考研考博-英語-北方工業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北方工業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Hewasfiredbecauseofhis（

）refusaltofolloworders.

問題1選項

A.obstinate

B.obedient

C.obsolete

D.obstructive

【答案】A

【解析】obstinate頑固的，倔強的；obedient服從的；obsolete廢棄的；obstructive阻礙的，妨礙的。句意：他因固執(zhí)地拒絕服從命令而被解雇了。選項A符合句意。

2.單選題

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?”havegivewaytothequestion“whydidithappen?”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyeventandthatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminationthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.

17.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

18.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonewayinwhichtraditionalhistorycanbedistinguishedfrompsychohistoryisthattraditionalhistoryusually____________.

19.Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

20.Theauthorofthepassageputstheword“deepest”inPara.3inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto____________.

問題1選項

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians.

C.Historyiscomposedofuniqueandnon-repeatingeventsthatmustbeindividuallyanalyzedonthebasisofpubliclyverifiableevidence

D.Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual’sbehaviorandattitudesismoreinformativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife

問題2選項

A.reliesonasingleinterpretationofhumanbehaviortoexplainhistoricalevents

B.interpretshistoricaleventsinsuchawaythattheirspecificnatureistranscended

C.viewspasteventsascomplexandhavingtheirownindividuality

D.turnstopsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontextstoaccountforevents

問題3選項

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whendotraditionalhistoriansconsiderpsychologicalexplanationsofhistoricaldevelopmentsappropriate?

C.Whatsortofhistoricalfigureisbestsuitedforpsychologicalanalysis?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

問題4選項

A.drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistorians’method

B.signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistorians’claimfortheirwork

C.emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians’methodandthatofpsychohistorians

D.questiontheusefulnessofpsychohistorians’insightsintotraditionalhistoricalscholarship

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。第一段提出“歷史研究在傳統(tǒng)上的特點”；第二段講“現(xiàn)代歷史研究的特點和它與傳統(tǒng)歷史研究的不同點導(dǎo)致了心理歷史學(xué)的出現(xiàn)，談及心理歷史學(xué)的流行性”；第三段與第四段講“心理歷史學(xué)研究的特點與相比傳統(tǒng)歷史研究的不足”。因此，總的來說，文章談及“心理歷史學(xué)家研究歷史的方式很流行，但是，相比傳統(tǒng)歷史研究，心理歷史研究有些不足”因此A選項“雖然缺乏傳統(tǒng)歷史研究方式的精確性和嚴密性，但是心理歷史學(xué)家研究歷史的方式很流行”正確，符合題意。B選項“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家可以從研究心理歷史學(xué)的方法和發(fā)現(xiàn)中獲得幫助”，C選項“歷史是由唯一的且不可重復(fù)性的事件構(gòu)成，并且這些事件須在公開可驗證的證據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上進行單獨分析”，D選項“對個人的行為和態(tài)度的心理評估比其日常生活的細節(jié)涵蓋的信息量更大”均未在文中提及，可排除。故選A。

18.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位到最后一段中談及心理歷史學(xué)的不足。Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.（它把決定當(dāng)前情況的決定論強加給過去，這就剝奪了人和事件的獨特性和復(fù)雜性。）Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.（它不是尊重過去的特殊性，而是把過去和現(xiàn)在的所有事件都吸收到一個單一的決定論模式中，假設(shè)這個模式在任意時間和任意環(huán)境中都是正確的。）由此可以推論出傳統(tǒng)歷史的特點是認為過去事件復(fù)雜且有各自個性。因此C選項“認為過去的事件是復(fù)雜的，有自己的個性”正確，符合題意。由第一段Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.（按傳統(tǒng)來說，歷史研究的邊界已固定，側(cè)重于時代，國家，大事件和重要領(lǐng)袖）可知A選項“依賴對人行為的單一解釋來解釋歷史事件”與原文不符，可排除。定位在第三段Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.（心理歷史學(xué)不從歷史中尋找“事實”，（比如）對歷史事件及其影響的詳實完備的記錄，而來自對創(chuàng)造歷史的個體的精神分析，不從他們一生中的具體事件推導(dǎo)觀點，而是來自超越歷史的人性觀。）可知，B選項“以超越歷史事件的特定本質(zhì)的方式來解釋歷史事件”屬于現(xiàn)代心理歷史學(xué)研究的特點，可排除。由第三段第一與第二句Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.（心理史學(xué)不只是在歷史背景下使用心理學(xué)解釋。歷史學(xué)家總是在合適的時候和有足夠證據(jù)的時候使用這種解釋。）可知D選項“從心理學(xué)角度來解釋歷史背景下的事件”屬于傳統(tǒng)歷史研究和現(xiàn)代心理歷史學(xué)研究的共同特點，并不是傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)所獨有的，可排除。故選C。

