考研考博-英語-中山大學新華學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中山大學新華學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Heisanactorof（）whohasneverabandonedhisprinciplesforthesakeofhisownbenefits.

問題1選項

A.integrity

B.stability

C.scarcity

D.dignity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項integrity“完整，正直，誠實”；B選項stability“穩(wěn)定性，堅定”；C選項scarcity“不足，缺乏”；D選項dignity“尊嚴，高貴”。句意“他是一個正直的演員，從不為了自己的利益而放棄自己的原則?！边x項A符合語境。

2.單選題

Youcanalwaysuse（）glassifyouneedtoblockastreetview.

問題1選項

A.convertible

B.decorous

C.opaque

D.salient

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項convertible“可改變的；可轉換的；可兌換的”；B選項decorous“禮貌得體的”；C選項opaque“（玻璃、液體等）不透明的，不透光的，渾濁的”；D選項salient“顯著的；最重要的”。句意：如果你需要遮擋街景，可以使用（）玻璃。opaque“（玻璃）不透明的，不透光的”，glass（玻璃）可以遮擋光，符合語境。因此C選項正確。

3.單選題

Ihavesaidthatallbranchesofknowledgeareconnectedtogether,becausethesubject-matterofknowledgeisintimatelyunitedinitself[...].HenceitisthattheSciences,intowhichourknowledgemaybesaidtobecast,havemultiplebearingsononeanother,andaninternalsympathy,andadmit,orratherdemand,comparisonandadjustment.Theycomplete,correct,andbalanceeachother.Thisconsideration,ifwell-founded,mustbetakenintoaccount,notonlyasregardstheattainmentoftruth,whichistheircommonend,butasregardstheinfluencewhichtheyexerciseuponthosewhoseeducationconsistsinthestudyofthem.Ihavealreadysaidthattogiveundueprominencetooneistobeunjusttoanother;toneglectorsupersedetheseistodivertthosefromtheirproperobjects.Itistounsettletheboundarylinesbetweenscienceandscience,todisturbtheiraction,todestroytheharmonywhichbindsthemtogether.Suchaproceedingwillhavecorrespondingeffectwhenintroducedintoaplaceofeducation.Thereisnosciencebuttellsadifferenttale,whenviewedasaportionofawhole,fromwhatitislikelytosuggestwhentakenbyitself,withoutthesafeguard,asImaycallit,ofothers.

Letmemakeuseofanillustration.Inthecombinationofcolors,verydifferenteffectareproducedbyadifferenceintheirselectionandjuxtaposition;red,green,andwhitechangetheirshades,accordingtothecontrasttowhichtheyaresubmitted.And,inlikemanner,thedriftandmeaningofabranchofknowledgevarieswiththecompanyinwhichitisintroducedtothestudent.Ifhisreadingisconfinedsimplytoonesubject,howeversuchdivisionoflabormayfavortheadvancementofaparticularpursuit,apointintowhichIdonothereenter,certainlyithasatendencytocontracthismind.Ifitisincorporatedwithothers,itdependsonthoseothersastothekindofinfluencethatitexertsuponhim.ThustheClassics,whichinEnglisharethemeansofrefiningthetaste,haveinFrancesub-servedthespreadofrevolutionaryanddeisticaldoctrines.[...]Inalikemanner,Isuppose,ArcesilaswouldnothavehandledlogicasAristotle,norAristotlehavecriticizedpoetsasPlato;yetreasoningandpoetryaresubjecttoscientificroles.

ItisagreatpointthentoenlargetherangeofstudieswhichaUniversityprofesses,evenforthesakeofthestudents;and,thoughtheycannotpursueeverysubjectwhichisopentothem,theywillbethegainersbylivingamongthoseandunderthosewhorepresentthewholecircle.ThisIconceivetobetheadvantageofaseatofuniversallearning,consideredasaplaceofeducation.Anassemblageoflearnedmen,zealousfortheirownsciences,andrivalsofeachother,arebrought,byfamiliarintercourseandforthesakeofintellectualpeace,toadjusttogethertheclaimsandrelationsoftheirrespectivesubjectsofinvestigation.Theylearntorespect,toconsultandtoaideachother.Thusiscreatedapureandclearatmosphereofthought,whichthestudentalsobreathes,thoughinhisowncaseheonlypursuesafewsciencesoutofthemultitude.Heprofitsbyanintellectualtradition,whichisindependentofparticularteachers,whichguideshiminhischoiceofsubjects,anddulyinterpretsforhimthosewhichhechooses.

Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.Henceitisthathiseducationiscalled“Liberal”.Ahabitofmindisformedwhichlaststhroughlife,ofwhichtheattributesare,freedom,equitableness,calmness,moderation,andwisdom;orwhatinaformerdiscourseIhaveventuredtocallaphilosophicalhabit.ThisthenIwouldassignasthespecialfruitoftheeducationfurnishedataUniversity,ascontrastedwithotherplacesofteachingormodesofteaching.ThisisthemainpurposeofaUniversityinitstreatmentofitsstudents.

1.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat（）.

2.BytheSciences(line2),theauthormeans（）.

3.Theword“exercise”inline7mostnearlymeans（）.

4.Byusingthewordsafeguardinline13,theauthorsuggeststhat（）.

5.Thepurposeofthesecondparagraphisto（）.

6.Thewordapprehendsasusedinlines39means（）.

7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sideaofaliberaleducation?

8.Theauthorbelievesthatauniversityshould（）.

Ⅰ.havefacultyrepresentingawiderangeofsubjectsandphilosophies

Ⅱ.teachstudentshowtoseetherelationshipsamongideas

Ⅲ.teachstudentstounderstandandrespectotherpointsofview

Ⅳ.teachstudentsliberalratherthanconservativeideals

問題1選項

A.eachscienceshouldbestudiedindependently

B.thesciencesareinterrelated

C.theboundarylinesbetweeneachofthesciencesshouldbeclearer

D.itisdifficulttoattainaproperbalanceamongthesciences

問題2選項

A.thephysicalsciencesonly

B.educationalmethodologies

C.thephysicalandsocialsciences

D.allbranchesofknowledge,includingthephysicalandsocialsciencesandthehumanities

問題3選項

A.remove

B.compete

C.impose

D.arrange

問題4選項

A.eachsciencehasitsownspecificsafetyguidelines

B.itisnotsafetostudythesciences

C.themoreoneknows,thesaferonewillfeel

D.oneshouldchooseasecondareaofspecializationasabackupincasethefirstdoesnotworkout

問題5選項

A.compareandcontrastdifferentbranchesofknowledge

B.developtheideapresentedinthepreviousparagraph

C.statethemainideaofthepassage

D.presentanalternativepointofview

問題6選項

A.understands

B.captures

C.fears

D.believes

問題7選項

A.In-depthspecializationinonearea.

B.Anemphasisontheartsratherthanthesciences.

C.Abroadscopeofknowledgeinseveraldisciplines.

D.Trainingforascientificcareer.

問題8選項

A.IandIIonly

B.I,II,andIII

C.IandIV

D.IVonly

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:A

第8題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Ihavesaidthatallbranchesofknowledgeareconnectedtogether,becausethesubject-matterofknowledgeisintimatelyunitedinitself”，作者認為所有的知識分支都是相互聯(lián)系的，因為知識的主題本身是緊密相連的。此句為第一段的中心句，可判斷出第一段的中心思想為科學知識之間是相互聯(lián)系的。選項B符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“HenceitisthattheSciences,intowhichourknowledgemaybesaidtobecast,havemultiplebearingsononeanother,andaninternalsympathy,andadmit,orratherdemand,comparisonandadjustment.”，我們的知識所涉及的各種科學，彼此之間有多重關系，有一種內在承認，要求，比較和調整關系?？膳袛喑鲞@里的sciences指各種科學知識分支，包括自然科學、人文科學和社會科學。選項D符合題意。

3.詞義題。根據(jù)章第一段，“…theinfluencewhichtheyexerciseuponthosewhoseeducationconsistsinthestudyofthem.”，which引導的定語從句修飾先行詞influence，構成搭配關系exerciseupontheinfluence“對……造成影響”。Remove“移除”；compete“競爭”；impose“強加”；arrange“安排”。選項C符合題意。

