考研考博-英語-云南師范大學文理學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南師范大學文理學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Heseeshisstudentsstrugglingbecausethelanguagetheythoughttheyknewnowappearstoconsistofabewilderingvarietyofidioms,clichesandacceptedphraseswithdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.

問題1選項

A.thoughtless

B.ridiculous

C.puzzling

D.undesirable

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.thoughtless粗心大意的；欠考慮的B.ridiculous愚蠢的；荒謬的

C.puzzling令人迷惑的D.undesirable不受歡迎的

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】bewilder作動詞時，表示“使糊涂，使迷惑”，加上-ing則作形容詞，表示“令人糊涂的，令人迷惑的”，C項詞義與之相近，故該題選擇C項。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D項不符合劃線單詞詞義。

【句意】他看到他的學生在努力學習，因為他們認為他們已經(jīng)掌握的語言現(xiàn)在似乎包含了令人困惑的各種成語、陳詞濫調(diào)和在不同語境中具有不同含義的公認短語。

2.單選題

Beneathitsmyriadrules,thefundamentalpurposeof______istomaketheworldapleasanterplacetolivein,andyouamorepleasantpersontolivewith.

問題1選項

A.elitism

B.eloquence

C.eminence

D.etiquette

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項elitism“精英主義；杰出人物統(tǒng)治論”；B選項eloquence“口才；雄辯；雄辯術(shù)；修辭”；C選項eminence“顯赫；卓越；高處”；D選項etiquette“禮節(jié)，禮儀；規(guī)矩”。句意：在它無數(shù)的規(guī)則之下，禮儀的根本目的是讓世界變得更宜居，讓你成為一個更宜居的人。因此D選項正確。

3.單選題

Ican'tpossiblymarkyourhomework;yourhandwritingis（）.

問題1選項

A.illogical

B.illiterate

C.illusive

D.illegible

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析。illogical不合邏輯的；illiterate不識字的，文盲的；illusive錯覺的，虛假的；illegible難辨認的，字跡模糊的。句意：我無法給你的作業(yè)打分，因為你的筆跡難以辨認。選項D符合句意。

4.單選題

Ifyougototheparkearlyinthemorning,you’ll____findMr.SmithdoingTaijiquan(traditionalChineseshadowboxing)there.

問題1選項

A.invariably

B.invalidly

C.innovatively

D.instantaneously

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.invariably始終如一地；一貫地B.invalidly無價值地；無用地

C.innovatively獨創(chuàng)性地D.instantaneously瞬間地；稍縱即逝地

【答案】A

【考查點】副詞辨析。

【解題思路】句意：如果你一大早去公園，你會……發(fā)現(xiàn)史密斯先生在那里打太極拳。根據(jù)邏輯，應該是會總是看到他在公園打太極拳。因此選A選項invariably“始終如一地；一貫地”。invariably相當于always，可引申為“總是”的意思。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D選項均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應的邏輯關(guān)系。

【句意】如果你一大早去公園，你總會發(fā)現(xiàn)史密斯先生在那里打太極拳。

5.單選題

Thefirststrokeguidelinestospecificallytargetwomen（）preventionearlierinlifeandrecognizeuniquefemalerisksforthedisorder,includingpregnancyandbirthcontrolpills.

問題1選項

A.neglect

B.avoid

C.emphasize

D.admire

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。neglect忽視；avoid避免；emphasize強調(diào)；admire欽佩，贊美。由“andrecognize…認識到女性患這種疾病的獨特風險”可知___preventionearlierinlife也是積極性的內(nèi)容，C項符合句意。句意：第一份針對早期預防女性中風的指南強調(diào)女性應該早期預防，并認識到女性患中風的獨特風險，包括懷孕和避孕藥。

6.單選題

The（

）ofelectroniccomputershasopenedupnewwaysofdataanalysisforthescientists.

