尾礦庫土地復(fù)墾問題與措施

Shen Agriculture

UniversityThe

problem

and

measure

of

land

reclamationand

pollution

control

for

the

tailings

pondseverely

contaminated

in

copper

mine重金屬污染場(chǎng)地土地復(fù)墾與環(huán)境治理的問題與措施

–以銅礦尾礦庫為例Wei

Zhong-yi魏忠義:

Land

and

Environment

College

of

SAU沈陽

土地與環(huán)境學(xué)院1

BackgroundThe

tailings

pond

of

copper

mine

in

useClosed

tailings

pond

of

copper

mine,

700

mm

of

precipitation

there,Fushun，Liaoning

provincepollutant

diffusion

by

windpollutant

diffusion

by

windthe

waste

water

by

leaching

in

front

of

the

tailings

damtreatment

and

reuse場(chǎng)地調(diào)查與樣品采集樣品分析測(cè)定High

contents

of

Cu、Zn、Cd

and

S,

and

thus

highmobility

of

heavy

metal.尾礦中Cu、Zn、Cd等重金屬元素和S元素含量較高，導(dǎo)致表層尾礦酸化，重金屬移動(dòng)性增強(qiáng)，加速重金屬淋濾遷移。The

ways

of

pollutants

diffusion

are

by

wind

and

byrunoff

(surface

runoff

and

leaching

to

underground)尾礦庫重金屬遷移擴(kuò)散途徑包括風(fēng)蝕、徑流(表層流與淋濾）。尾礦樣品蒸餾水浸出實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果（mg/L）sample

soaking

test

with

distilled

water,

72

hoursCuZnCd20-40cm32.116.01.66200-220cm0.0110.50.06地表水環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)environmental

quality

standardsfor

surface

water1.02.00.01表層20cm

Cu、Zn

、Cd尾礦的淋失量（kg）The

loss

of

Cu、Zn

、Cd

leached

in

the

surface

20

cmCuZnCd0-20cm26302312580.22

The

problem

of

the

technicalsystem

atpresentThe

land

reclamation

technical

system

and

pollution

control

ofthe

pondat

present

inChinaThe

dam

of

the

ponddam

strengthening;land

regreening;drainage

facility;roads

paving;and

monitoring

onlineThe

main

measuresAt

present銅礦尾礦是礦石經(jīng)研磨選礦后水力排放的，其Cu、Zn、Cd等重金屬元素含量較高；尾礦中含有較多S元素，氧化過程產(chǎn)酸，導(dǎo)致表層尾礦中重金屬移動(dòng)性增強(qiáng)，加速重金屬淋濾遷移。尾礦庫重金屬遷移途徑包括風(fēng)蝕、徑流與淋濾。目前植被措施的風(fēng)蝕擴(kuò)散控制效果較好，但對(duì)徑流與淋濾擴(kuò)散遷移途徑考慮較少，復(fù)墾治理模式可以進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)。The

problems

for

the

present

reclamation

technicalsystem:

The objective

for

the

tailings

pond

reclamation?Vegetation？or

Pollution

control

？or

other？The

reason

of

present

measure:The

best

thickness

of

covering

soil,

30cm,

50cm,

100cm,or

150cm?

and

covering

soil

directly

can

work

well

for

theobjective?(Surface

layer

construction

should

be

necessary)Why

design

flood

with

0.5%

frequency?The

reclamation

of

the

pond

should

be

a

temporary

measure,the

tailings

would

be

reused

several

decades

later?…3

‘Ecological

Closure’

technicalsystem

Idea

proposedThe

present

technical

system

is

Perfect?No.

Some

can

be

improved.針對(duì)現(xiàn)有模式存在的污染物淋濾擴(kuò)散、污水處理和土地利用問題，從多專業(yè)角度全面分析污染物擴(kuò)散對(duì)土地生態(tài)環(huán)境影響途徑，以尾礦庫為例，提出重污染場(chǎng)地的“生態(tài)封閉”土地復(fù)墾與環(huán)境治理解決方案，或稱生態(tài)封閉模式。生態(tài)封閉模式的提出基于治理，切斷所有污染物擴(kuò)散途徑，是重度重金屬污染場(chǎng)地治理的基本思想觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也是可操作的措施體系。該模式包括尾礦場(chǎng)地封閉層構(gòu)造、污染控制、植被建立、徑流調(diào)控，以及配套措施設(shè)計(jì)?？蓪?shí)現(xiàn)重金屬污染的源頭控制與土地的生態(tài)恢復(fù)利重目標(biāo)，亦有利于尾礦壩體的安全。‘Ecological

Closure’

technical

systemfor

land

reclamation

and

pollution

control

of

the

pond4

Research

based

on

the‘Ecological

Closure’

idea尾礦庫剖面采樣試驗(yàn)材料structural

layer

tested5

Site

demonstration

of

themeasures試驗(yàn)小區(qū)剖面圖the

test

plot構(gòu)造層ditchdrainageDemonstration

site，early

spring

afteryear

示范場(chǎng)地6

Benefit

observationeffect

observationAmorpha

fruticosa

planted,

2

yearsInfiltration

test生態(tài)封閉構(gòu)想為尾礦庫復(fù)墾治理提供了理論基礎(chǔ)，該模式要求重新審定原有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的一些參數(shù)，從而可為相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更新提供依據(jù)例如：對(duì)研究尾礦庫，經(jīng)試驗(yàn)計(jì)算，其表層構(gòu)造措施可選：石灰石層+150

cm覆土；不透水土工布層+覆土30cm；石灰粉層+覆土50cm排水系統(tǒng)計(jì)算與設(shè)計(jì)也需改進(jìn)；......THANK

YOUShenAgriculture

University歡迎批評(píng)指正[個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷]魏忠義，教授，博士生導(dǎo)師。

社員。土地復(fù)墾與生態(tài)修復(fù)專業(yè)

委員。太原理工大學(xué)水資源利用與管理專業(yè)學(xué)士；1990年武漢水利電