4.詞義題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句，“Thereisnosciencebuttellsadifferenttale,whenviewedasaportionofawhole,fromwhatitislikelytosuggestwhentakenbyitself,withoutthesafeguard,asImaycallit,ofothers.”，當把每種科學看成整體的一部分時，在其他學科并未采取保護措施的情況下，每一門科學都是不同的?？膳袛喑鲎髡咛岬降膕afeguard意思是每種科學都有自己特定的保護措施。選項A符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句，“Letmemakeuseofanillustration.”，可知第二段的目的是進行相關的例證，下文主要用大量的例子來證明了第一段的觀點——科學的知識分支是相互聯(lián)系的，但是各科學之間有各自的保護措施，使其內容存在差別?？膳袛喑龅诙蔚哪康脑谟诎l(fā)展和繼續(xù)探討第一段提出的觀點。選項B符合題意。

6.詞義題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.”，apprehends后接的內容為知識的原則、范圍、亮點、重點等，能與知識的這些方面構成一致意思的為apprehends“理解”。Understands“理解”；captures“捕捉”；fears“恐懼”；believes“相信”。相信A符合題意。

7.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一二句，“Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.Henceitisthathiseducationiscalled‘Liberal’.”，他的教育被稱為“Liberal”，要理解知識的概要、基礎原則、范圍、亮點與不足、重點與次重點，否則就不能真正理解知識。可判斷出他所謂的“l(fā)iberaleducation”必須要對知識有深入的了解，也就是某一領域的專業(yè)理解。選項A符合題意。

8.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“ItisagreatpointthentoenlargetherangeofstudieswhichaUniversityprofesses,evenforthesakeofthestudents;and,thoughtheycannotpursueeverysubjectwhichisopentothem,theywillbethegainersbylivingamongthoseandunderthosewhorepresentthewholecircle.”，至于大學教育，要擴大學生學習和研究的范圍，盡管學生們不能追求所有開放的主題，但是卻能受到代表某個知識專業(yè)領域的人的影響，并且受益?？膳袛喑鲎髡哒J為大學應該擁有代表廣泛學科和哲學領域的教職工。根據(jù)下文，“….toadjusttogethertheclaimsandrelationsoftheirrespectivesubjectsofinvestigation.Theylearntorespect,toconsultandtoaideachother.”，學生們能夠調整他們各自的研究學科之間的關系，并且他們要學會尊重、協(xié)商和互相幫助?？膳袛喑鲎髡哒J為大學應該教學生們去正確看待各種思想之間的關系并且尊重其他人的觀點和看法。所以I,II和III都是作者認為一所大學應該具備的要求。選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

ThoughonemayquestionthedegreetowhichtheCivilWarrepresentsamilestoneinwomen’spursuitofsocial,economic,andpoliticalequality,Leonard’srecentstudyhasexcelledthatofherpredecessorGinzbergindebunkingpersistentmythsaboutwomen’sprimaryrelationtothewarasweepingwidows,self-sacrificingwives,patrioticfiancees,andloyaldaughters.Leonardasksifthewartimeworkofnorthernwomeninfluencedpopularperceptionsofwomen’sabilities,andifhomefrontproductionwereseenascontributingtothereadinessofsoldiers.Findingintheaffirmative,shearguesthathomefrontactivitiesgeneratedrespectforwomen’sorganizationaltalentsandopenedupnewworkopportunitiesforwomen,whileparticipationreinforcedtheirself-relianceandself-esteem.

Incontrasttoherpredecessors,whosawthewarastransformingtheideologyofbenevolence,Leonardfindsthatwomen’swarworkdrewheavilyupontheantebellumideologyofwomen’snatureandsphere.Itwasoncebelievedthatwartimebenevolenceheightenedchangesemerginginthe1850sbyreplacingtheantebellumideologyofgenderdifferenceandfemalemoralsuperioritywithanewideologyofgendersimilarityandamoremasculineethosofdisciplineandefficiency.Leonardassertsinsteadthatwhite,middle-class,Yankee,charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhoodand,inparticular,woman’suniquemoralresponsibilityformaintainingcommunityandhernaturalselflessnessandcaretakingabilities,toexpandtheboundariesofwoman’sproperplace.Withdeterminationandcourage,womenbroughtforthpositivechangesinpopularcharacterizationsofmiddle-classwomanhoodthatopenednewdoorsforwomenintheprofessionsandinpubliclife.

