考研考博-英語-大連醫(yī)科大學考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-大連醫(yī)科大學考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Hebuiltahutonapieceofroughlandheararockfall.Inthewetseasontherewasaplentifulstream,andovertheyearsheencouragedthedryforesttosurroundhimwithathickscreen.Thegreeneritbecametheeasieritwastoforgettheoutside.IntimeMelio(notwithoutsometerriblemistakes)learnthowtoliveinspiteofthedifficultiesuponthatmountainshelf.

HisonlyneighborswereafamilygroupofParakanaIndianswho,forreasonsknownonlytothemselves,tookalikingtoMelio.TheirChiefneverlookedcloselyatMelioandsaidtohimselfthatthiswhitemanwasasmadasasnakewhichchewsoffitsowntail.TheparakanastaughtMeliotocatchfishwiththehelpofawildplantwhichmadethemsenselessinthestream.Itgaveoffapowerfuldrugwhenshakenviolentlythroughthewater.Theyshoredhimbowtohuntbylayingtrapsanddigging.IntimeMelio’spieceoflandbecamearegularfarm.Hebadwildbirds,fatlong-leggedonesandthinnearlyfeatherlesschickens,andhiscormandsailedfishwasenoughtokeephimstockedupthoughthewetseason.

TheParakanaswerealwaysaroundhim.He’dneveradmititbuthecouldfeelthatthetreeswerelikethebarsofaprison:theywerewatchinghim.ItwasasifhewastherebycourtesyoftheChief.Whentheycametohim,theIndiansneverenteredhishouse,withitssteeplyslopingroofofdriedgrassandleaves.Theyhadadelicatewayofbehaving.Theyshowedthemselvesbystandingintheshadeofthetreesattheclearing’sedge.Hewasexpectedtocrossthechickenstriptowardsthem.Thentheyhadacuriousbutchiminghabitoftakingapacehackfromhim,justoneoddstepbackwardsintotheirgreencorridors.Melionevercouldpersuadethemtocomeanycloser.

ThegroupguessedatMelio’shatredforhiscivilizedbrothersinthetownsfaraway-TheyknewMeliowouldneverinviteanymorewhitemenuphere.ThispleasedtheParakanas.Itmeantthattraderslookingforrubberandjewelswouldneverreachthem.TheirMeliowouldseetothat.Theyweresafewiththismanandhishatred.

1.ItisknownfromthepassagethatMeliowantedtheforestaroundhimtobecomethickbecausethedenseleaves________.

2.TheChief'scomparisonofMeliotoasnakeisintendedtoshowthat_________.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

4.ToMelio,theParakanaIndiansseemed_________.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatplacedescribedbytheauthorwas___.

問題1選項

A.remindedhimofhishouseinthetownfaraway.

B.preventedtheParakanasfromwatchinghim

C.helpedhimtoforgettheworldhehated

D.protectedhimfrombeingintrudedbythewhitemeninthetown

問題2選項

A.hedidnottrustMelio

B.itwasunwisetogotooclosetoMelio

C.hebelievedMeliohatedtheParakanas

D.hethoughtMeliowasoutofhismind

問題3選項

A.Meliostayedonhisfarmforanumberofyears.

B.Meliofeltlikeaprisonerbecausehecouldn’tescapebeingwatched.

C.Meliokepthimselfalive,duringtherainyseasonbyeatingwhatbehadinstore.

D.TheParakanasthoughtMeliolivedtherebecausehewaslookingforrubberandjewels.