19.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位在第三段Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.（它（心理歷史學(xué)）違背歷史學(xué)證據(jù)的基本標準：證據(jù)必須對所有的歷史學(xué)者公開，進而被所有學(xué)者檢驗。）可以推論出文章回答了傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家需要的歷史證據(jù)的標準是什么這個問題，因此D選項“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家所要求的歷史證據(jù)的基本標準是什么？”正確，符合題意。A選項“從心理歷史學(xué)的角度對歷史進行解釋的一些典型例子是什么？”B選項“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家什么時候認為對歷史發(fā)展的心理學(xué)的解釋是合理的？”，C選項“什么類型的歷史人物最適合進行心理學(xué)分析？”均未在文中有提及，可排除。故選D。

20.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由第三段中心理歷史學(xué)相比傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)的不足如Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.（它（心理歷史學(xué)）違背歷史學(xué)證據(jù)的基本標準：證據(jù)必須對所有的歷史學(xué)者公開，進而被所有學(xué)者檢驗。）以及第三段中Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.（心理歷史學(xué)家們都相信自己觀點的絕對正確，相信他們的觀點是對任何事件的“最深刻”的解釋而其他人的解釋都不是真相。）可知，作者在這里為deepest加引號的目的是對心理歷史學(xué)家對他們自己工作準確性的宣稱不贊成，但是沒有直接提出反對，只是持有保留態(tài)度。因此B選項“表明她對心理歷史學(xué)家對他們工作的準確性持保留意見”，正確，符合題意。A選項“對心理歷史學(xué)家方法中的一個矛盾引起注意”，C選項“強調(diào)傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家的方法與心理歷史學(xué)家的方法的主要區(qū)別”，D選項“質(zhì)疑心理歷史學(xué)家對傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)術(shù)的見解的有效性”均不符合題意，可排除。故選B。

3.單選題

InthecaseofFinney,whereanattendantatamentalhospitalcausedthedeathofapatientbyreleasingaflowofboilingwaterintoabath,thetestwaswhetherhewasgrossly______.

問題1選項

A.negative

B.negligent

C.neglected

D.negligible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項negative“負的；消極的；否定的；陰性的”；B選項negligent“疏忽的；粗心大意的”；C選項neglected“被忽視的；無人照管的”；D選項negligible“微不足道的，可以忽略的”。句意：在芬尼案中，精神病院的一名護工將沸騰的開水倒入浴缸，導(dǎo)致一名病人死亡，測試的是他是否嚴重疏忽。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Weneedtomakesurethatwe（）ourresourcesasfullyaspossible.

問題1選項

A.use

B.exploit

C.employ

D.explore

【答案】B

【解析】考查近義詞詞義辨析。use“使用”；exploit“開發(fā)，開拓”；employ“雇用”；explore“探索，探測”。句意：我們需要確保盡可能全面開發(fā)我們的資源。選項B符合題意。

5.寫作題

Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteapassageinatleast200wordsonthefollowingtopic.Youshoulduseanappropriatetitleforyourpassage.

Moreandmorestudentschoosetogoabroadforhighereducation.Doyouthinkthebenefitsoutweightheproblemsassociatedwithit?