問題1選項

A.advert

B.adverse

C.advent

D.advise

【答案】C

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項advert作名詞表示“廣告，宣傳”，作不及物動詞表示“引起注意，提到”；B選項adverse“不利的，有害的”是形容詞；C選項advent“（重要事件、人物、發(fā)明等的）出現(xiàn)，到來”是名詞；D選項advise“勸告，忠告，建議”是動詞。由“the+名詞+of”及句意可知選C。句意：電子計算機的出現(xiàn)為科學家們開辟了新的數(shù)據(jù)分析方法。

7.單選題

Weallleftthemeeting,beingconvincedthattheprojectwas（）.

問題1選項

A.fertile

B.inevitable

C.inherent

D.feasible

【答案】D

【解析】句意:我們都離開了會場，并確信這個項目可行。

考查形容詞辨析。fertile肥沃的，富饒的，能生育的；inevitable必然的，不可避免的;inherent固有的，遺傳的;feasible可行的，可能的。因此D符合句意。

8.單選題

Theshort,smilingmanwhointroducehimselfasthemanagerdeniedthatwehadpaidmorethanotherpeople,thoughhedidadmitthatwehadbeenputina“special”room.

問題1選項

A.whointroducehimself

B.asthemanagerdenied

C.didadmit

D.hadbeenput

E.沒有錯誤

【答案】A

【解析】語法題。時態(tài)錯誤。introduce改為introduced。謂語動詞為denied,是一般過去時,因此A項定語從句中的動詞Introduce也應該用過去式。

9.單選題

Stemcellsare（

）cellswiththeabilitytodivideanddevelopintomanyotherkindsofcells.

問題1選項

A.infertile

B.juvenile

C.mobile

D.versatile

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.infertile不育的B.juvenile青少年的；幼稚的

C.mobile可移動的；易變的D.versatile通用的；多功能的；萬能的

【答案】D

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】干細胞是具有……的細胞，能產(chǎn)生出其他多種細胞。由本句后半句“能產(chǎn)生出其他多種細胞”可知干細胞是具有產(chǎn)生多功能的細胞。所以D選項“通用的；多功能的”符合句意。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項均不符合句意。

【句意】干細胞是一種多功能細胞，具有分裂和發(fā)育成許多其他類型細胞的能力。

10.單選題

YangtzeRiverflowsatawidthofupto2kmandanaveragedepthofbetween6and15mthroughalargeplainwithmanylakes.Thisareais()toseverefloodingandaccumulationofriversediment.

問題1選項

A.object

B.particular

C.subject

D.prone

【答案】C

【解析】句意：長江流經(jīng)一個有許多湖泊的大平原，這個平原寬達2公里，平均深度在6至15米之間。這個地區(qū)經(jīng)常發(fā)生嚴重的水災和河流泥沙淤積。objectto對……反對；particular特別，尤其，不與to搭配；subjectto使遭受；proneto有……傾向的。選項C符合句意。

11.寫作題

Directions:“Stayhungry,stayfoolish”wasquotedbySteveJobs,theformerCEOofAPPLE,atcommencementaddressatStanfordUniversity.Writeanessaywith300wordstopresentyourunderstandingofthestatement.

【答案】略

12.單選題

Carbondioxideandothernaturallyoccurringgasesintheearth’satmospherecreateanaturalgreenhouseeffectbytrappingandabsorbingsolarradiation.Thesegasesactasablanketandkeeptheplanetwarmenoughforlifetosurviveandflourish.Thewarmingoftheearthisbalancedbysomeoftheheatescapingfromtheatmospherebackintospace.Withoutthiscompensatingflowofheatoutofthesystem,thetemperatureoftheearth’ssurfaceanditsatmospherewouldrisesteadily.

Scientistsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutahuman-drivengreenhouseeffectresultingfromariseinatmosphericlevelsofcarbondioxideandotherheat-trappinggreenhousegases.Theman-madegreenhouseeffectistheexhalationofindustrialcivilization.Amajorcontributingfactoristheburningoflargeamountsoffossilfuels—coal,petroleum,andnaturalgas.Anotheristhedestructionoftheworld’sforests,whichreducestheamountofcarbondioxideconvertedtooxygenbyplants.Emissionsofcarbondioxide,chlorofluorocarbons,nitrousoxide,andmethanefromhumanactivitieswillenhancethegreenhouseeffect,causingtheearth’ssurfacetobecomewarmer.Themaingreenhousegas,watervapor,willincreaseinresponsetoglobalwarmingandfurtherenhanceit.

Thereisagreementwithinthescientificcommunitythatthebuildupofgreenhousegasesisalreadycausingtheearth’saveragesurfacetemperaturetorise.Thisischangingglobalclimateatanunusuallyfastrate.AccordingtotheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization,theearth’saveragetemperatureclimbedabout1degreeFinthepastcentury,andnineofthetenwarmestyearsonrecordhaveoccurredsince1990.AUnitedNationspanelhaspredictedthataverageglobaltemperaturescouldriseasmuchas10.5degreesFduringthenextcenturyasheart-trappinggasesfromhumanindustryaccumulateintheatmosphere.

Whatarethepotentialimpactsofanenhancedgreenhouseeffect?Accordingtoestimatesbyaninternationalcommittee,NorthAmericanclimaticzonescouldshiftnorthwardbyasmuchas550kilometers(340miles).Suchachangeinclimatewouldlikelyaffectallsectorsofsociety.Insomeareas,heatandmoisturestresswouldcutcropyields,andtraditionalfarmingpracticeswouldhavetochange.Forexample,intheNorthAmericangrainbelt,highertemperaturesandmorefrequentdroughtduringthegrowingseasonmightrequirefarmerstoswitchfromcorntowheatandtousemorewaterforirrigation.

Globalwarmingmayalsocauseariseinsealevelbymeltingpolaricecaps.Ariseinsealevelwouldacceleratecoastalerosionandinundateislandsandlow-lyingcoastalplains,someofwhicharedenselypopulated.Millionsofacresofcoastalfarmlandswouldbecoveredbywater.Furthermore,thewarmingofseawaterwillcausethewatertoexpand,thusaddingtothepotentialdanger.

Globalwarminghasalreadyleftitsfingerprintonthenaturalworld.Tworesearchteamsrecentlyreviewedhundredsofpublishedpapersthattrackedchangesintherangeandbehaviorofplantandanimalspecies,andtheyfoundampleevidenceofplantsbloomingandbirdsnestingearlierinthespring.Bothteamsconcludedthatrisingglobaltemperaturesareshiftingtherangesofhundredsofspecies—thusclimaticzones—northward.Thesestudiesarehardevidencethatthenaturalworldisalreadyrespondingdramaticallytoclimatechange,eventhoughthechangehasjustbegun.Ifglobalwarmingtrendscontinue,changesintheenvironmentwillhaveanenormousimpactonworldbiology.Birdsespeciallyplayacriticalroleintheenvironmentbypollinatingplants,dispersingseeds,andcontrollinginsectpopulations;thus,changesintheirpopulationswillreverberatethroughouttheecosystemstheyinhabit.

1.Accordingtothepassage,howdocarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesaffecttheearth-atmospheresystem?

2.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutglobalclimatechange?

3.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisoneeffectthatclimatechangecouldhaveonagricultureinNorthAmerica?

4.Whydoestheauthorusetheword“fingerprint”inparagraph6?

5.Whatevidencedoestheauthorgivethatclimaticzoneshaveshiftednorthward?

問題1選項

A.Theycollectsolarradiationthatwarmstheearth’ssurface.

B.Theycreatetheconditionsfornewformsoflifetoemerge.

C.Theycauseheattoflowfromtheatmosphereintospace.

D.Theydecreasetheamountofoxygenintheatmosphere.

