《法律英語》知識點歸納

unit1lesson11.Abasicpurposeoflawinsocietymaintainthismakelawstodefineouranddutiesweshoulddo.在我們的社會里，法律的一個基本目的是維持秩序、解決爭議。為此目的我們制定法律，以界定權(quán)利義務(wù)，規(guī)定我們應(yīng)做什么不應(yīng)做什么。6.Ifwithwrongfulactsorpropertyonthetheorythatincivilizedsociety,whoinjureothersorpropertymustfor它侵權(quán)法)處理危害人身或財產(chǎn)的過行為，它的理論依據(jù)是在明社會里,危他人或他人財產(chǎn)者必須賠償損失。phrase“sourcesof”isdescribemethodswhichisdeveloped,orthewhichcoerciveforce.“法的淵源”這一術(shù)語用以描述法形成和發(fā)展的方法和程序，或特定法律獲取權(quán)威和強制力的源頭。waystolaw,nosinglecompletelysatisfactory.T3.Lawbringsaboutchangesinitisaninstrumentofchange.F5.JudicialdecisionsaresourceofinandGermany.1.Lawcanbe___defined___differentwaystoitsdifferent.ifthe____imposes____（罰款）onhim,thejudgmentwillbe____enforceable_____heispay.lawsdefinewhileprocedurallawsbyare___protected___andenforced.Publiclawspubliclawsdealwithrelationshipbetween___individuals___?？蓪嵎ǜ鶕?jù)內(nèi)容分成民法法和行政法三大領(lǐng)域它各自又可再分成若干部分。例法是官制定的，而成文法則是由立法或行政機構(gòu)制定的。與陸歐洲的法官相對照，普通法國家的法官權(quán)力大得多。lawsdividedsubjectmasterintothreeareas:civilcriminalandadministrativewhichcanintoseveral“judg，statutorylawbyoradministrative6.ContrastedwithjudgesinContmentalEurope,thoseincommonlawcountriesgreaterunit1lesson22.INareasbothfederaland，lawprevailsifthetwoin在既有聯(lián)邦也有州法律的領(lǐng)域，如果兩者相沖突，則以聯(lián)邦法為準。3.Asaconsequenceoflawjudgesindisputesasfrequentlyasinlitigation.聯(lián)邦制造成的后果之一是，法官和律師在跨轄區(qū)的糾紛中常常要面臨法律選擇問題，幾乎就像在國際訴訟中一樣。．Thepowerofthelimited.F5lawpartoflaw.T8.Thelawfortortclaimislawplaceofinjury.achoiceofT9.lawrules，substantiveissues.F11.ChoiceforumdoesaffecttheofaT12.lawexistdespiteofuniformThepowersenumeratedintheare____specific___andlimited.However,canbestretchedthroughthethe“necessaryandproper”clauseoftheConstitution,whichhasasourcef___powersofThepowerofnotsincestatesalsotaxes.canquotecourtwithoutworryingabout。Theyareinpublicbethelawforofperformance?Istheregeneralrule?8.Choiceofforumproceduralquestion,butitmay__affect,____the10.Inspiteof____uniform______substantial____differencesstillexistinofdifferentstates____conflicts___oflawoftenarisein____multi-jurisdistion___cases.美國法律制度的復(fù)雜性很大程度上largely)由美國式的聯(lián)邦制造的。在聯(lián)邦制的架構(gòu)中，每個州都有實質(zhì)性的自主權(quán)，有自己的憲法、自的立法機構(gòu)制定的法律，以及自己的法院作出的判例法。如果糾涉及數(shù)州，而這些州在有爭議的問題上又有不同的實體法，那么法律選擇就成為至關(guān)重要的問題。complexityofAmericanlegalsystemfrom2)Withinthefederalstructure,eachstatehasautonomy.Eachstatutesmadebyitsownandabodycaselawcreatedby4)Ifstateshavedifferentsubstantivelawsquestionsatissue,choiceofbecomesunit1lesson3incarcancourtsfederalpartywithappellatecourtdecisionareviewofbytheU.S.T8.cannotbefromofficefororunpopular．