【答案】GoAbroadforHigherEducation,ADouble-edgedSword6.單選題

Thebookstore’scustomerscomprised______group,oneofheterogeneousbackgroundsanddisparatetastes.

問題1選項

A.aravenous

B.adigressive

C.amotley

D.aprodigal

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.aravenous貪婪的，渴望的B.adigressive離題的，直接的

C.amotley雜色的，混雜的D.aprodigal揮霍的，十分慷慨的

【答案】C

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)后半句句意“不同的背景和不同的品味”可知空格處所填單詞應(yīng)具有“混雜的”的意思，因此該題選擇C項符合句意。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D項不符合句意。

【句意】這家書店的顧客五花八門，背景各異，品味迥異。

7.單選題

THEoldRackspaceheadquarterswasstuffedtothegills.In2007thecompany,whichoffers（1）andweb-hostingservices,hadmorethan1,000employeesindowntownSanAntonio.Peoplewerecrammedat（2）tablesinthehallway.Theyoftenhadtogotoadifferentbuildingor（3）theliftstotalktopeopleinotherdepartments.

Still,whenGrahamWeston,thecompany'sco-founderandchairman,suggestedthatthey（4）ashoppingmall,staffwere（5）Themallwasvacant.Itssite,theencircledsuburbofWindcrest,wasslightlygrotty,notleast（6）thehugedeadmallrightoffthehighway.

Buildingacampusfromscratch,however,wouldhavetakenseveralyearsatleast.Anyway.Theplacewascheap.“Nobodywantsamallanymore."saysJohnEngates,thechieftechnologyofficer.ExceptRackspace,andotherslikeit,whohavecometoseea（7）mallasablankcanvas?In2008itopeneditsnewheadquarters,andwonaprizeforcommunityeconomicdevelopment.Nowithasmorethan3,000workersonsite,withplanstohirehundreds（8）bytheendoftheyear.

Plentyofenclosedmallsare,ofcourse,（9）thriving.Andafterseveralabstemiousyears,shoppersare（10）.InFebruary,accordingtotheCommerceDepartment,retailsaleswere1.1%higherthantheyhadbeeninJanuary-higherthan（11）,andawelcomesignofrecovery.

ButmanyAmericanmallshad（12）beforetherecessionstarted,andthecountry'snascentrecoveryisnotlikelyto（13）them.America'sretailsectorisprobablyoverbuilt;inthefourthquarterof2011，accordingtotheNationalAssociationofRealtors,its（14）ratewas16.9%.Massarevulnerabletosystemicshocks;ifan"anchor"storescloses,orifvacancieslinger,othervendorsquicklysuffer.And（15）themallsthatwerebuiltintheheydayofthegenrearestartingtolookshopsoiled.Thenewfashionisformixed-usedevelopments,ortheoutdoormallsthataredesignedtolooklikeafriendlydowntownshoppingdistrict.Insomecities,peoplearereturningtoactualdowntownshoppingdistricts,asnewurbanistsalwaysdreamedtheywould.

問題1選項

A.cloud-computing

B.cloud-computed

C.cloud-compute

D.cloudcomputer

問題2選項

A.unfolding

B.fold

C.folding

D.folding

問題3選項

A.shuttlearound

B.goup

C.goaround

D.shuttle

問題4選項

A.gointo

B.moveinto

C.takeinto

D.walkinto

問題5選項

A.happy

B.skeptical

C.sad

D.depressed

問題6選項

A.dueto

B.because

C.becauseof

D.as

問題7選項

A.dead

B.dirty

C.great

D.shopping

問題8選項

A.fewer

B.more

C.les

D.little

問題9選項

A.till

B.even

C.still

D.yet

問題10選項

A.shrinking

B.reducing

C.droppingdown

D.perkingup

問題11選項

A.expectation

B.imagined

C.imagination

D.expected

問題12選項

A.becometrouble

B.troubles

C.runintotrouble

D.arousetroubles

問題13選項

A.find

B.revive

C.save

D.help

問題14選項

A.vacancy

B.vacant

C.reserved

D.hooked

問題15選項

A.fewof

B.manyof

C.muchof

D.littleof

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:C

第10題:D

第11題:D

第12題:C

第13題:B

第14題:A

第15題:B

【解析】1.考查詞義辨析。And連接空格和“web-hostingservices網(wǎng)絡(luò)托管服務(wù)”,因此此處應(yīng)該表示“云計算”。故選A項。