問題2選項

A.Climatechangewillhavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectsonhumansociety.

B.Itisdifficulttopredicttheeffectsofclimatechangeoverthenextcentury.

C.Internationalorganizationshavebeenstudyingclimatechangeonlysince1990.

D.Climatechangeislikelytocontinueaslongasheat-trappinggasesaccumulate.

問題3選項

A.Returntomoretraditionalmethodsoffanning

B.Movementoffarmstothenorthernmostregions

C.Changesinthecropsthatfarmerscangrow

D.Lesswateravailableforirrigatingcrops

問題4選項

A.Toshowthathundredsoffingerprintswereexamined

B.Tointroduceconclusiveevidenceofglobalwarming

C.Todescribeamethodusedbytworesearchteams

D.Tosuggestthatpeopledonotcauseglobalwarming

問題5選項

A.Solarradiationescapesfromtheatmospherebackintospace.

B.Thewaterintheoceanexpandsasitgetswarmer.

C.Plantsbloomandbirdsbuildnestsearlierinthespring

D.Birdsnolongerpollinateplantsorcontrolinsectpopulation

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句Carbondioxideandothernaturallyoccurringgasesintheearth’satmospherecreateanaturalgreenhouseeffectbytrappingandabsorbingsolarradiation提到二氧化碳與其他氣體是通過捕獲和吸收太陽輻射而形成了溫室效應。選項A符合題意。

2.文章第三段提到聯(lián)合國一個專門小組已預測，隨著人類工業(yè)的吸熱氣體在地球大氣層的逐漸增加，全球平均氣溫在下個世紀可能上升10.5華氏度，選項D“只要吸熱氣體不斷累積，氣候變化就可能繼續(xù)”符合題意。

3.文章第四段主要提及了溫室效應的潛在影響（potentialimpacts），并舉了北美谷物種植帶的例子來說明氣溫如果持續(xù)增高，當?shù)厝嗣裰荒芊N植小麥而不再種植玉米。選項C“農(nóng)民可以種植的作物發(fā)生變化”符合題意。

4.文章第六段提到研究團隊通過查閱眾多相關(guān)資料證明自然世界對氣候變化已經(jīng)做出了的回應是引人注目的（Thesestudiesarehardevidencethatthenaturalworldisalreadyrespondingdramaticallytoclimatechange,eventhoughthechangehasjustbegun.）由此可以推知fingerprint在這里有“證據(jù)”的意思。選項B符合題意。

5.文章最后一段theyfoundampleevidenceofplantsbloomingandbirdsnestingearlierinthespring提到研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)充分的證據(jù)，比如春天里植物開花和鳥類筑巢在時間上提前。由此可知選項C符合題意。

13.單選題

“Congratulations,Mr.Jones,it’sagirl.”

Fatherhoodisgoingtohaveadifferentmeaningandbringforthadifferentresponsefromeverymanwhohearsthesewords.Somefeelpridewhentheyreceivethenews,whileothersworry,wonderingwhethertheywillbegoodfathers.Althoughtherearesomemenwholikechildrenandmayhavehadconsiderableexperiencewiththem,othersdonotparticularlycareforchildrenandspendlittletimewiththem.Manyfathersandmothershavebeenplanningandlookingforwardtochildrenforsometime.Forothercouples,pregnancywasanaccidentthatbothhusbandandwifehaveacceptedwillinglyorunwillingly.

Whateverthereactiontothebirthofachild,itisobviousthattheshiftfromtheroleofhusbandtothatoffatherisadifficulttask.Yet,unfortunately,fewattemptshavebeenmadetoeducatefathersinthisreconciliationprocess.AlthoughnumerousbookshavebeenwrittenaboutAmericanmothers,onlyrecentlyhasliteraturefocusedontheroleoffathers.