AweakpointofLeonard’stheoryisherassessmentofthethemesofpostwarhistoriesofwomen’swartimeservice.Leonardviewstheseworksasextollingwomen’sself-sacrificeandabilitytocooperatemenwhiledownplayingwomen’sdemandsforstatusandpayandignoringthescopeofwomen’sadministrativegenius.Butothertheorists,mostnotablyGinzbergthavearguedthatthesesameworksmayalsobeviewedaspraisingtheefficiencyofthenewcentralizedandnationalcharitableorganizations,women’swage-earningcapacity,andtheirsubordinationoffemininefeelingandenthusiasmtobusiness-likeandwar-likeroutinizationandorder.Twosetsofvalues—oldernotionsofbenevolenceandnewdemandsofpublicservice—wereatwarintheNorth,awarthatcanbeplottedthroughtensionsaboutpayingwages,centralizingcorporatefunctionsofbenevolence,relatingbenevolencetogovernment,andusingfundsforadministrative—asopposedtostrictlycharitable—purposes.Itmaywellbethatwartimemasculinizationoftheideologyofbenevolencepushedwomenfurtherfromboththesymbolicandtherealcentersofpowerforsocialchangeandhastenedinsteadaclass-basedallianceforsocialwelfare.ButwecanagreewithLeonardthatthewarforcedmentoyieldground,sharingandsometimesevensurrenderingterritory,power,andstatusinthepublicrealm.

25.WhichoftheFollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

26.Accordingtothepassage，Leonardassertsthatwomen’sactivitiesduringtheCivilWarhadallofthefollowingpositiveeffectsEXCEPT

27.Itcanbeinferred-fromthepassagethatLeonardwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthestatusofwomenduringtheCivilWar?

I.Antebellumvalueswereexpanded,notreplaced,inordertodevelopnewdefinitionsofwomanhood.

II.Historianshavepaidinsufficientattentiontodemandsforhigherstatuswomenmadeduringthewar.

III.Onthewhole,thewarwasdetrimentaltotheperceptionofwomen.

28.ItcanbeinferredthatLeonardwouldmostlikelyconsiderwhichofthefollowinghypotheticalcasesofCivilWarwomentheLEASTsupportiveofherthesis?

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

30.WithwhichofthefollowingcriticismsofLeonard'stheorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

問題1選項

A.TheInfluenceofElizabethLeonardonHistoriansofFeminismintheCivilWar

B.Leonard’sExplanationofHowtheCivilWarImprovedthePlightofWomen

C.FeminismintheCivilWar:NewControversyAboutanOldSubject

D.TheHeritageofBenevolence:TheCivilWar’sContributiontoWomen'sCharitableOrganizations

問題2選項

A.Theywerepraisedasaidingthewarcause.

B.Theyimprovedwomen'seconomicsituation.

C.Theywereconsideredproofofwomen’sabilitiestoorganizethemselves.

D.Theycreatednewoccupationalopportunitiesforwomen.

問題3選項

A.Ionly

B.IIonly

C.IandIIonly

D.I,II,andIII

問題4選項

A.Awidowwhopatrioticallyrefusedtoremarry,evenafterhersoldierhusbandwaskilledinbattle

B.Awomanwhoshiftedfromworkingasaseamstresstorunninganarmyuniformfactory

C.AwomanwhodressedasaSouthernsoldierinordertocrossenemylinesasaspy

D.Awomanwhoestablishedacharityinordertocollectmoneyforprosthesesforwaramputees

問題5選項

A.Theauthorcomparesandcontraststheworkofseveralhistoriansandthendiscussesareasforpossiblenewresearch.

B.Theauthorpresentshisthesis,drawsontheworkofseveralhistoriansforevidencetosupporthisthesis,andconcludesbyreiteratinghisthesis,

C.Theauthordescribessomefeaturesofahistoricalstudyandthenusesthosefeaturestoputforthhisownargument

D.Theauthorpresentsthegeneralargumentofahistoricalstudy,describesthestudyinmoredetail,andconcludeswithabriefjudgmentofthestudy’svalue

問題6選項

A.Itlaystoomuchimportanceupontheantebellumideologyofwomen’snatureandsphere.