2.考查詞義辨析。根據(jù)“crammed塞滿的”和空格處所修飾的名詞“tables桌子”可知，此處表示“折疊桌”。

3.考查短語辨析。shuttlearound穿梭；goup上升；goaround走訪；shuttle頻繁往來，往返運送。前文談及地方擁擠，他們需要跑到另一棟樓，而且根據(jù)后面的“l(fā)ift電梯”可知A符合句意。

4.考查短語辨析。該處句意為:建議他們搬進商場。Gointo進入，從事；moveinto搬進；takeinto無此搭配；walkinto走進。故選B項。

5.考查形容詞辨析。happy快樂的，高興的；skeptical懷疑的；sad悲哀的，難過的；depressed抑郁的，沮喪的。此處表示“當(dāng)公司的創(chuàng)建人之一兼主席GrahamWeston表示他們要搬到一家購物中心時，員工們都還持懷疑態(tài)度”，故選B項。

6.考查短語辨析。空格前后是直接的因果關(guān)系，而且空格后是名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)，因此選C項。

7.考查形容詞辨析。前文談及到“空置的商城”，以及根據(jù)后文“asablankcanvas作為一塊空白的畫布”可知，此處應(yīng)該選A項“dead死去的；無感覺的；呆板的”修飾“mall商城”，因此A項正確。

8.考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)前后可知此處句意為:現(xiàn)在，該公司有3000多名員工，計劃年底前再招聘數(shù)百名員工。

9.考查副詞辨析。此處句意為:當(dāng)然，還是有為數(shù)眾多的封閉式商場生意依然興盛。故選C。

10.考查動詞/動詞短語辨析。選項均為對應(yīng)動詞或短語的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。根據(jù)前半句“Andafterseveralabstemiousyears經(jīng)歷了幾年節(jié)制消費”，可知，后半句與其形成對比關(guān)系，故只有D項“perk活躍起來，回暖”符合句意。

11.考查動詞辨析。該處句意為:據(jù)美國商務(wù)部的數(shù)據(jù)，2月份的零售額同

比1月份增加了1.1%——比預(yù)期高，是可喜的復(fù)蘇跡象。此處填入動詞expect的過去分詞形式表被動。

12.考查短語辨析。該處句意為:但是許多美國人開辦的購物中心在經(jīng)濟衰退期來臨前就已陷入困境。runintotrouble陷入困境。故選C項。

13.考查動詞辨析?？崭袼诰溆刹⒘羞B詞and引導(dǎo)，根據(jù)前半句的關(guān)鍵詞“recession蕭條”可知，后半句應(yīng)該填入“復(fù)興”，即此句表示“國家初期復(fù)蘇勢頭不可能得到復(fù)蘇”。因此B項正確。

14.考查形容詞辨析。前面句意為:美國的零售業(yè)很可能建設(shè)過度了,因此推測該處表示“空置率”。故選A。

15.考查短語辨析?？崭裉幮揎椀拿~是“themalls商場”，這是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，因此，C和D項排除。前文談及“購物中心容易遭受系統(tǒng)沖擊帶來的影響……，其余的商家也很快遭殃”，以及該句表示“還有許多類似在繁榮時期建立的購物中心開始變得陳舊起來”。因此，B項符合句意。

8.案例題

Americanuniversitiesareacceptingmoreminoritiesthanever.Graduatingthemisanothermatter.