Itisarguedbysomewritersthatthechangetothefather’srole,althoughdifficult,isnotnearlyasgreatasthechangethewifemusttaketothemother’srole.Themother’sroleseemstorequireacompletetransformationindailyroutineandhighlyinnovativeadaptation.Ontheotherhand,thefather’sroleislessdemandingandimmediate.However,eventhoughwementionedthefactthatgrowingnumbersofwomenareworkingoutsidethehome,thefatherisstillthoughtbymanyasthebreadwinnerinthehousehold.

1.Fromthepassage,welearnthatfatherhood（

）.

2.Whatdoesthepassagesayabouttheshiftfromtheroleofhusbandtothatoffather?

3.Thepassageindicatesthat

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingwilltheauthormostprobablydisagreewith?

5.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageisto（

）.

問題1選項

A.bringsafeelingofexcitementtomostmen

B.makessomemenfeelproudandothersuneasy

C.hasadifferentmeaningformenwhohavedaughters

D.meansaresponsibilitythatmenacceptunwillingly

問題2選項

A.Numerousbookshavebeenwrittenaboutit

B.Notenoughattentionhasbeenpaidtoit

C.Theshiftisharderformenthanforwomen

D.Theshiftisadifficultbutincompleteone

問題3選項

A.mothersgetmoreattentionandrecognitionfromsociety

B.mothersareinnovativeanddemandingaccordingtosomewriters

C.mothersgenerallystayathometotakecareofthechildren

D.mothersshouldhelpfathersintheirreconciliationprocess

問題4選項

A.It’sasdifficulttobeafatherasitistobeamother

B.Morebooksshouldfocusontheroleoffathers

C.Thefatherisstillthebreadwinnerinthehousehold

D.Fathersareasimportanttochildrenasmothers

問題5選項

A.explainwhytherearefewbooksontheroleoffathers.

B.praisemothersfortheirgreatcontributionstothehome.

C.criticizefathersfornottakingenoughresponsibilityinbringingupthechildren.

D.complainaboutthelackofsocialprogramstohelpfathersintheirroleshift.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。當不同的男性聽到“父親”這個詞時，都會有不同的反應。有些人覺得驕倣，有些人擔憂。故選B。

2.細節(jié)事實題。A:很多書籍寫到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。實際上第三段提及大量書籍寫到關(guān)于母親角色的轉(zhuǎn)變,而非父親，故排除。B:不太關(guān)注。文章倒數(shù)第二段指出:Yet,unfortunately,fewattemptshavebeenmadetoeducatefathersinthisreconciliationprocess(然而，人們往往不太關(guān)注在這個調(diào)節(jié)過程當中教育父親)。因此B項正確。C:角色轉(zhuǎn)變對于男性而言更難。第四段指出:Itisarguedbysomewritersthatthechangetothefather'srole,althoughdifficult,isnotnearlyasgreatasthechangethewifemusttaketothemothersrole(—些作家認為父親角色的轉(zhuǎn)變，盡管困難，但是不會有妻子的的角色轉(zhuǎn)變困難，妻子必須承接母親這一角色)。因此C錯誤。D:角色轉(zhuǎn)變是困難，且不完全的。文章未提及。

3.判斷推理題。A:母親能得到社會更多的關(guān)注和認可。B:一些作者認為，母親有創(chuàng)造性且髙要求。最后一段指出:Themother'sroleseemstorequireacompletetransformationindailyroutineandhighlyinnovativeadaptation(母親的角色似乎需要在日常生活中完全轉(zhuǎn)變，且有高度革新的適應性),B項和原文有出入。C:母親一般待在家里照顧孩子。最后一段指出:wementionedthefactthatgrowingnumbersofwomenareworkingoutsidethehome(我們提及越來越多的女性在外工作),故C錯誤。D:母親應該在這個轉(zhuǎn)變過程當中幫助父親,文章并未提及。結(jié)合全文可知,A正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。A:成為母親和成為父親一樣難。第四段指出:Itisarguedbysomewritersthatthechangetothefather'srole,althoughdifficult,isnotnearlyasgreatasthechangethewifemusttaketothemothersrole(一些作家認為，父親角色的改變雖然困難，但是不會有妻子的角色轉(zhuǎn)變困難，妻子必須承接母親這一角色)。故本題選A。