AllfederalnominatedbyapprovedSenate.meantto___regulate____human，andthecourtseenastheforsettling．I’have____access___tocomputerwhenIwasinhotelI’emailmessageuntil．a(chǎn)reon8.Whenjudgesdecideacase,theyoftenrely邦法官是終身制的。這有助于減少對他們的政治壓力?！耙蜓钡脑瓌t使法律具有一定程度的穩(wěn)定性和可預(yù)見性。4)FederaljudgesappointedforThispoliticalpressurefromthem.6)Theprincipleofgivesthelawmeasureofandpredictability.unit2lesson1joininonelawsuitasplaintiffsifthecausesofactionariseofsametransactionseriesoftransactionsandinvolvecommonquestionsofor如果案由出自同一樁交易或者同類交易并且涉及的事實或法律問題又相同，原告可以合并起訴。3.ifdefendantcompletedeterminationbemadewithout，defendantbringinnewthirdpartiesthird-party如果被告聲稱徹底解決爭議還必須有其他當事人，他可以將其他人作為第三人被告納入該案。4.Inthissystemofprocedure,theresponsibilityforbeginningforissuesandforproducingrestsentirelyupontheparties在這種庭審程序制度中，提起訴訟、界定爭議以及出示證據(jù)都幾乎完全是爭議當事人隨任。7.Criticsofsystemoutthatittendstoreducelitigationtoainwhichthelawyerstheprincipalandtheoutcomewillturnmerits對抗辯制持批評態(tài)度的人指出，抗辯制把訴訟變?yōu)橐粓鲑M錢的比賽，律師成了主角而結(jié)果則取決于他們的技巧而不是案子本身的是非曲直。joinalldefendantswhoarenecessaryacompletedeterminationofdispute.F3.Undersystemthejudgetakesaninofdisputes.judgeisresponsibleforguidingproceedingsrulingonquestionslaw.Thepartywhothetois。Thedecisionofthecourtisgenerallytoasthe___appellant___。。thecausesofaction___arise___outofsameof，phases__inonelawplaintiffs.7.Inacourtthefor___beginning____suit,issuesfor___producing__almost____thealsobear____theburdenofthetimeandexpensesrequired.thattheoutcomeofcaseoncase.既然案是出自同一樁交易，我們可以把所有的受害人作為原告合并在一個案子中。美國法院，法官并不積極參與訴訟。官根據(jù)程序法指導(dǎo)案子的進程并決定法律問.案子的果應(yīng)該取決于案子本身的事實真相，但是抗辯制往往使它取決于律師的技巧。2)Sincethearisesfromsametransaction,joinallpartiesasinaction.Incourtsjudgetakesactivelitigation.Heguidestheproceedingrulesofprocedureanddecidesoflaw.Theoutcomeoflawsuitthemeritsofthecase.makeitontheunit2lesson2courttohearacase，ithavesubjectjurisdictionoverorjurisdictionoverovertheofwithsubjecttocontrolanothaveminimumwiththeforumcourtinthatcanhim.maybetheresortbutitnotbest1.Theregrievancesforthelawnot___provide_____relief，andwhichthelawredress___3.JurisdictionintheAnglo-Americanlegaltwo_____aspects_____：jurisdictionovertheandjurisdiction。the__files___complaintwithcourt,heitsIfnotforumstate，hemustminimum___contactswiththestateforcourtinthattoassertjurisdictionhim.The__probability___ofwinningthelawsuitforapartydependslargelythatparty’sabilityproduce這個案的勝訴可能性不大，也許采取息事寧人的辦法是最明智的。原告向院提交訴狀即表明他自動服從法院的管轄。