BarryMills,thepresidentofBowdoinCollege,wasjustifiablyproudofBowdoin'seffortstorecruitminoritystudents.Since2003thesmall,eliteliberalartsschoolinBrunswick,Maine,hasboostedtheproportionofso-calledunder-representedminoritystudentsinenteringfreshmanclassesfrom8%to13%."Itisourresponsibilitytoreachoutandattractstudentstocometoourkindsofplaces,"hetoldaNEWSWEEKreporter.ButBowdoinhasnotdonequiteaswellwhenitcomestoactuallygraduatingminorities.While9outof10whitestudentsroutinelygettheirdiplomaswithinsixyears,only7outof10blackstudentsmadeittograduationdayinseveralrecentclasses.

"Ifyoulookatwhoenterscollege,itnowlookslikeAmerica,"saysHilaryPennington,directorofpostsecondaryprogramsfortheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,whichhascloselystudiedenrollmentpatternsinhighereducation."Butifyoulookatwhowalksacrossthestageforadiploma,it'sstilllargelythewhite,upper-incomepopulation."

TheUnitedStatesoncehadthehighestgraduationrateofanynation.Nowitstands10th.ForthefirsttimeinAmericanhistory,thereistheriskthattherisinggenerationwillbelesswelleducatedthanthepreviousone.Thegraduationrateamong25-to34-year-oldsisnobetterthantherateforthe55-to64-year-oldswhoweregoingtocollegemorethan30yearsago.Studiesshowthatmoreandmorepoorandnon-whitestudentswanttograduatefromcollege-buttheirgraduationratesfallfarshortoftheirdreams.Thegraduationratesforblacks,Latinos,andNativeAmericanslagfarbehindthegraduationratesforwhitesandAsians.AstheminoritypopulationgrowsintheUnitedStates,lowcollegegraduationratesbecomeathreattonationalprosperity.

Theproblemispronouncedatpublicuniversities.In2007theUniversityofWisconsin-Madison-oneofthetopfiveorsoprestigiouspublicuniversities-graduated81%ofitswhitestudentswithinsixyears,butonly56%ofitsblacks.Atless-selectivestateschools,thenumbersgetworse.Duringthesametimeframe,theUniversityofNorthernIowagraduated67%ofitswhitestudents,butonly39%ofitsblacks.Communitycollegeshavelowgraduationratesgenerally-butrock-bottomratesforminorities.ArecentreviewofCaliforniacommunitycollegesfoundthatwhileathirdoftheAsianstudentspickeduptheirdegrees,only15%ofAfrican-Americansdidsoaswell.

Privatecollegesanduniversitiesgenerallydobetter,partlybecausetheyoffersmallerclassesandmorepersonalattention.Butwhenitcomestoasignificantgraduationgap,Bowdoinhascompany.NearbyColbyCollegeloggedan18-pointdifferencebetweenwhiteandblackgraduatesin2007and25pointsin2006.MiddleburyCollegeinVermont,anothertopschool,hada19-pointgapin2007anda22-pointgapin2006.

Themostselectiveprivateschools-Harvard,Yale,andPrinceton-showalmostnogapbetweenblackandwhitegraduationrates.Butthatmayhavemoretodowiththeirabilitytoselectthebeststudents.AccordingtodatagatheredbyHarvardLawSchoolprofessorLaniGuinier,themostselectiveschoolsaremorelikelytochooseblackswhohaveatleastoneimmigrantparentfromAfricaortheCaribbeanthanblackstudentswhoaredescendantsofAmericanslaves.

"Highereducationhasbeenabletoduckthisissueforyears,particularlythemoreselectiveschools,bysayingtheresponsibilityisontheindividualstudent,"saysPenningtonoftheGatesFoundation."Iftheyfail,it'stheirfault."Somecriticsblameaffirmativeaction-studentsadmittedwithlowertestscoresandgradesfromshakyhighschoolsoftenstruggleateliteschools.Butabiggerproblemmaybethatpoorhighschoolsoftensendtheirstudentstocollegesforwhichtheyare"undermatched":theycouldgetintomoreelite,richerschools,butinsteadgotocommunitycollegesandlow-ratedstateschoolsthatlacktheresourcestohelpthem.Someschoolsoutforprofitcynicallyincreasetuitionsandcountonstudentloansandfederalaidtofootthebill-knowingfullwellthatthestudentswon'tmakeit."Theschoolkeepsthemoney,butthekidleaveswithloadsofdebtandnodegreeandnoabilitytogetabetterjob.Collegesarenotholdinguptheirend,"saysAmyWilkinsoftheEducationTrust.