5.作者意圖題。A:解釋為什么那么少的書籍寫關(guān)于父親的角色。B:贊揚母親對于家的巨大貢獻。C:批評父親在養(yǎng)育孩子上沒有承擔足夠的責任。D:抱怨社會項目在在幫助父親角色轉(zhuǎn)變上的缺乏。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知,本題選D。

14.單選題

Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,isdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofopposition,whichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.

Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict.Socialanimals,suchasmonkeysandcattle,fighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfights,butinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwar,butratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.

Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresources,trades,skills,andasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict.Itcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesthedefinitionsofsometerminorderto（）

2.Accordingtotheauthor,competitiondiffersfromconflictinthat（）.

3.Thephrase“functioninthedisserviceofoneanother”mostprobablymeans（）

4.Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflict（）.

5.Thepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestion“（）'

問題1選項

A.argueforthesimilaritiesbetweenanimalsocietiesandhumansocieties

B.smoothouttheconflictsinhumansocieties

C.distinguishbetweentwokindsofopposition

D.summarizethecharacteristicfeaturesofoppositionandcooperation

問題2選項

A.itresultsinwarinmostcases

B.itinduceseffortstoexpandterritory

C.itisakindofoppositionamongsocialentities

D.itisessentiallyastruggleforexistence

問題3選項

A.betrayeachother

B.harmoneanother

C.helptocollaboratewitheachother

D.benefitoneanother

問題4選項

A.isaninevitablestruggleresultingfromcompetition

B.reflectsthestruggleamongsocialanimals

C.isanoppositionamongindividualsocialentities

D.canbeavoided

問題5選項

A.Whyisthereconflictandcompetition?

B.Isconflictdesirable?

C.Iswarinevitable?

D.Cancompetitionleadtoconflict?

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.根據(jù)題干定位至第一段。作者給出一些兩種對抗術(shù)語的定義是為了將兩種對抗加以區(qū)分。C項正確。

2.題干問的是競爭對比沖突的不同在于什么。定位至第二段：Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict（許多作家根據(jù)動物世界為生存而進行的斗爭中具有適者生存的規(guī)律這一點，認為戰(zhàn)爭是不可避免的。通常來講，這種斗爭從本質(zhì)上來說是競爭，而不是沖突）。據(jù)此可知，競爭不同于沖突是因為競爭從本質(zhì)上來說是為了生存。

3.根據(jù)題干定位至第一段：Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofopposition,whichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.（沖突和競爭都是對立的范疇，被定義為社會實體互相傷害的過程）。因此，該短語為互相傷害。

4.文章最后指出：Itcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis（盡管競爭不可避免，卻不能認為國家間類似于戰(zhàn)爭的沖突也是不可避免的）。據(jù)此可知，作者認為沖突是可以避免的，D項正確。

5.文章開篇點明主題：Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters（一個讓世界上許多偉大的作家憂心的問題是：戰(zhàn)爭是否不可避免）。后文從各方面論述了“戰(zhàn)爭是否不可避免”這個問題。

15.單選題

BeforehewenttoJapanonabusinesstrip,Mr.Henryhad（

）theday-to-daymanagementofhiscompanytohisson.

