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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國石油大學(xué)(北京)考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題
()moreimportant,notonlythelostcitieswererecovered,butthenewcitieswerebuilt.
問題1選項
A.Thatis
B.Itis
C.Because
D.Whatis
【答案】D
【解析】句意:更重要的是,不僅找回了丟失的城市,而且建造了新的城市。
2.單選題
Althoughthemaincharactersinthefictionaresotruetolife,theyarecertainly().
問題1選項
A.imagining
B.imaginative
C.imaginable
D.imaginary
【答案】D
【解析】句意:盡管這部小說中的主要人物如此貼近生活,但是他們確實是虛構(gòu)的。
考查形容詞辨析。imagining(imagine的現(xiàn)在分詞)猜想,臆斷;imaginative虛構(gòu)的,富于想象的,有創(chuàng)造力的;imaginable可能的,可想象的;imaginary虛構(gòu)的,想象的。根據(jù)句意“盡管這部小說中的主要人物如此貼近生活”可知D符合句意。
3.單選題
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?
Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.
Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.
Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.
Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.
25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?
26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.
27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.
28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.
29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.
30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.
問題1選項
A.Philosophyofmathematics
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.
C.TheVerificationofFacts.
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.
問題2選項
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods
B.thatitwasanactofGod
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod
問題3選項
A.findout
B.confirm
C.announce
D.makesure
問題4選項
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod
問題5選項
A.aninductivescience
B.inneedofsimpleverification
C.adeductivescience
D.basedonfactandtheory
問題6選項
A.ametaphor
B.aparadox
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods
D.apun
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
第6題:B
【解析】25.【選項釋義】
Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表達這篇文章觀點的題目是?
A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展
C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事實的核實
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科學(xué)探究的方法
【考查點】主旨大意題。
【解題思路】
1)分析文章行文結(jié)構(gòu):本文的結(jié)構(gòu)大致為“提出問題——對已有的解釋進行分析”。
第一段提到“現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家感興趣的問題,為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué),在希臘文明達到頂峰時第一次快速發(fā)展(theirfirstrapiddevelopment)之后,兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢(slowlyfortwothousandyears),以及為什么在接下來的二百年中,自然科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展(sovastlyexceeds)大大超過了以前所知道的一切”;
第二段否定了解釋1——“古人在科學(xué)研究中主要采用演繹法(deduction),而現(xiàn)代人則采用歸納法(induction),這種解釋過于狹隘(toonarrow),經(jīng)仔細考察,無法充分(fails)清楚地指出古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)學(xué)說和研究之間明顯的對比”;
第三段否定了解釋2——“沒有使用或充分使用這些局部方法中的任何一種,在觀察和實驗的藝術(shù)和資源上的缺陷,在觀察中粗心,忽視相關(guān)事實,訴諸于實驗和觀察”;
第四段否定了解釋3——古人試圖通過將“事實”與“理論”或“事實”與“觀念”對立來解釋這一現(xiàn)象;
第五段肯定了第四段中將“事實”與“理論”進行區(qū)分的可取之處,即這種區(qū)分包含了真正方法的一個重要特征。
2)提煉復(fù)現(xiàn)詞:methods“方法”。
綜上所述,D選項“科學(xué)探究的方法”最適合做本文的標題。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)”,本文并未提及,屬于無中生有;
B選項“科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展”,只是在開頭第一段引入問題時被提到,屬于背景信息,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標題,屬于本末倒置;
C選項“事實的核實”,只是本文第四、五段的內(nèi)容,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標題,屬于本末倒置。
26【選項釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者認為,古希臘和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展的一個可能原因是____。
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.這兩個時期的相似之處
B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演繹法的衰落