2)TheprobabilityofthislawsuitisPerhapslettingrestwillbethewisest5)Plaintiffsfilingofcompliantindicatesthathevoluntarilytheofcourt.unit2lesson32.Tolegallysufficient,acomplaintone“causesofactionis,onesetsofallegationsthatupthelegalgroundsforfilinglawsuit,“breachof”or“fraud訴狀要具有法律上的充分性，必須包含一個或多個案由，也就是說，必須有一組或多組事實或指稱，以構(gòu)成提起訴訟的法律依據(jù)，如“違約”或“欺'offactclaimedpartyandbybecomethetobe一方當事人主張而另一方又否認的事項便成了有待庭審解決的爭議。T2Thecourtwillassumethataindefaultallallegationsinthe。thethatserviceisproper,canadismiss.purposeofthepleadingsistoinformtheofeachF7.Ifthelegalofcomplaint,itmeansthatadmittedallinthecomplaint.F8.Ifaisdismissedtheplaintiffcannotincourt.firstofpleadingsis。didnotsummons.Sowas5.Hasthebeen__served___onthe7.Afterthe___files___hiscomplaintwiththethecourtIfdefendantfilesentryofappearance,itthathe11.Motionstocanbewantstochallengethe__jurisdiction___ofthe，theservice，venue,thethe13.Allegationsmadebyoneandbytheotherbecome__issues____tothetrial.原告第份狀紙被稱為訴狀，在訴狀中他陳述對被告的指控。傳票向告送達后，被告可以登記到庭，或者作出答辯狀。被告可答辯狀中作出要求駁回起訴的動議，這個動議對管轄權(quán)、審判地、傳票送達或是訴狀的法律充分性提出異議。ThepleadingiscalledthecomplaintinwhichallegationsagainsttheAfteronthethedefendantmayfileentryofappearanceanThemaketoinhisanswer.Thismotionthevenue,orlegalsufficiencyofunit2lesson41.First，ittakesthesurpriseelementthattheresultsarebasedthanontheabilityorcounsel.首先它消除了訴訟中的意外因保件的結(jié)果基于爭議的事頭真相而不是律師的能力或技巧。alsomakeaandfair，becauseitenablesapartyfindonthenoevidence.調(diào)查取證使即決判決成為一種公正并切實可行的程序，因為它使一^方|事發(fā)現(xiàn)對方當事人在哪些爭議問題上不掌握證據(jù)。lawyermaytakefromtheopposingF5.Atconferenceslawyersthejudge.therulesofcanserveforlatterunderT9.Summaryjudgmentpartiestheofgoing3.Thecourtdenieddefendantmotionfor__summary__judgment,becausehefailedto__produce__thetojurywillfindinfavor__ifatrialistechniquesincludetheofpartiesandwitnesses，onthe___physicalexaminations.allbothparties.forjudgment,thetriespartylacksevidenceondecisiveissue,andso,thejurywillfindthe___mover__favor.通過運調(diào)査取證的各種方,律師不僅能夠獲得證據(jù)并且還獲得導(dǎo)致證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)的信息。如果一當事人拒絕回答取證要求，或者提出不恰當?shù)娜∽C要求，另方可以請求法院命令犯規(guī)的一方服從取證規(guī)則。Bytechniqueslawyerobtainonlyalsoinformationleadingofevidence.Ifpartytorequestsorthemaymakemotionforordertheviolatingthediscoveryrules.unit2lesson53.Ifmotionthewillwitnesses,whowillbetotheprocessofcross-examination.如果動議被否決將出他自己的證人證人也同樣要受到直接質(zhì)和交叉質(zhì)證。F1.Americanlawforjurytrialincases.T3.Lawyerscanchallengejurorsforcause.F5.Intheirthelawyerspresentevidence.foraverdictasksthecasetothejurythecredibilityoftheF11.Judgesdonothingbutacceptverdict.5.Ifisbeingquestionedbythelawyercalledhim，heisdirect___examination.7.Awhomakesamotionfordirectedaskstheisjurytofindin___favor___oftheotherpartyhavingofproofmustevidencetoconvincethejuryissue.Ifdoesjurywilldecide___against___him.usuallythelawproofissuerulesforthe___credibility___of陪審團定證人是否可信，但是法官可以指導(dǎo)陪審團，告訴他們決定可信性的規(guī)則。