問題1選項

A.turnedup

B.turnedover

C.turnedto

D.turnedinto

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。turnedup“出現(xiàn)”；turnedover“翻轉(zhuǎn)，移交給”；turnedto“轉(zhuǎn)向”；turnedinto“變成”。句意：在亨利先生前往日本出差前，他把公司的日常管理權(quán)移交給他的兒子。選項B符合題意。

16.單選題

Ineconomics，demandimpliessomethingslightlydifferentfromthecommonmeaningoftheterm.Thelayman,forexample，oftenusedthetermtomeantheamountthatisdemandedofanitem.Thus,ifthepriceweretodecreaseandindividualswantedmoreoftheitem,itiscommonlysaidthatdemandincreases.Toaneconomist,demandisarelationshipbetweenaseriesofpricesandaseriesofcorrespondingquantitiesthataredemandedattheseprices.I￡oneroadstheprevioussentencescarefully，itshouldbecomeapparentthatthereisadistinctionbetweenthequantitydemandedanddemand.Thisdistinctionisoftenapointofconfusionandweallshouldbeawareofandunderstandthedifferencebetweenthesetwoitems.Werepeat,therefore,thatdemandisarelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitiesdemanded,andthereforesuggeststheeffectofone(e.g.，price)ontheother(e.g.quantitydemanded).Therefore,knowledgeofthedemandforaproductenablesonetopredicthowmuchmoreofaproductwillbepurchasedifpricedecreases.Buttheincreaseinquantitydemandeddoesnotmeandemandhasincreased,sincetherelationshipbetweenpriceandquantity(i.e.，thedemandfortheproduct)hasnotchanged.Demandshiftswhenthereisachangeinincome,expectations,tastes,etc.，suchthatadifferentquantityoftheproductisdemandedatthesameprice.

Inalmostallcases，aconsumerwantsmoreofanitemifthepricedecreases.Thisrelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemandedissostrongthatitisreferredtoasthe“l(fā)awofdemand”.This“l(fā)aw”canbeexplainedbytheincomeandsubstitutioneffects.Theincomeeffectoccursbecausepriceincreasesreducethepurchasingpoweroftheindividualand,thus，thequantitydemandedofgoodsmustdecrease.Thesubstitutioneffectreflectstheconsumer’sdesiretogetthe“bestbuy”.Accordingly,ifthepriceofproductAincreases,theindividualwilltendtosubstituteanotherproductandpurchaselessofgoodsAThenegativecorrelationbetweenpriceandquantitydemandedisalsoexplainedbythelawofdiminishingmarginalutility.Accordingtothislaw，theadditionalutilitytheconsumergainsfromconsumingaproductdecreasesassuccessivelymoreunitsoftheproductareconsumed.Becausetheadditionalunitsyieldlessutilityorsatisfaction,theconsumeriswillingtopurchasemoreonlyifthepriceoftheproductdecreases.

Economistsdistinguishbetweenindividualandmarketdemand.Asthetermimplies，individualdemandconcernstheindividualconsumerandillustratethequantitiesthatindividualsdemandatdifferentprices.Marketdemandincludesthedemandofallindividualsforaparticulargoodsandisfoundbysummingthequantitiesdemandedbyallindividualsatthevariousprices.

Theothersideofthepricesystemissupply.Asinthecaseofdemand,supplyisarelationshipbetweenaseriesofpricesandtheassociatedquantitiessupplied.Itisassumedthataspriceincreasestheindividualorfirmwillsupplygreaterquantitiesofaproduct.Thereisapositivecorrelationbetweenquantitysuppliedandproductprice.

Economistsalsodistinguishbetweenachangeinsupplyandquantitysupplied.Thedistinctionissimilartotheonemadewithrespecttodemand.Also，asinthecaseofdemand,economistsdistinguishbetweenindividualfirmsupplyandmarketsupply，whichisthesummationofindividualsupply.

Takentogether,supplyanddemandyieldequilibriumofpriceandquantity.Equilibriumisastateofstability,withbalancedforcesinwhichpricesandquantitywillremainconstant.Moreover，thereareforcesinthemarketthatwillacttoestablishequilibriumifchangesindemandorsupplycreatedisequilibrium.Forexample,ifpricesareaboveequilibrium,thequantitysuppliedexceedsquantitydemandedandsurplusesoccurthathaveadownwardpressureonprices.Thesepressureswillpersistuntilequilibriumisestablished.Ifpricesarebelowequilibrium,theproductwillbecomescareandtherewillbeanupwardpressureonprice.