【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句,該句說到“或者,我們是否應(yīng)該把這兩個時期的特點歸因于所謂的歷史偶然性——歸因于環(huán)境中結(jié)合的影響?這種影響,除非以指導(dǎo)我們的上帝的全能和智慧(theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence)來解釋,否則是無法解釋的?!庇纱丝芍?,作者認為上帝是一個可能的原因?!癎od”是“aguidingProvidence”的同義替換。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“這兩個時期的相似之處”,原文并未提及,屬于無中生有;
C選項“他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法”,原文雖然提到了歸納法,但并沒有說這兩個時期都試圖發(fā)展歸納法,該選項屬于無中生有;
D選項“由于演繹法的衰落”,原文雖然提到了演繹法,但并沒有說演繹法的衰落,該選項屬于無中生有。
27.【選項釋義】
Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中劃線的單詞“ascertain”的意思可能是____。
A.findoutA.發(fā)現(xiàn)
B.confirmB.證實
C.announceC.宣布
D.makesureD.確保
【考查點】詞匯推測題。
【解題思路】
句中前后信息銜接:根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折號后ascertain所在部分的句意是“無論是古代還是現(xiàn)代,這些都是導(dǎo)致不能____真理/真相的錯誤?!?/p>
2)上下文語義銜接:由第一題的解析可得,本文的主題是“科學(xué)研究的方法”,第3段第1句破折號前的句子是展開介紹在科學(xué)實驗中犯的錯誤,那么此處的truth指的應(yīng)該是科學(xué)真理,由此可知,ascertain是搭配“真理”的動詞,“宣布真理”和“確保真理”不能搭配,由此可排除C、D選項;
3)分析詞匯本身:ascertain中certain是“確實,確信”的意思,因此B選項“證實”更符合題意。
【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均不符合原文。
28.【選項釋義】
Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事實”和“理論”的區(qū)別____。
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要證實
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的簡單性
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.幫助我們理解演繹法
【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。該段最后兩句提到“如果一個理論是正確的,它就具有事實的所有特征,只是它的證實(exceptthatitsverification)只能通過間接的、遙遠的和困難的手段?!薄皩⒗碚撧D(zhuǎn)化為事實就是增加了簡單的驗證(addsimpleverification),從而使理論獲得了事實的全部特征。”由此可知,理論得到驗證之后就會變成真理,因此,A選項“是后者需要證實”就是“事實”和“理論”的區(qū)別。
【干擾項排除】
B選項“在于前者的簡單性”,可定位到原文最后一段第2句,該句說“事實是簡單的命題”,原文雖然提到了“事實”很簡單,但并沒有說這是兩者之間的區(qū)別,該選項屬于無中生有;
C選項“是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;
D選項“幫助我們理解演繹法”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有。
29.【選項釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.據(jù)作者介紹,數(shù)學(xué)是____。
A.aninductivescienceA.歸納科學(xué)
B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要簡單的驗證
C.adeductivescienceC.演繹科學(xué)
D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事實和理論為基礎(chǔ)
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】原文并未直接介紹數(shù)學(xué)是什么科學(xué),只在首段引入話題時提到了數(shù)學(xué)。根據(jù)原文第一段第1句“為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)(theinductiveandmathematicalsciences),在希臘文明達到頂峰時第一次快速發(fā)展之后,兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢”,由此可知,數(shù)學(xué)是一種科學(xué),根據(jù)作者將歸納科學(xué)(inductivescience)與數(shù)學(xué)(mathematicalscience)并列可推斷,作者認為兩者非同類的科學(xué),“歸納和演繹”是相對的兩種科學(xué)方法分類,因此,作者認為數(shù)學(xué)是一種演繹科學(xué)。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“歸納科學(xué)”,根據(jù)【解題思路】可排除該選項;
B選項“需要簡單的驗證”,可定位到原文最后一段最后一句,該句提到“理論變成事實需要簡單的驗證(Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification)”,由此可知,該選項表述的是一種科學(xué)方法,不是對數(shù)學(xué)的介紹,屬于偷換概念;
D選項“以事實和理論為基礎(chǔ)”,原文在最后兩段提到了“事實和理論”,但并未涉及數(shù)學(xué),該選項屬于無中生有。
30.【選項釋義】
Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理論就是事實”這句話可以叫作____。
A.ametaphorA.比喻(暗喻)
B.aparadoxB.悖論
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.對歸納和演繹方法的贊美
D.apunD.雙關(guān)
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Theories和facts定位到原文最后兩段。倒數(shù)第2段第2句提到“事實和理論不是完全對立的(theantithesisisnotcomplete)”,后一句又說“事實和理論不是協(xié)調(diào)的類別(notcoordinatespecies)”由此可知,事實和理論不是完全對立又不是完全統(tǒng)一的。第4段最后一句說到“如果理論是正確的(Theories,iftrue),那么它就是一類特定的事實(aparticularclassoffacts)”,由此可知,正確的理論是事實,錯誤的理論不是事實。因此題干中“理論就是事實”的表述是B選項“悖論”。(注:悖論是“如果其中一部分是正確的,那么另一部分就不可能是正確的”的陳述。)
【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均沒有依據(jù),屬于無中生有。
4.寫作題
Directions:Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.UsethespaceprovidedonyourAnswerSheetII.