即決判的動議可以免去當事人進行庭審的麻煩令決的動議省去了陪審目認識事實的麻煩。Thejurydecidescredibilityofinstructjuryonthefordeterminingcredibility.AfortroubleofgoAmotionforverdictsavesjurytroublefindingunit3lesson1presidentisnotsubjecttoforpoliticalnovoteofconfidencecanhim總統(tǒng)不因其政治行為而受立法機構(gòu)的控制美國）沒有對政府不信任的表決制度可迫使他辭職?！啊贝颂幹冈谌蚊夤賳T和其他決策中有明顯政黨派別傾向的行為。6.Ifvetoedbythestatutebepassedbeforeit如果被總統(tǒng)否決，法案必須重新在兩院以三分之二的多數(shù)獲得通過方能生效。onlywaypresidentbyofprocedure.additionpowersalsoiswithimpliedbillsfederalbudget.F12.BillslawwhentheypassedbysinglemajorityinHouses.2.Agovernmentusuallyhasthree：the__legislative____，the__executive___andthe__judiciary____。Bymeansofcan___remove___thePresidentandfederalofficialsfromoffice.Proposedstatutes___originate__intheHouses,Theybymajority__andsignedbythePresident__force___,Ifthe____vetoes____theproposedbetwomajorityintheyfinally提案在終生效之前，必須在兩院以簡單多數(shù)獲得通過并由總統(tǒng)簽署。美國憲第一章第八節(jié)列舉了國會的立法權(quán)中最重要的是聯(lián)邦稅收和對外商務(wù)，宣戰(zhàn)，建立武裝部隊并為其提供給養(yǎng)。Billshavetopassbothbysimplesignedbytheyenter?5)SectionArticle1ConstitutionenumeratespowerofCongress,thewhichandforeignconuncrce,ofwarestablishmentandofforces.unit3lesson43Itthestatesfromdepriveanypersonofliberty,orwithoutprocessoflawperson....theequalprotectionlaws.它禁止各州不經(jīng)正當司法程序剝奪任何人的生命、自由和財或者拒絕J給任何人以平等的法律保護。unit4lesson1ofconsiderationthatthereceiveforpromisemakesandpromiseegainingpromise,orincuradetriment.對價的原則要求允諾者因他所作的承諾而得利接受允諾者在從允諾中得利時有所舍棄或損失。。Ifcontractualfallwillonlyifthereexistsawritingbythepartyresistswhichdocuments如果合同的承諾屬于這幾種，那么只有在有拒不履行的一方當事人的字據(jù)證明他的合同義務(wù)時，案件方能成立。intentionofthepartiesisbytheythetimewasformed.mentalincompetentcannotunderstandfullyT5.ConsiderationmayexistintheformofaItmayexistinthepublicpolicy1.IFsomethingwhichdeliveredtobymistake,youhaveunjustly__enriched___yourself.Ifexpensesintryingtosaveunconsciousyoumayberepayment.canexplainedwhichalsocalled____implied-in-law____contracts.Ifoffersellusedfor$50，yourhewillitforhasmadea___counteroffer__aofthemmakesan___offer____whichis____accepted___other.10.Thefactorsmaythevalidityofacontract1)whether；2)whethertheparties3)is4)thecontractis_____illegal___。ifthecontractisanagreement,wetowhethertheStatutesofFraudsandthereforerequiresa。合同也一種交易。這就意味著合同的義務(wù)必須有對價支撐。出賣不產(chǎn)的合同屬于反詐騙法的適用范圍，它必須是書面的。AisalsomeansthatcontractualobligationsmustbeAforthesaleofrealfallsStatutesoftobeinwriting.unit4lesson2withtheconditions,ofwhetherexpressedorimpliedintheisperformancerequired服從合同中明示或默示的條件是依約履行的不可分割的一部分。