1.Accordingtothepassage,demand_____.

2.Accordingtothepassage,thelawofdiminishingmarginalutility_____.

3.Theword“equilibrium”（Line1，Para.6）mostprobablymeans_____.

4.Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?

5.Thepurposeofthispassageistoillustrate_____.

問題1選項

A.increasesaspricedecreases

B.canbepredictedifthereisachangeinprice

C.remainsconstantatthesameprice

D.isinfluencedbychangesintheconsumer’sincomeandtastes

問題2選項

A.isexplainedbyincomeandsubstitutioneffects

B.explainswhytheadditionalunitsyieldlessutility

C.showsthattheadditionalunitsyieldlesssatisfaction

D.reflectstheconsumer’sdesiretogetthecheapestbuy

問題3選項

A.stability

B.balance

C.summation

D.consistency

問題4選項

A.Pricedecreasesasmoreproductsaresupplied.

B.Thereisapositivecorrelationbetweensupplyanddemand.

C.Thereisanupwardpressureonpriceifmoreproductsaredemanded.

D.Bothquantitydemandedandquantitysuppliedaredependentonproductprices.

問題5選項

A.thetwosidesofpricesystem

B.therelationshipbetweendemandandsupply

C.therelationshipbetweenpriceandquantity

D.thedistinctionbetweendemandandquantitydemanded

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句，“Demandshiftswhenthereisachangeinincome，expectations，tastes,etc.，suchthatadifferentquantityoftheproductisdemandedatthesameprice.”，可知需求隨著收入、預期和品味等因素而改變，造成相同價格下產(chǎn)品的需求量不同。選項D符合題意。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Becausetheadditionalunitsyieldlessutilityorsatisfaction,theconsumeriswillingtopurchasemoreonlyifthepriceoftheproductdecreases.”，可知在邊際效用遞減規(guī)則中，因為額外產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生的效用和滿意度較低，只有該產(chǎn)品的價格降低，消費者才愿意購買更多的產(chǎn)品。選項C符合題意。

3.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句，“Equilibriumisastateofstability,withbalancedforcesinwhichpricesandquantitywillremainconstant.”，根據(jù)本句對equilibrium的解釋，可知，它是一種穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，價格和數(shù)量在平衡力下保持不變?？赏茰yequilibrium應該有平衡的意思，和balance同義，選項B符合題意。

4.推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“…Ifpricesarebelowequilibrium,theproductwillbecomescareandtherewillbeanupwardpressureonprice.”，可知如果價格低于平衡值，產(chǎn)品會稀缺，又對價格產(chǎn)生上壓力。選項C符合題意。

5.主旨題。本文先后討論了供給和價格之間的關(guān)系，以及需求和價格之間的關(guān)系，供給和需求是市價格體系的兩個方面，最后提到了市場體系中供需平衡的調(diào)控，選項A符合題意。

17.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Handinhandwiththerecentspectacularadvancesinradiotechnology,therehasbeenadramaticincreaseinthescientificandpublicrespectabilityoftheentiresubjectofextraterrestriallife.AclearsignofthenewattitudeistheVikingmissionstoMarswhicharetoasignificantextentdedicatedtothesearchforlifeonanotherplanet.Butalongwiththeburgeoningdedicationtoaserioussearch,aslightlynegativenotehasemergedwhichisneverthelessveryinteresting.Afewscientistshavelatelyaskedacuriousquestion:ifextraterrestrialintelligenceisabundantwhyhavewenotalreadyseenitsmanifestations?Thinkoftheadvancesbyourowntechnologicalcivilizationinthepasttenthousandyearsandimaginesuchadvancescontinuedovermillionsorbillionsofyearsmore.Ifonlyatinyfractionofadvancedcivil