TOPICManypeoplejudgethevalueofthingsbytheirpracticalityorusefulness.Whatisyouropiniononthistopic?Supportyourargumentwithreasonsorexamples.
【答案】【參考范文】
Peopletendtojudgethevalueofthingsbytheirpracticalityorusefulness.AlthoughIunderstandwhypeopledoso,Istillholdthatthevalueofthingsshouldnotbejudgedonlybytheirpracticalityorusefulness.
Tostartwith,thevalueofthingscannotbejudgedbyanyone-dimensionalstandard.Athingmayhavedifferentvaluesintheeyesofdifferentpeople.Judgingthevalueofthingsbytheirpracticalityorusefulnessisjustonedimensionbutnotnecessarilythebestdimension.Fromamundaneoutlook,practicalthingsmaybringpeoplemorebenefitsandrewards.Lookingfromahistoricalperspective,wecouldfindtheoriginofsuchautilitarianoutlookinsomehardtimes.Duringthosehistoricalperiodswhenascarcityoffoodwasaubiquitousphenomenon,survivalwasoftheutmostpriority,andjudgingthevalueofthingsfromtheirusefulnesscouldensurehumanbeing’ssurvivaltoamaximumextent.Afterall,therewaslittlechanceforpeopletowastetheirpreciousresourcesonuselessthings.
However,asthelivingstandardisrisinghigherandhigherinmodernsociety,nowadayspeoplearemuchlessworriedabouttheadequacyoflivingsubstancesthantheywereinthebygoneages.Atthistime,howtojudgethevalueofthingshasbecomeamultidimensionalchoice.Someindividualsbegintocherishspiritualoraestheticvalueofthings.Newgenerationsareoftenpursuingdifferentkindsofvalueinapostmodernsociety,andthepracticalityisnolongerthesinglestandardtomeasurethevalueofthings.
Furthermore,theaestheticvalueofthingsisalsoadimensionwhichdeservesourattention.Fewofuscouldresistthetemptationofabeautifulfreshflower,aswellasthehealingpowerofanunforgettablemelody,andthecolorfulglamourofanexquisitepainting.Theremaybelittlepracticaluseinartorartisticobjects,buttheydohaveavalueintheeyesofanappreciatingadmirer.Althoughthespiritualvalueofathinglooksintangible,itcouldreallyexertaprofoundinfluenceonpeople.Forinstance,gazingattheworldfamouspainting“Sunflower”onthewall,wecouldfeelVincentvanGogh’sburningvitalityandgetinspiredwhenweareinagloomymood.ListeningtoMozart’smusicdohelpusrelaxinapleasantmood.
Therefore,therearemanywayswecanemploytomeasurethevalueofthings.Itisone-sidedtojudgethevalueofthingsonlybytheirpracticalityorusefulness.
5.單選題
Someone’sfutureblursandgoesblankasanticipation()nothingness.