4.Apartyabefromdutyperformliabilityforifthewrongfullyhindersorpreventsperforming，orhasrightinsisting)onperformance，ifbecomesimpossibleor在以下情況下，合同一方當事人可以被解除履行合同的義務(wù)或不承擔違約責任:（對方當?shù)刈璧K或阻止其履行對方放棄了要求其履行權(quán)利或因為禁止反言得再要求其履行履行不可能或在商業(yè)上行通。barsdenyingafactsinconsequenceorconduct.禁止反言的原則是因為某人先前的聲稱、否定或行為，不讓他再否定或聲稱某一事實或情況甲方先前為某種需要使乙方相信某某是他的代理，而乙方因此作出了相應(yīng)的行為，甲方就不得在此后否認某某是其代即使某某確實不是其代理includes,inadditiontononperformance,delayedininwhichitaparticulartimeasofstipulationaswell違約除了不履行外包括在有明文規(guī)定或默示條件限期履行的案子中延誤履行及不當履行。F1.Performancethewayterminatearelationshipcanbeterminatedbywhichimpossible.T6.Apartyinjuredbytheotherparty’sbreachmaytoandreleasewaystoterminatethecontractonlyonepartyperformance.therequirementof___strict_____performancetoofordebtor.Andiswhentheof___substantial____performancecomesintoplay.assertionwill___estop_____himfromdenyingitlater.performancematerialtime8.Athat____repudiates____performanceofcontractbeforeitdue商業(yè)上受挫是一種使一方的合理預(yù)期落空的情況。它可以是不履約的有效理由。如果對方不當?shù)刈璧K履行，或放棄了主張履行的權(quán)利，或由于情況使履行不可能或不切實際，就有可能解除一方的合同義務(wù)。Commercialisconditionthereasonableexpectationparty.Itmaybeavalidfornon-performance.Relieffromone’scontractualobligationispossibletheotherpartywrongfullypreventsperformance,iftheotherpartyhaswaivedhistoinsistonperformance,ifcircumstancesperformanceorunit4lesson35.However,trendistoallowpunitivewhenthecontractbreachfraudulent,oppressive,malicious,orotherwiseindicativeofbreachingparty’sintentharmtheother’sexpectations但是，目前的趨勢是:果違約具有欺詐性、壓抑性、惡意或其他表明違約方有意要損害對方對合同的合理預(yù)期的情,允許懲罰性賠償。interestsopromiseesarerelyonprotectionrelianceinterestisdesignedtoputtheinthepositionhebeenintherelegalremedyformostofbreachcasesismoneydamages.T10.Consequentialspecialcircumstances.partiestorelyonby__expectation___interestoftheinsteadofby__compelling__performance.toprevent__unjust___focusispartybutmakinginhereceived.Ifpartiesinprovisionwhichstatesthemoneytobeincaseofthatcalled____liquidated____Generallyspeaking，arefourof：unit6lesson12.Sincetangibleproperty，lawbesidesmobilitydistinguishpropertyTheytestsof，andintention.由于有形財產(chǎn)的法律地位是可以改變的，法律便發(fā)展了除“可移動性測試”之外的其他標準，以便在難以確定的情況下將動產(chǎn)與不動產(chǎn)區(qū)分開來它們是“附加性測試測試”和“意圖測試4.Theyarenotas，butas，courtspartiesnot商業(yè)設(shè)施被視為動產(chǎn)而非不動產(chǎn)，因為法院推定雙方當事人希望該物不是永久地固定在不動產(chǎn)之上。F.2.Allisandtangible.F.4.Personaltypropertypersons.F.5.Jackin。