B.Itfailstoacknowledgethatmasculinizationofwar-timeeffortsmayhavebeendetrimentaltothefeministcause.

C.Ittendstooveremphasizetheroleofwomeninshiftingtheirstatusoverthecourseofthewar.

D.Itbasesitsthesistooexclusivelyonwhite,Yankee,middle-classwomen,ignoringeveryothersocialandracialclass.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:A

【解析】25.主旨大意題。通讀全文，可發(fā)現(xiàn)作者全文探討的重點是對于內戰(zhàn)給女性（女權）帶來的影響，作者及其前輩研究者持有不同的觀點。根據(jù)關鍵詞“CivilWar”“women”“othertheorists…argue…”即可得出本題答案。

26.

細節(jié)事實題。可將信息點定位至原文第一段，根據(jù)信息點“ifhomefrontproductionwereseenascontributingtothereadinessofsoldiers（是否后方生產被認為有助于提高士兵的戰(zhàn)備）”“generatedrespectforwomen’sorganizationaltalentsandopenedupnewworkopportunitiesforwomen（尊重婦女的組織才能，為婦女創(chuàng)造新的工作機會）”，即可得出A、C、D三項符合原文，而選項B原文并未提及，從而得出本題答案。

試題答案B

27.細節(jié)推斷題。將信息點定位至原文第二段第三句和第四句，“Leonardassertsinsteadthatwhite,middle-class,Yankee,charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhoodand,inparticular,woman’suniquemoralresponsibilityformaintainingcommunityandhernaturalselflessnessandcaretakingabilities,toexpandtheboundariesofwoman’sproperplace.Withdeterminationandcourage,womenbroughtforthpositivechangesinpopularcharacterizationsofmiddle-classwomanhoodthatopenednewdoorsforwomenintheprofessionsandinpubliclife.”從而可判斷I與原文相符。而II、III明顯與原文不符，從而得出本題答案。

28.細節(jié)推斷題。注意題干關鍵詞“theleastsupportive”，根據(jù)原文信息點“charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhood”“expandtheboundaries”“broughtforthpositivechanges”即可得出本題答案。

29.

結構分析題。通讀全文后即可發(fā)現(xiàn)選項D最為吻合作者的行文結構。從而得出本題答案。

30.

事實推斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段信息點“women’swarworkdrewheavilyupontheantebellumideologyofwomen’snatureandsphere.（婦女戰(zhàn)爭工作在很大程度上借鑒了戰(zhàn)前婦女的性質和范圍的意識形態(tài)。）”即可進行合理推斷。從而得出本題答案。

5.單選題

Theideasexpressedinthearthistorian’sbookaremore（

）thanonewouldexpectonthebasisofherrather（

）treatmentofhersubjectintheopeningpages.

問題1選項

A.riguing

B.accessible...recondite

C.hidebound...reactionary

D.insightful...innovative

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。compelling“引人注目的，不可抗拒的”；intriguing“有趣的，迷人的”；accessible“易接近的，可進入的，可理解的”；recondite“深奧的，隱藏的”；hidebound“死板的，保守的，頑固的”；reactionary“保守的，反動的”；insightful“有深刻見解的，富有洞察力的”；innovative“革新的，創(chuàng)新的”。句意：跟她在開篇對主題的深奧表述，對于讀者而言，這個藝術史學家書中的觀點要容易理解很多。選項B符合題意。

6.單選題

BecauseChinesesocialtraditionemphasizedthe（）oftheindividualtohisbirthplaceandfamily,thosegentrywhoservedinpublicofficewerediscouragedfromconcerningthemselveswiththeirnativelocalities.

問題1選項

A.glue

B.feelings

C.separation

D.attachment

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項glue“膠”；B選項feeling“感覺”；C選項separation“分離”；D選項attachment“連接，聯(lián)系”，attachto“連接到”，為固定搭配。句意：因為中國的社會傳統(tǒng)強調個人與他的出生地和家庭的連接，所以那些公職人員對于將他們與他們的祖籍……在一起感到很懊喪。因此D選項正確。

7.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese

DuringthepastfourdecadesthefisheryscientistsoftheWesthavestudiedthedynamicsoffishpopulationswiththeobjectiveofdeterminingtherelationbetweentheamountoffishingandthesustainablecatch.