Acollegeeducationisgettingevermoreexpensive.Since1982tuitionshavebeenrisingatroughlytwicetherateofinflation.In2008thenetcostofattendingafour-yearpublicuniversity-afterfinancialaid-equaled28%ofmedian（中間的）familyincome,whileafour-yearprivateuniversitycost76%ofmedianfamilyincome.Moreandmorescholarshipsarebasedonmerit,notneed.Poorerstudentsarenotalwaysthebest-informedconsumers.Oftentheywindupdeeplyindebtorsimplyunabletopayafterayearortwoandmustdropout.

Thereoncewasatimewhenuniversitiestookprideintheirdropoutrates.Professorswouldbegintheyearbysaying,"Looktotherightandlooktotheleft.Oneofyouisnotgoingtobeherebytheendoftheyear."ButsuchaDarwinianspiritisbeginningtogivewayasatleastafewcollegesfaceuptothegraduationgap.AttheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison,thegaphasbeenroughlyhalvedoverthelastthreeyears.Theuniversityhaspouredresourcesintopeercounselingtohelpstudentsfrominner-cityschoolsadjusttotherigor（嚴格要求）andfasterpaceofauniversityclassroom-andalsotohelpminoritystudentsovercomethestereotypethattheyarelessqualified.Wisconsinhasa"laserlikefocus"onbuildingupstudentskillsinthefirstthreemonths,accordingtoviceprovost（教務(wù)長）DamonWilliams.

Stateandfederalgovernmentscouldsharpenthatfocuseverywherebybroadlypublishingminoritygraduationrates.ForyearsprivatecollegessuchasPrincetonandMIThavehadsuccessbringingminoritiesontocampusinthesummerbeforefreshmanyeartogivethemsomeprepara?torycourses.Thenewertrendistostartrecruitingpoorandnon-whitestudentsasearlyastheseventhgrade,usinginnovativetoolstoidentifykidswithsophisticatedverbalskills.Suchpro?gramscanbeexpensive,ofcourse,butcheapcomparedwiththemillionsalreadyinvestedinscholarshipsandgrantsforkidswhohavelittlechancetograduatewithoutspecialsupport.

Witheffortandmoney,thegraduationgapcanbeclosed.WashingtonandLeeisasmall,selectiveschoolinLexington,Va.Itsstudentbodyislessthan5%blackandlessthan2%Latino.Whiletheschoolusuallygraduatedabout90%ofitswhites,thegraduationrateofitsblacksandLatinoshaddippedto63%by2007."Wewentthroughadramaticshift,"saysDawnWatkins,thevicepresidentforstudentaffairs.Theschoolaggressivelypushedmentoring（輔導(dǎo)）ofminoritiesbyotherstudentsand"partnering"withparentsataspecialpre-enrollmentsession.Theschoolhaditsfirst-everblackhomecoming.Lastspringtheschoolgraduatedthesameproportionofminoritiesasitdidwhites.IftheUnitedStateswantstokeepupintheglobaleconomicrace,itwillhavetopaysystematicattentiontograduatingminorities,notjustenrollingthem.

1.Whatistheauthor'smainconcernaboutAmericanhighereducation?

A.Thesmallproportionofminoritystudents.

B.Thelowgraduationratesofminoritystudents.

C.Thegrowingconflictsamongethnicgroups.

D.Thepooracademicperformanceofstudents.

2.WhatwastheprideofPresidentBarryMillsofBowdoinCollege?

A.Theprestigeofitsliberalartsprograms.

B.ItsrankingamonguniversitiesinMaine.

C.Thehighgraduationratesofitsstudents.

D.It'sincreasedenrollmentofminoritystudents.