Heagreedwiththelandlordmightanelectricremoveitwhenterminated,Inelectricbyfallsintheofrealty.T.7.Ifabuilt-inintheshethewillbetreatedasrealifsheapartment.T.10.Ifthingattachedstructurecanberemovedfromthewithoutdamagingthelatter，itbeaspersonal；butifitisessentialtothestructure,ittreatedrealty.Wethingsasorpersonalof，__annexation____，andrealtyofvaluephysicalelectricalfurnaceonfloorisintoanelectricalnottobutitpropertybecauseitessentialfunctioningofandissuch_____realty_______undertestof__adaptation___.財產(chǎn)分為有形財產(chǎn)和無形產(chǎn)兩種：前者包括土地及永久地固定在地上的物體（即不動產(chǎn)動產(chǎn)而后者就是通常所說的知識權(quán)一般包括專利權(quán)秘和版權(quán)。有形的財產(chǎn)既可能是動產(chǎn)可能是不動產(chǎn)動與不動產(chǎn)通常四個標準.可移動性、財產(chǎn)的合并，適用性以及意圖性。Propertybetwocategories：propertyandintangibleformerthingspermanentlyattachedit(i.e.，realty),andpersonalproperty,latterreferredproperty,whichincludestrademarks,andpropertycaneitherorpersonalty.fourdistinguishpersonaltyrealtytestsofadaptationintention.unit6lesson2ofdonotallhavetheownershipForexample,ownerscannotwillawaytheir不動產(chǎn)的所有人其權(quán)不相同，比,些所有權(quán)人就不能立遺囑轉(zhuǎn)讓自己的有權(quán)。estatecontinuesforthelengthoftheperiodandispartynoticeoftermination。一般而言，這種地產(chǎn)權(quán)在租金期到期時自動續(xù)展，除非一方適當提漏終止通知。estateisownershipofthelifeoftheholder.studentwhohasrentedestateinfirstcaneasilyouttheofsemesteravailable.forisleaseholdestateforfixedsomeonegrowintoyourgardencancutbranctesthataresurfaceyourT9.Tenantsleasehold2.Anestateofwhichdurationofenjoymentispotentiallyunlimitedorismeasuredbylifeofaas__freehold__estate.3.Iftestate’senjoymentisforaspecifiedtime,oT^inspecifiedperiodnotintendedtobeindefinite,itisa____leasehold____Theofthe，attachedland，theairspaceaboveandthesurfacearecollectivelyTheofa__lease__?partyofleaseand__terminate__thewith30-day財產(chǎn)權(quán)是對財產(chǎn)享有的占、使用、收益和處分的權(quán)利。同一份財產(chǎn)的上述權(quán)利可以同時歸不同的人所有。周期租賃很靈活,大多數(shù)情況下房東和房客都可以在給予適當?shù)闹蠼K止租約。1.Propertyrightsarerightsuse,disposalofsamepropertybyatsametime.5.Periodicveryflexible.Inwithadequatenotice.unit6lesson32.Excutionrefersthe，andnotarizingofdeedingDeliveryinvolvestransferringpossesionaproperlyexecutedmeansthattheindicatestoissumethedeliveryusually(契約的）正式簽訂是指契約文本的形式、語言、簽字及公;付是賣方有意轉(zhuǎn)讓所有權(quán)而將正式簽署的契約轉(zhuǎn)讓給買方；接受則是指買方表示愿意接受所有一般而言,契約收下便構(gòu)成了接受。T3.Jointholdsameinteresttheestate.ajointhisownershipinterestshisheirs.byentiretyjointaresimilarinthatthetosurvivordeathco-tenant.T7.Atenancybyentiretymayseveredbyonetenantwithoutthe’sconsentIfacoupledivorcedortransformedintoinF9.Ajointtenantcannotinterestwithoutofjointtenants.TimTom,fathermakingjointtenantswithTransferofrealpropertybeaccomplishedbydeliveryofa_____deed_____.