tchangeB.don*tchangeC.changeD.changedTheArabianNightswellknowntotheEnglish.A.isB.areC.wasD.wereChairmanMao*sworkspublished.A.hasbeenB.havebeenC.wasD.isAchemicalworksbuiltthere.A.istobeingB.havebeenC.weretoD.hasbeenTheOlympicGamesheldeveryyears.A.is;fburB.are;fburC.is;fiveD.are;five.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.A.isB.areC.wasD.wereHeistheonlyoneofdiestudentswhoelected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.isTheisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthatasked.A.haveB.hasC.havebeenD.hasbeenManyaman cometohelpus.A.haveB.hasC.isD.are"AHpresentandallgoingonwell,”ourmonitorsaid.A.is;isB.are;areC.are;isD.is;areThepolicethemurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingforB.weresearchingfbrC.aresearchingfbrD.weresearching.Yourtrousersdirty.Youmusthavewashed.A.is;ilB.are;itC.are;themD.is;them.Thispairoftrouseistoolongforhim.A.isB.beC.areD.were.Oneandahalfbananasleftonthetable.A.isB.areC.hasD.have.Eighttimeseightsixty-four.A.isB.areC.getD.equal.Tenminutesanhourwhenoneiswaitingfbraphonecall.A.seemsB.seemC.seemedD.seemes32.ofthemoneynmout.A.Three-fifth;hasB.Three-fifth;hasbeenC.Three-fifths;hasD.Three-fifths;have33.Thewholeclasstheteacherattentively.A.arelisteningtoB.islisteningtoC.arelisteningD.islisteninghavefinishedalargepartofthebook,therestofwhich moredifficult.A.isB.areC.wasD.wereBetweenthetworowsoftreestheteachingbuilding.A.standB.standsC.standingD.areLargequantitiesofwaterfbrirrigation.A.isneededB.has-neededC.areneededD.needThattheywerewronginthesemattersnowcleartousall.A.isB.wasC.areD.allWhatweneedgoodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.hasWhatyousaidjustnowthematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingtoatB.hassomethingtodowithC.hadsomethingtodowithD.hasbeensomethingtodowithMorethanonememberagainsttheplan.A.isB.areC.hasD.haveWhenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryyet.A.hasnotdecidedB.isnotdecidedC.arenotdecidedD.havenotdecidedHalfofthefruitbad.A.areB.hasC.isD.haveeitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.HaveB.HadC.HasD.IsMathematicsthelanguageofscience.A.areB.aregoingtobeC.isD.istobeMyfamilysmall.A.isB.wereC.areD.makesThefollowingsomeotherexamples.A.areB.isC.wasD.wereTheybothhavesomefriends;buthismoreactive.A.isB.willbeC.wasD.areBothriceandwheatgrowninthatcountry.A.isB.areC.wasD.hasEarlytobedandearlytoriseagoodhabit.A.areB.isC.wereD.wasToplaybasketballandtogoswimmingusefulfbrcharacter-training.A.wasB.isC.areD.wereEitherheorItoattendthemassmeetingthisevening.A.isB.amC.areD.beeitherheorItoattendthemassmeetingthisevening.A.isB.amC.areD.beAnironandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,tobebuilthere.A.areB.wereC.isD.willSheaswellasherbrotheraLeaguemember.A.areB.wereC.willD.isHisfamilyabigone.NowthefamilywatchingTV.A.is,areB.are,isC.is,isD.are,areItisIwhogoingtoattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.amC.areD.beMorethan60%ofthestudentsthecountryside.A.isB.areC.isfromD.arefromManyamanthenovel.A.hasreadB.havereadC.isreadD.arereadTomistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogoingtoswimthisafternoon.A.isB.wasC.areD.wereHereapen,afewpencilsandsomepaperforyou.A.areB.isC.wasD.were復(fù)習(xí)三名詞性從句名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句。（一）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞1、連接代詞：who,whose,whom,what,whicho有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語、表語、賓語、或定語等。2、連接副詞：when,where,why,how?有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語。3、連接詞：that,whether,if,asif。that無詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時可省略；if（whether）,asif雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句，因而從句中謂語不用疑問式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether和if（是否），asif（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if和asif都用不上時，才用that作連接詞（that本身無任何含義）。