問題1選項
A.smashesinto
B.squeezesinto
C.fadesinto
D.jamsinto
【答案】C
【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項smashinto表示“猛撞在……”;B選項squeezeinto表示“擠入;硬塞進……”;C選項fadeinto表示“漸漸融入于……,逐漸變成……”;D選項jaminto表示“擠進”。根據(jù)Someone’sfutureblursandgoesblank(個人的未來變得渺茫,成為空白)可知,期望應(yīng)當是逐漸變成虛無,故C項fadeinto符合語境。句意:當期望逐漸變得虛無,個人的未來也會變得渺茫,成為空白。
6.單選題
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.
Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-cooperativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodandservices”thanmales.
SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.
Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.
Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.
1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby______.
2.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraph1)impliesthat______.
3.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare______.
4.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys______.
5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
問題1選項
A.posingacontrast
B.justifyinganassumption
C.makingacomparison
D.explainingaphenomenon
問題2選項
A.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackingrivals
B.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkey’snature
C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother
D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions
問題3選項
A.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget
B.attentivetoresearchers’instructions
C.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament
D.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions
問題4選項
A.prefergrapestocucumbers
B.canbetaughttoexchangethings
C.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated
D.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers
問題5選項
A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.
B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.
C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.
D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyintheworld.
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:B
【解析】1.【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“開篇作者是通過什么方法切入主題?”。首段舉出人們對加薪不等的事情會氣憤,說這種行為是“人類化的”(alltoohuman),但現(xiàn)在有研究表明這種行為也是“猴子化的”(alltoomonkey)行為。這里對這種行為的兩種可能的屬性進行類比以引出全文的主題;B項“證實一種假設(shè)”,原文提出的假定原本是人與猴不一樣,所以該項錯誤;D項“解釋一種現(xiàn)象”,這個說法不能夠?qū)㈤_頭和主題的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系結(jié)合起來。另外根據(jù)第二段第二行l(wèi)iketheirfemalehumancounterparts(就像女性人類一樣)可知,這是比較的相同點;A項“指出對比”和C項“做出對照”看起來都是對的,但是A項里面的contrast是指不同處的比較,comparison是指相同處的比較,因此該題C選項正確。
2.【試題解析】細節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“第一段最后一行的句子itisalltoomoney暗示什么?”。先找到alltoohuman的是什么行為,根據(jù)第二句Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.(然而,如果你得知一位同事的工資比你高,你自己的快樂就會消失)和第三句Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.(事實上,如果他以懶散著稱,你甚至可能會感到憤怒)可以推斷出,人類對不公平的待遇會憤怒;最后一句提到有研究表明猴子也有這種行為,稱為alltoomonkey;因此alltoomonkey暗示對不公平的憎恨猴子也會。A項“猴子也會被懶散的競爭對手激怒”,文中只是提到人會被懶散的競爭對手激怒,沒有說動物也會被懶散的競爭對手激怒,所以不選;C項“猴子和人一樣,也會彼此嫉妒”是干擾項,文中的主題是告訴大家猴子和人一樣對不公平也會憤怒;D項“除了猴子沒有動物能夠培養(yǎng)出這樣的感情”,文中沒有提到其他動物,所以不選。因此該題只有B選項正確。
3.【試題解析】細節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“選擇雌性卷尾猴作為研究對象,很可能是因為它們確實是……?”。第二段最后一句提到liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.(和人類女性一樣,它們往往比男性更關(guān)注“商品和服務(wù)”的價值),可知雌性猴子比雄性猴子更會權(quán)衡。B項“注意研究員的指示”,沒提到,所以不選;C項“漂亮且性情溫和”,第二段確實提到了雌性猴子可愛且性情溫和,但是這不是它們會被作為研究對象的原因,是因為它們和人類女性一樣對價值的權(quán)衡才是研究的原因;D項“比雄性伙伴更大方”也未提及。因此A選項正確。