Clearly,sciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy.

Practitionersexplicitlyinterpretwhattheyobserve,andoftencategorizetheirdataafterthedatacollectionprocessiscompleteandfromtheperspectivesofthepeopletheyobserving.

Thesubjectofsocialscienceinquiryispatternedsocialregularities.Asearchfortheseregularitiesshowsthatmosthumanbehavior,frombigandmomentousactstosmallandinsignificantones,ispatterned.

WallStreetislivingonborrowedtime.SincetheOctober1987crashsecuritiestradinghasbeendepressed,retailinvestorshavehurriedoutofstocksandtheissueofnewsharestockshasbeendecreasedsharply.

Infact,thecollationoftheselistshasbeenenoughtopulldownourvanity;forthemoreonelooksatwhatisavailableinanunfamiliarfield,themoreurgent,thedesireonefeelstoabandontheaffectationsoftheeditorandassumethemodestythestudent.

Ofalltheareasoflearning,themostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes.Emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customsbeliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Ifweaccepttheideathatwewon'teverfullyknowanotherperson,itenablesustodealmoreeasilywiththosethingsthatgetinthewayofaccurateknowledgesuchassecretsanddeceptions.

Whilepopulationswerelowandstablelittlepermanentdamagewasdone,butwithasteadyincreaseinthesizeandnumberofhumancommunitiestheforestandsoilhavelittletimetorecover.

【答案】在過去的四十年里，西方漁業(yè)科學家研究了魚類種群的動態(tài)，目的是確定漁獲量與魚類數(shù)量之間的關系。

顯然，科學不僅包括仔細觀察，而且還要樂于創(chuàng)新；這可能需要超越現(xiàn)有的在某一特定領域管理研究的模式。

從業(yè)者明確解釋他們所觀察到的內容，并且通常在數(shù)據(jù)收集過程完成后，從他們觀察到的人的角度對他們的數(shù)據(jù)進行分類。

社會科學探究的對象是模式化的社會常規(guī)。對這些常規(guī)的調查顯示了大多數(shù)人類的行為都是模式化的，從重大的行為到微小的行為。

華爾街以借來的時間為生。自從1987年10月的證券市場崩潰以來，散戶投資者紛紛撤出股票，新股發(fā)行大幅減少。

事實上，對這些清單的整理已經足夠消除我們的虛榮心了。因為一個人越多地看一個陌生領域中的東西，他就越迫切地想要放棄的編輯的裝模作樣，并承擔起學生的謙遜。

在所有學習領域中，最重要的是培養(yǎng)態(tài)度。情感反應和邏輯思維過程影響著大多數(shù)人的行為。

文化是一個特定群體的所有傳統(tǒng)、習俗、信仰和生活方式的總和。從這個意義上說，每一個群體都有一種文化，無論在我們看來它是野蠻的、不發(fā)達的還是不文明的。

如果我們接受我們永遠不會完全了解另一個人的想法，它使我們能夠更容易地處理如秘密和欺騙那些阻礙我們獲得準確信息的事物。

雖然過去人口少且穩(wěn)定，可造成的永久性損害很少，但隨著人類社區(qū)規(guī)模和數(shù)量的穩(wěn)步增加森林和土壤幾乎沒有時間恢復。

8.單選題

Thisdiplomaisimportant,which（

）thatyouhavecompletedhighschool.

問題1選項

A.amplifies

B.certifies

C.clarifies

D.magnifies

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析。A選項amplify“放大，擴大”；B選項certify“證明”；C選項clarify“澄清，闡明”；D選項magnify“贊美，夸大”。

句意：這個文憑很重要，它能證明你已經完成高中學業(yè)。選項B符合句意。

9.單選題

Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured____thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.