3.WhatistheriskfacingAmerica?

A.Itsschoolswillbeoverwhelmedbythegrowingnumberofillegalimmigrants.

B.Therisinggenerationwillbelesswelleducatedthanthepreviousone.

C.Morepoorandnon-whitestudentswillbedeniedaccesstocollege.

D.Itisgoingtoloseitscompetitiveedgeinhighereducation.

4.HowmanyAfrican-AmericanstudentsearnedtheirdegreesinCaliforniacommunitycollegesaccordingtoarecentreview?

A.Fifty-sixpercent.

B.Thirty-ninepercent.

C.Fifteenpercent.

D.Sixty-sevenpercent.

5.Harvard,Yale,andPrincetonshowalmostnogapbetweenblackandwhitegraduationratesmainlybecause.

A.theirstudentsworkharder

B.theyrecruitthebeststudents

C.theirclassesaregenerallysmaller

D.theygivestudentsmoreattention

6.HowdoesAmyWilkinsoftheEducationTrustviewminoritystudents'failuretogetadegree?

7.Whydosomestudentsdropoutafterayearortwoaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Theyhavelostconfidenceinthemselves.

B.Theycannotaffordthehightuition.

C.Theycannotadapttotherigoroftheschool.

D.Theyfailtodevelopinterestintheirstudies.

8.Totackletheproblemofgraduationgap,theUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonhelpsminoritystudentsgetoverthestereotypethat（）

9.Foryears,privatecollegessuchasPrincetonandMIThaveprovidedminoritystudentswith（）

duringthesummerbeforefreshmanyear.

10.WashingtonandLeeUniversityiscitedasanexampletoshowthatthegapofgraduationratesbetweenwhitesandminoritiescan（）

.

【答案】1.B

2.D

3.B

4.C

5.B

6.A

7.B

8.theyarelessqualified

9.somepreparatorycoerces

10.beclosed

【解析】1.

根據(jù)文中前三段的內(nèi)容可知，作者對美國高等教育的主要擔(dān)憂是少數(shù)民族學(xué)生的畢業(yè)率很低。第三段的最后一句“Astheminority...nationalprosperity.”也可以看出答案。

2.

根據(jù)第一段的第一、二句“BarryMills...from8%to13%.”，BarryMills感到自豪的是少數(shù)民族學(xué)生的招收在不斷增長。

3.

根據(jù)第三段的第二句“thereistheriskthattherisinggenerationwillbelesswelleducatedthanthepreviousone.”，選項B正確。

4.

根據(jù)第四段的最后一句“Arecentreview...soaswell.”只有15%的非洲裔美國人獲得了學(xué)位。選項C正確。

5.

根據(jù)第六段的第二句“Butthatmayhavemoretodowiththeirabilitytoselectthebeststudents.”這可能更多地與他們挑選最優(yōu)秀學(xué)生的能力有關(guān)。選項B正確。

6.

根據(jù)第七段的最后一句AmyWilkins說的話可以推測出，他認為大學(xué)應(yīng)該負主要責(zé)任。

7.根據(jù)第八段的最后一句“Oftentheywindupdeeplyindebtorsimplyunabletopayafterayearortwoandmustdropout.”，通常，他們最終負債累累，或者一兩年后無力償還債務(wù)，不得不輟學(xué)。選項B正確。

8.

根據(jù)第九段“andalsotohelpminoritystudentsovercomethestereotypethattheyarelessqualified.”

9.

根據(jù)第十段的第二句“ForyearsprivatecollegessuchasPrincetonandMIThavehadsuccessbringingminoritiesontocampusinthesummerbeforefreshmanyeartogivethemsomeprepara?torycourses.”

10.

根據(jù)原文中最后一段的第一句“Witheffortandmoney,thegraduationgapcanbeclosed.”

9.單選題

Theshipisequippedwithspecialrefrigeratingdevicesto（）foodforthewholevoyage.