問題4選項

A.oddbuthateful

B.strangebutattractive

C.unhealthybutfriendly

D.cowardlybutsociable

問題5選項

A.farremovedfromcivilization

B.impossibletocultivate

C.thehomeofMelio’sIndianrelatives

D.wetalltheyearround

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:文章第一段Thegreeneritbecametheeasieritwastoforgettheoutside，樹木越多，越容易忘記外面的世界。所以選項C符合題意。

第2題:文章第二段第二句theirChiefneverlookedcloselyatMelioandsaidtohimselfthatthiswhitemanwasasmadasasnakewhichchewsoffitsowntail，酋長認為Melio非常瘋狂。選項D符合題意。

第3題:文章最后一段提到Melio絕對不會帶其他白人進來，所以他們不需要擔心有人為了橡膠和珠寶而來，選項D與之不符，所以符合題意。

第4題:文章提到whentheycametohim,theIndiansneverenteredhishousewithitissteeplyslopingroofofdriedgrassandleaves…striptowardsthem,可以推斷出他們很奇怪，所以選項B符合題意。

第5題:文章描述的是一個遠離文明的印第安部落，選項A符合題意。

2.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoChinese.

Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistory,alanguagealltheirown,acommonreligion,orcommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrants,comingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Lately,ithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissisticpersonalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericans,andthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-being,becauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.Inthisstudyofnarcissism,ChristopherLashsaysthatmodernman,“torturedbyself-consciousness,turnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlife,tofindsomethingtolivefor.”Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclined,andwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose.

【答案】大多數(shù)社會的共識來自于悠久的歷史、一種完全屬于自己的語言、一個共同的宗教或共同的祖先。他們賴以生存的神話就是建立在所有這些基礎之上的。但是美國是一個移民國家，其移民來自許多不同的國家。最近，有人強調(diào)，孤僻和自戀已經(jīng)成為美國人的性格特征，正是這種性格導致了幸福感的缺乏，因為它阻止了我們達成共識，有了共識人們才不會再退縮到自我的小天地中。在這項關于自戀的研究中，克里斯托弗?拉什認為現(xiàn)代人“受到自我意識的折磨，其解決辦法不是從個人煩惱中解脫出來，而是在生活中找到意義和目的，并找到一生追求的東西?！庇捎趪袷繗庀陆?，人們普遍感到不安，我們也失去了早先對國家遠景和目標的認識。

3.寫作題

Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayofnolessthan200wordsonWillaThriftyLifestyleDoHarmtoNationalEconomy?.Theessayshouldbebasedontheoutlinebelow:

1.Somepeopleholdtheviewthatdiligenceandfrugalityaretwovirtueslongcherishedbyournation;

2.Otherpeoplebelievethatmoresavingandlessspendingwilldoharmtooureconomy;

3.Youropinions.

【答案】WillaThriftyLifestyleDoHarmtoNationalEconomy?

Recently,therehasbeenaheateddiscussioninamainstreammagazineastowhetherathriftylifestylewilldoharmtonationaleconomy.Asthisisathought-provokingaswellasadebatableissue,itisveryhardforpeopletoreachaconsensusonit.

AccordingtoarecentquestionnaireconductedbyaneconomicorganizationinChina,48percentofrespondentsareoftheopinionthatathriftylifestyledoesharmtonationaleconomy.Intheireyes,athriftylifestylecannotstimulatethedevelopmentofnationaleconomy.Forexample,duringthelongvacationsinMayandinOctober,ifallofusstayedathomewatchingTV,playingcardsorsurfingtheInternetinsteadoftravelingalloverthecountry,ourcountry’saimofexpandingdomesticdemandwouldbeunabletobeattained.Ifso,ourspirituallifewouldbeboring.Ifso,ournationaleconomycouldnotdevelopatafastpace.

Onthecontrary,52percentofrespondentsarguethatathriftylifestylewillnotdoharmtonationaleconomy.Forexample,ifwerecyclewastethingssuchaswastepaper,wasterubber,wasteplastic,wastewateretc.,wecannotonlysavealotofenergybutalsoprotectourmilieu,whichisundoubtedlyconducivetothesustainabledevelopmentofournationaleconomy.

Inmyopinion,thriftshouldalwaysberegardedasatraditionalvirtueofournation.Intheshortrun,athriftylifestyleseemstobeabarriertothedevelopmentofournationaleconomy.Inthelongrun,beingthriftyistotheadvantageofnationaleconomy.