___easement___usuallyanirrevocablerighttosomelimiteduseofanotherrealty.7.Whenpartyotherthanownerhasafinancialtheanydeedingprocessmustinvolvethree：and_____delivery______?地役權(quán)是指為了自己使用理土地的方便而使用他人土地的權(quán)土地所有權(quán)可以通過簽訂讓契約的方式進行轉(zhuǎn)移。Anisuse’realtyfor’and’Ownershipofbebyadeed.unit6lesson42.Anymayestablishrightsinpropertyanalogousthoseofalienholderinrealtybyacquiringsecurityinterestintheproperty.通過獲得對動產(chǎn)的擔保權(quán)益,任何債權(quán)人都可以在動產(chǎn)上設(shè)置與不動產(chǎn)的置權(quán)相似的權(quán)利。Tl.thepersonaltyisgovernedstateinAmerica.T4.Jill’smothergaveapassbooktosavingsaccounttolditwasagifttoforhercollegeeducation.mcmeyinhertrashanditforinherbasementfamilyroom.isnow’。F6.Burtdiscoversman’swristwatchonainman’sroomofrestaurant.IfBurtpicksitup,watchbecomeshis.walletontheisprobablylostthesameoncheckoutgrocerystorefriendofmislaidpropertyisunlesstrueownerit.4.Ownershipof__abandoned___personalpropertybeacquiredbymerelytakingofAinterestinpersonalty____analogous__tolienonAmaypromisetomakegift,butthisnotbindingandis____unenforceable_______?Bailmentinvolvesonlythetransferpropertyownership.The__bailee___isrequiredthepropertytoclaimit.財產(chǎn)所權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓是財產(chǎn)所有人依法將自己所有的財產(chǎn)通過出賣或贈與轉(zhuǎn)交他人。財產(chǎn)所人可以將其財產(chǎn)的使用權(quán)暫時轉(zhuǎn)讓給承租2.Conveyanceistheinpropertybytheownersalesdeedgiftingoftransfertothetotemporarily.unit7lesson11.Incontrast,tortiscivilbroughtbytheinjuredItsistoprotectanindividuaFscompensatinghimatthewrongdoer’sexpense.相反侵訴訟是由受害人提起的民事訴主要目的是通過侵權(quán)人賠償害人以保護個體的利益。Thatofincriminal，threatlifeorlibertyofdefendanttomandatedegreeofcertainty.這種說服力度在刑事案件中是不夠的，刑事案件事關(guān)被告的生命或自由，因此證據(jù)必須要有相當?shù)拇_定性。6.Tortsmayaccordingtotheofofwrongdoer.可以依據(jù)侵權(quán)人的過錯程度將侵權(quán)進行分類。tortactortoobligationsarevoluntarilybydealwithanother，whiletortobligationsimposedT7.Strictliabilitypersonseveniftheirtortoccurswhenapartyviolatesstandardimposedbylaw,ifwrongdoerdoesnottothe，not1.Whenanoffenseisagainsttheitwhenititis___.3.Understrictthelaw___imposes____onpersonswrong-doingisornonexistent.There___overlap____andThisthatsometortiousareThe$10,000-damageawardisactually___sustained____.按不當行為的嚴重性可把權(quán)分為故意侵權(quán)和過失侵權(quán)。對侵權(quán)造成的傷害的補償常是金錢賠償。4.Tortscanbedividedintotortsnegligencethegravityoftheact.forinjuriesfromaisusuallyunit7lesson2isainlikewouldnormallyapprehensive.(判某行為是否具有威脅性）的一般標準是看一個理性人在相似的情況下否通常會感到害怕reasonable，性人指精神正常并具有一般識、經(jīng)驗及處事能力的人。它是法律擬定的抽象標準tortofofdistressrecognizestofromserious，andunprivilegedofandemotional.有關(guān)故意傷害感情的侵權(quán)法，確認了人們享有感情和精神淸靜、不受故意的、嚴重的和不受法律保護的侵犯的權(quán)利。F2.Inassault,onethatdidoccutafte