問題1選項

A.conserve

B.reserve

C.preserve

D.maintain

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項conserve表示“保存，儲藏”；B選項reserve表示“預(yù)定，儲備”；C選項preserve表示“保存，保護，維持”；D選項maintain表示“維持，保持”。根據(jù)句意“船上裝載了特殊的冰箱設(shè)備來（

）食物以保證整個航行的需要”可知，conserve更符合句意，因此本題正確答案為A。

10.單選題

（）mainlyfortheinventionofthetelephone,AlexanderGrahamBelldevotedhislifetohelpingthedeaf.

問題1選項

A.Heisremembered

B.Whilebeingremembered

C.Toberemembered

D.Thoughremembered

【答案】D

【解析】考查讓步狀語從句。后面的句子完整,

但是沒有連詞連接,

由此可知前面應(yīng)該為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),

所以首先排除選項A。根據(jù)句意：雖然人們記得亞歷山大·格雷厄姆·貝爾主要是由于電話的發(fā)明,

但實際上他一生都致力于幫助失聰者。前后有轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系,

所以用連詞though更適合。

11.單選題

Fewpeoplehavethetimethatisrequiredtomastera“full”knowledgeofaforeignlanguageand（

）stillwouldbetomakethemuchpracticaluseofsuchalanguage.

問題1選項

A.more

B.less

C.much

D.fewer

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞比較級?？崭袂暗腶nd表明前后兩個部分是并列關(guān)系，主語均為people，是集合名詞，先排除B和C選項。前半句句意：很少有人有時間去掌握一門外語的“全部”知識。為了保持并列關(guān)系，后面只能使用fewer：仍然需要大量實際地使用這樣一種語言的人就更少了。因此D選項符合題意。

12.單選題

Itwasobviousthathehadbeendrinkingfartoomuchfromthewayhecame（）downthestreet.

問題1選項

A.hobbling

B.stumbling

C.staggering

D.limping

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項hobbling“蹣跚；跛行”；B選項stumbling“躊躇；蹣跚”；C選項staggering“蹣跚；踉蹌”；D選項limping“跛行”。句意：他……地走到街上，很明顯是喝太多了。hobble“跛行”，尤其是因為腳或腿受傷而行走困難。stumble“絆倒”，一般指走路或跑步時腳碰到某物，差點摔倒。stagger“踉蹌”，其現(xiàn)在分詞staggering可表示“（因生病、醉酒等）搖晃地走”。limp“一瘸一拐地走”，一般是因為一條腿受傷而緩慢或困難地走。而空格內(nèi)應(yīng)填入一個動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞充當(dāng)伴隨狀語修飾謂語動詞came，前面提及到hehadbeendrinkingfartoomuch“他喝多了”可知他是因為喝多了而走路不穩(wěn)。因此C選項符合題意。

13.單選題

Withoutthefrictionbetweenthefeetandtheground,peoplewould（

）beabletowalk.

問題1選項

A.innotime

B.byallmeans

C.innoway

D.onanyaccount

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。innotime立即，馬上；byallmeans無論如何；innoway決不；onanyaccount無論如何。句意：如果腳和地面之間沒有摩擦，那么人類不可能會走路。C項符合句意，答案C

14.單選題

Thepresidentpaid_______tothefiremenwhohadfoughttheblaze,sayingtheirbraveryhadsavedcountlesslives.

問題1選項

A.attention

B.heed

C.grief

D.tribute

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項“attention”，意為注意力，關(guān)心；B選項“heed”，意為“注意，聽從”；C選項“grief”，意為“悲痛，憂傷”；D選項“tribute”意為“致敬，悼念”，句意：總統(tǒng)向滅火的消防隊員致敬，稱贊他們的勇敢拯救了無數(shù)生命。因此，D選項符合句意。

15.單選題

GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSINTHEPINK

Elderlypeoplearegrowinghealthier,happierandmoreindependent,sayAmericanscientists.Theresultsofa14-yearstudytobeannouncedlaterthismonthrevealthatthediseasesassociatedwitholdageareafflictingfewerandfewerpeopleandwhenth