（二）主語從句1、主語從句在復(fù)合句作主語。e.g.Whowillgoisnotimportant.2^用it作形式主語，主語從句放在句末。e.g.Itdoesn'tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.3、that引導(dǎo)主語從句時，不能省略。e.g.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.（三）表語從句1、表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，位于系動詞之后。e.g.Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.2、引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞that有時可省去。e.g.Myideais（that）wecangetmorecomradestohelpinthework.（四）賓語從句1、賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that一般可省略。e.g.Ihope（that）everythingisallright.2、介詞之后的賓語從句，不可用which或if連接，要分別用what或whether。e.g.I'minterestedinwhetheryou'vefinishedthework..I'minterestedinwhatyou'vesaid.3、whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，?？苫Q。但下面情況不能互換。①賓語從句是否定句時，只用if，不用whether。e.g.Iwonderifitdoesn'train.②用if會引起誤解，就要用whetheroe.g.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.（此句如果把whether改成if,容易當(dāng)成條件句理解）③賓語從句中的whether與ornot直接連用，就不能換成if；不直接連用，可換。e.g.Idon'tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.Idon'tknowwhether/ifthereportistrueornot.④介詞后的賓語從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether可與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導(dǎo)條件從句時，只能用if,而不能用whetheroe.g.Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.Theydon'tknowwhethertogothere.Pleasecometoseemeifyouhavetime.（五）同位語從句同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，一般位于該名詞（如：news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise等）之后，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。e.g.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.練習(xí)：名詞性從句一、判斷下列各句哪句含有名詞性從句，并指出是什么從句：Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.Thetruththattheearthturnaroundthesunisknowntoall.Itwassnowingwhenhearrivedatthestation.Howhepersuadedthemanagertochangetheplanisinterestingtousall.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdaywasreallydisappointing.ThatiswhereLuXunusedtolive.Hespokeasifheunderstoodwhathewastalkingabout.DoyouremembertheteacherwhotaughtusEnglishatmiddleschool?10.1wonderwhysherefusedmyinvitation.二、用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空：1.1can'tdecidedictionaryIshouldbuy.2.That'sherefusedmyinvitation.3.1amveryinterestedinhehasimprovedhispronunciationinsuchashorttime.weneedismoretime.Thefactshehadnotsaidanythingatthemeetingsurprisedeverybody.andtheywillmeethasnotbeendecidedyet.Pleasetellmeyouarewaitingfor.Isthatyouarelookingfor?Wouldyoupleasetellmethenearestpostofficeis?don'tknow hewillagreetotheplanornot.三、選擇填空：一DoyouseeImean?A.thatB./C.howD.whatTellmeisonyourmind.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whyWemuststicktowehaveagreedon.A.whatB.thatC./D.howLetmesee.A.thatcanIrepairtheradioB.whether-IcanrepairtheradioC.IcanrepairtheradioD.whethercanIrepairtheradioKeepinmind.A.thattheteachersaidB.whatdidtheteachersayC.thatdidtheteachersayD.whattheteachersaidCouldyouadviseme?A.whichbookshouldIreadfirstB.whatbookshouldIreadfirstC.thatbook1shouldreadfirstD.whichbookIshouldreadfirstHewascriticizedfor.A.hehaddoneitB.whathehaddoneC.whathadhedoneD.thathehaddoneitWouldyoukindlytellme?howcanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationhowIcangettotheBeijingRailwayStationwherecanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationwhethercanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationMrs.Smithwasverymuchimpressedby.A.whathadsheseeninChinaB.thatshehadseeninChinaC.whatshehadseeninChinaD.whichhadsheseeninChinaWetookitforgranted A.thattheywerenotcomingB.thatweretheynotcomingC.theywerecomingnotD.weretheynotcoining1reallydon*tknowA.IshoulddonextB.whatshouldIdonextC.whatIshoulddonextD.howIsh