問題1選項

A.inlinewith

B.intermsof

C.inregardwith

D.bymeansof

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.inlinewith與……一致B.intermsof就……而言

C.inregardwith無此表達D.bymeansof通過……方式

【答案】D

【考查點】語義銜接

【解題思路】空格前語義為“一個國家的財富應該被衡量”，空格后語義為“人民的健康和幸福，以及它所能生產的物質產品”，由此可知，后者為衡量一個國家財富的兩種方式或兩個標準，D選項bymeansof“通過……方式”最符合原句語義銜接。

【干擾項排除】

A選項inlinewith“與……一致”，不符合原句語義銜接；

B選項intermsof“就……而言”，不符合原句語義銜接；

C選項inregardwith，其正確表達為in/withregardto“關于；至于”。

【句意】一個國家的財富應該用國民的健康和幸福以及它所能生產的物質產品來衡量。

10.單選題

W:Whatseemstobetheproblem?

M:Well,Iunderstandthelectures,butIgetmixedupwhenItrytoreadthebook.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

問題1選項

A.Hedoesn’treallyunderstandthelectures.

B.Thebookisconfusing.

C.Thelectureisnotveryclear.

D.Thebookistoodifficultforhim.

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)男士的話“講課的內容我都理解了，但讀書的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)又混亂了”可知B選項‘這本書令人困惑?！_。

11.單選題

Thecourtconsidersafinancial____tobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.

問題1選項

A.payment

B.obligation

C.option

D.penalty

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析與上下文語義。A選項payment“應付的款項總額”；B選項obligation“義務；責任”；C選項option“選擇；選擇權”；D選項penalty“罰款；罰金”。句意：法院認為財務____是懲罰他的合適方法。根據(jù)“懲罰”推斷D選項“罰款”最符合句意。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

12.填空題

Is（1）acarreallysuchagoodidea?Thinkofhowmuchfuelitwouldneed,andofthecostofmaintenanceandinsurance.Inthisneighborhoodyou’dprobablyhavetopayafeeto（2）itatnight.OnyoursalaryIreally（3）thatyoucan（4）it.Asafriend,Iwould（5）

youtowaituntilyourfinancialsituationimproves.

大意:買車真的是個好想法嗎？想想它需要多少油耗，維修和保養(yǎng)要多少花費。在這附近，晚上，你可能需要付費停車。以你的工資，我真懷疑你能買得起。作為朋友，我建議，等你經濟狀況有所提高后再買。

【答案】1.buying

2.park

3.doubt

4.afford

5.advise

【解析】1.詞匯題。此處應填一個動詞的ing形式,賓語為acar。本段講的應該是關于“購買一輛車”。

2.詞匯題。句意:在這附近，晚上，你可能需要付費停車。因此此處填入動詞原形park。

3.詞匯題。句意:以你的工資，我真懷疑你能否買得起。

4.詞匯題。此處應填一個動詞,而且表示“買得起”,故填afford。

5.詞匯題?？崭裉帒钜粋€謂語動詞,根據(jù)后面的內容推測此處應該是給與建議。因此填advise，advisesb.Todosth.建議某人做某事。

13.單選題

問題1選項

A.Thelittleboyisrestlessandnaughty.

B.Themanwillhelptakecareofthelittleboy.

C.Thewomanhastospendthedayinthelab.

D.Thewoman’ssonshouldnotstayinthelab.

【答案】D

【解析】9.W:Hi,Tony.Thisismyson,Philippe.Therewasaproblemwithhisdaycaretoday.He’llbespendingthedayhereinthelabwithme.I’llteachthemallaboutdoingresearch.

M:Well,I’mnotsurethisisagoodplaceforalittleboy.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干為：這個男人什么意思？由文中“He’llbespendingthedayhereinthelabwithme.（他今天會和我一起待在實驗室里。）”和“Well,I’mnotsurethisisagoodplaceforalittleboy.（我不確定這個地方適合一個小男孩待著。）”，可知D選項“Thewoman’ssonshouldnotstayinthelab.（女士的孩子不應該帶到實驗室）”符合原文。A選項“小男孩又好動又淘氣”；B選項“這個男人會幫助照顧這個小男孩”；C選項“女人不得不整天待在實驗室里”不符合原文。

14.單選題

Thisstudyinvolvesmonitoringthesleep（）of100mentallyhealthypeopleaged45to80.

問題1選項

A.orders

B.rules

C.patterns

D.characters

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項orders“順序；命令”；B選項rules“規(guī)則”；C選項patterns“模式”；D選項characters“特征”。句意：這項研究包括監(jiān)測100名45歲至80歲精神健康的人的睡眠（）。根據(jù)語境，睡眠和characters“特征”搭配比較合理。因此D選項正確。

15.單選題

Theconference（）afullweekbythetimeitends.