4.【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“Brosnan博士和deWaal博士最終在他們的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),猴子……”。最后一段第三句Suchcooperationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.(只有當每只動物都覺得沒有被欺騙時,這種合作才有可能穩(wěn)定下來)可知,如果感覺受到欺騙,猴子之間的合作就被打破了。A項“相比黃瓜更喜歡葡萄”和B項“被教會交換東西”都是實驗中采取的一些行動,不是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果,所以不選;D項“當被分開時會不高興”,這個選項是斷章取義,因此錯誤。所以,本題正確答案是C選項。
5.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“從最后一段我們可以推斷出什么?”。A選項“猴子可以通過訓(xùn)練來發(fā)展社交情緒”,看最后一段第一句Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions(研究認為,卷尾猴和人類一樣,也會受到社會情緒的引導(dǎo))可知,社會情緒是受引導(dǎo)而不是訓(xùn)練,A項不選;C項“動物通常像人一樣公開表達自己的感情”,看最后一段第三行Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.(義憤填膺的情緒,似乎并不是人類獨有的),這里文中描述的是憤怒的情緒,開頭也是以不公平待遇的憤怒開篇,C選項有點過度解讀,所以不選;D項“猴子之間的合作只有在野外才能保持穩(wěn)定”,文中是說不受到欺騙才會穩(wěn)定,D項錯誤;B項“人類的憤慨起源于一個不確定的來源”,根據(jù)最后一句whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshas35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上獨立進化而來的,還是來自于3500萬年前該物種的共同祖先,至今仍是一個未解之謎),可知人類的這種憤慨起源于不確定的因素,因此B項正確。
7.單選題
Basedonaccumulatedsocialresearch,therenowcanbelittledoubtthatsuccessfulandwelladjustedchildreninmodernsocietiesaremostlikelytocomefromtwo-parentfamiliesconsistingofthebiologicalfatherandmother.Alternativefamilyformswhichareattempted,suchassingle-parentandstepfamilies,havebeendemonstratedtobeinferiorinchildoutcomes.Therecentmovementawayfromthetwo-natural-parentfamilyhasledtoconsiderablesocialmalaiseamongtheyoung,nottomentionsocialdecayingeneral.
Itcanbearguedthatchildwell-beingwouldbeenhancediffamilieslivedamongcare-givingrelativesandinsupportivecommunities,butthishasbecomeanever-diminishingsituation.Historically,asubstantialstrippingdownhasoccurredofboththeextendedfamilyandthecohesiveneighborhood,andthistrendisprobablyirreversible.Thestatehastriedtofillthevacuum,burwithoutmuchsuccess.Thetwo-parentnuclearfamilythereforemaybemoreimportanttodayforchildren,andforsocietyingeneral,thaneverbeforeinhistory.
Constitutingoneofthegreatestdilemmasfacedbymodernsocieties,however,isthefactthatnuclearfamiliesthemselvesarebreakingapartdramaticallyhighrates.Thechancesinsomesocietiesarenowlessthan50to50,thanksmainlytodivorceandbirths,hatachildwilllivecontinuouslytoadulthoodwithbothnaturalparents.Thisisdespitethefactthat,unlikeintimespast,parentsnowalmostlivetoseetheirchildrenreachmaturity.
Onefundamentalreasonforthehighbreak-uprateisthatthenatureofmarriagehaschanged.Notsolongagomarriagewasaneconomicbondofmutualdependency,asocialbondheavilyupheldbyextendedfamilies.Today,marriageisnoneofthese.Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbyaffluence,byfemaleeconomicpursuit,andbystatesupport;extendedfamilypressuresonmarriageshaveallbutvanished;andmodernsocietieshavebecomeincreasinglyunconcernedwithreligions.Marriagehasbecomeapurelyindividualpursuit,animpliedandnotveryenforceablecontractbetweentwopeople;arelationshipdesignedtosatisfybasicneedsforintimacy,dependencyandsex.Whentheseneedschange,orwhenapresumptivelybetterpartnerisdiscovered,marriagesareeasilydissolved.Moreover,moreoftheeverydayneeds,traditionallymetbymarriage,canbemetinotherdays,suchasthroughthemarketplace.
Withitssurroundingandsupportingsocialstructurescollapsing,cantherebeanyhopethatthenuclearfamilycanberevived?Yesthebasisforhopeliesinthefundamentalbiologicalandpsychologicalmakeupofhumankind.Iftheevolutionarybiologistsarecorrect,humanbeingsareapair-bodingspecies.
1.Whichofthefollowingfamilyformsmaybeidealforachild'swell-being?
2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthetrendofmodernfamiliestoday?
3.Thehighbreak-uprateoftwoparentnuclearfamiliescanbeattributedto().
4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtherevivalofnuclearfamilyis().
5.Theword"affluence"(Paragraph4)isinsimilarmeaningto().
問題1選項
A.Extendedfamily
B.Single-parentfamily
C.Stepfamily
D.Nuclearfamily
問題2選項
A.Easily-dissolvedpartnership.
B.Ever-diminishingcohesiveneighborhood.
C.Decreasingnumberofextendedfamilies.
D.Husbandandwifeheldinpassiveobedience.
問題3選項
A.socialdecayingeneral
B.custompressure
C.collapseoftheeconomicbondofmarriage
D.thecompletelydifferentnatureofmarriage
問題4選項
A.negative
B.optimistic
C.hopeless
D.mournful
問題5選項
A.wealth
B.health
C.culturalrefinement
D.modernconveniences
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:D
第3題:D
第4題:B
第5題:A
【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。第二段指出:Thetwo-parentnuclearfamilythereforemaybemoreimportanttodayforchildren,andforsocietyingeneral,thaneverbeforeinhistory(因此,雙親核心家庭在今天對兒童和整個社會可能比歷史上任何時候都更加重要)。由此可知,如今對孩子成長最理想的家庭模式是two-parentnuclearfamily(雙親核心家庭)。故選D。
第2題:細節(jié)事實題。A:容易破裂的婚姻。B:不斷疏遠的鄰里關(guān)系。C:大家庭數(shù)量減少。D:處于被動服從地位的丈夫和妻子。第二段指出:Historically,asubstantialstrippingdownhasoccurredofboththeextendedfamilyandthecohesiveneighborhood,andthistrendisprobablyirreversible(從歷史角度看,大家庭數(shù)量大幅縮水,緊密的鄰里關(guān)系也變得更加疏遠,而且這種發(fā)展趨勢是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的)。因此B跟C項屬于現(xiàn)代家庭的趨勢。第四段指出:Whentheseneedschange,orwhenapresumptivelybetterpartnerisdiscovered,marriagesareeasilydissolved(當這些需求發(fā)生改變,或者當一位看似更加合適的伴侶出現(xiàn)后婚姻就會很容易破裂)。因此A項也是現(xiàn)代家庭的趨勢。只有D項未在文中體現(xiàn),本題選D。
第3題:細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位至第四段:Onefundamentalreasonforthehighbreak-uprateisthatthenatureofmarriagehaschanged(高離婚率的一個根本原因是婚姻的本質(zhì)發(fā)生了改變)。因此D項“婚姻本質(zhì)發(fā)生改變”正確。
第4題:觀點態(tài)度題。最后一段指出:Yesthebasisforhopeliesinthefundamentalbiologicalandpsychologicalmakeupofhumankind(是的——希望的基礎(chǔ)在于人類基本的生理和心理構(gòu)成)。由此可見,作者對于核心家庭的復(fù)興的態(tài)度是積極樂觀的。
第5題:詞義題。根據(jù)題干定位至第四段:Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbyaffluence,byfemaleeconomicpursuit,andbystatesupport(女性對經(jīng)濟的追求及政府的支持已取締了這一經(jīng)濟紐帶)。由此可知,affluence表示與“經(jīng)濟狀況”相關(guān)的意思。因此A項“財富”正確。
8.單選題
Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?
TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.
Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudeoilhaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.
Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephoneusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,itsoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oilimportingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshiftedhavebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.
Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.
1.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis____.
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif____.
3.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries____.
4.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat____.
5.From
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