問題1選項

A.musthavelasted

B.willhavelasted

C.wouldlast

D.haslasted

【答案】B

【解析】考查時態(tài)。根據(jù)題干以及選項可知本題考查時態(tài)的用法，又根據(jù)bythetimeitends：到會議結束的時候，以及句意可知本題應該使用將來完成時態(tài)，因此選項B為正確選項。句意：到會議結束時將已經持續(xù)整整一周了。

16.翻譯題

Rationalchoicetheory

Rationalchoicetheory,alsoknownaschoicetheoryorrationalactiontheory,isaframeworkforunderstandingandoftenformallymodeling,socialandeconomicbehavior.Rationality,interpretedas“wantingmoreratherthanlessofagood’’，iswidelyusedasanassumptionofthebehaviorofindividualsinmacroeconomicmodelsandanalysisandappearsinalmostalleconomicstextbooktreatmentsofhumandecision-making.Itisalsocentraltosomeofmodempoliticalscience,sociology,andphilosophy.Itattaches“wantingmore”toinstrumentalrationality,whichinvolvesseekingthemostcost-effectivemeanstoachieveaspecificgoalwithoutreflectingontheworthinessofthatgoal.GaryBackerwasanearlyproponentofapplyingrationalactormodelsmorewidely.Hewonthe1992NobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciencesforhisstudiesofdiscrimination,crime,andhumancapital.

Inrationalchoicetheory,thesecostsareonlyextrinsicorexternaltotheindividualratherthanbeingintrinsicorinternal.Thatis,strictrationalchoicetheorywouldnotseeacriminal’sself-punishmentbyinnerfeelingsofremorse,guilt,orshameasrelevanttodeterminingthecostsofcommittingacrime.Ingeneral,rationalchoicetheorydoesnotaddresstheroleofanindividual’ssenseofmoralsorethicsindecision-making.Thus,economicsNoblestAmartyaSenseesthemodelofpeoplewhofollowrationalchoicemodelas“rationalfools”.

【答案】理性選擇理論

理性選擇理論，也被稱為選擇理論或理性行為理論，是用于理解社會，正式對社會和經濟行為的框架。理性，被解釋為“對最大利益的追求”，在宏觀經濟模型中被廣泛用作個人行為的假設，并出現(xiàn)在幾乎所有經濟學教科書中關于人類決策的處理。它也是現(xiàn)代政治學、社會學和哲學的中心。它將“想要更多”與理性工具聯(lián)系起來，這涉及到尋求最經濟有效的手段來實現(xiàn)特定目標，而不考慮該目標的價值。GaryBacker是更廣泛地運用理性行為者模式的早期支持者，他因研究歧視、犯罪和人力資本而獲得1992年諾貝爾經濟學獎。

在理性選擇理論中，這些成本僅是非本質的或外部的，而不是本質的或者內部的。也就是說，嚴格的理性選擇理論不會根據(jù)罪犯的內心的悔恨，內疚，或羞愧等自我懲罰以確定犯罪的成本。一般來說，理性選擇理論并不涉及個人道德或倫理意識在決策中的作用。因此，諾貝爾獎獲得者AmartyaSen認為，遵循理性選擇模式的經濟學人是“理性的傻瓜模式”。

17.填空題

ThecompanythatIwork（1）hasjust（2）thatitisopeningnewstoresinthefive（3）citiesinIndia.

【答案】1.for;

2.announced;

3.biggest

【解析】1.固定搭配。thatIwork為定語從句修飾先行詞Thecompany,因此填介詞for合適,workfor為…效力。

2.語義題。第二空應填入一個謂語動詞,而且由空前的hasjust推測應填謂語動詞的過去分詞,賓語是that引導的從句。故announced“宣布”合適。

3.語義題。第三空應為形容詞修飾cities，故填biggest。thefivebiggestcitiesinIndia印度最大的五個城市。

18.單選題

X.IntellectualProperties

UnitedStatesjoinedtheBerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorksin1989.Initsinitialimplementationact,CongressawardednoprotectiontoworksthathadfalleninthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates.

Thiswaschallengedasaviolationofthe