4.翻譯題

吳歌是中國吳語地區(qū)民歌民謠的總稱。吳語地區(qū)包括江蘇南部、浙江北部和上海市，大致是指長江下游的三角洲地區(qū)。這里是同一種方言的文化圈，同屬傳統(tǒng)吳文化范疇?！皡恰钡母拍铍S著歷代區(qū)域劃分而有所變化，如早期的“吳”指的是吳國領域，后來在曾包括現(xiàn)在的南京和揚州等地，現(xiàn)在所說的“吳”是地域和方言區(qū)劃的概念。蘇州恰在它的中心地位，它是一座以“天堂”美名享譽古今中外的歷史文化名稱，歷史上采集吳歌，也以它為中心，在中國文學史上占有一定地位。

【答案】WuSongisthegeneralnametitleoffolksonginWulanguageareaofChina.WulanguageareaincludessouthernJiangsu,NorthernZhejiangandShanghai,referringtothedeltaareaofthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.ThisisaculturalcircleofthesamedialectbelongingtotraditionalculturalofWuareas.Theconceptof“Wu”haschangedwiththehistoricalregionaldivision,forexample,“Wu”inearlytimereferstoWuarea,lateritincludedsomepresentplaces,suchasNanjingandYangzhou.“Wu”conrrentlyisaconceptofdivisionofregionanddialect.Suzhouexactlyisinthecenterofit,whichisahistoricalculturaltitlefamedas“paradise”.ItwasalsothecenterofWuSongcollectionandoccupieditspositioninthehistoryofliterature.

5.單選題

Thenewrangeofproducts（）lastautumnisalreadysellingfarbetterthanisexpected.

問題1選項

A.launched

B.marketed

C.prevailed

D.envisioned

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。launch“上市”；market“銷售”；prevail“盛行”；envision“想象”。句意：去年秋天上市的新產(chǎn)品銷量比預期要好。選項A符合題意。

6.單選題

Thequantumtheorystates（

）,aslight,isgivenoffandabsorbedindefiniteunitscalledquantaorphotons.

問題1選項

A.energythat

B.thatitisenergy

C.itisenergy

D.thatenergy

【答案】D

【解析】考查賓語從句。states是謂語，后面接一個句子做賓語。賓語從句需要一個引導詞that,另外賓語從句還缺少主語，故D項正確。句意：量子理論認為，能量，比如光，是以量子或光子的基本單位來釋放和吸收的。

7.單選題

Physicsis（

）tothesciencewhichwascallednaturalphilosophyinhistory.

問題1選項

A.alike

B.equivalent

C.likely

D.uniform

【答案】B

【解析】句意:物理學也相當于一門科學，在歷史上，這門科學被稱為自然哲學。

考查形容詞辨析。alike相同的，相似的；equivalent相等的，相同的；likely可能的，預料的，有希望的；uniform一致的，統(tǒng)一的。故B符合句意。

8.單選題

Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingarewoprimeexamples.Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper(orothermaterial)againstanim-age-bearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied.Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageadherestot,butinreverse.

ThewoodcuthadbeenusedinChinafromthefifthcenturyA.D.forapplyingpatternstotex-tiles.TheprocesswasnotintroducedintoEuropeuntilthefourteenthcentury,firstfortextiledecora-tionandthenforprintingonpaper.Woodcutsarecreatedbyareliefprocess:first,theartisttakesalockofwood,whichhasbeensawedparalleltothegrain,coversitwithawhiteground,andthenrawstheimageinink.Thebackgroundiscarvedaway,leavingthedesignareaslightlyraised.Theoodblockisinked,andtheinkadherestotheraisedimage.Itisthentransferredtodamppaperei-therbyhandorwithaprintingpress.

Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith’sart,originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyintheiddleofthefifteenthcentury.Itisanintaglioprocess(fromItalianintagliare,“tocarve”).Theim-geisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate,usuallycopper,withacuttinginstrument,orburin.Theartistinkstheplateandwipesitcleansothatsomeinkremainsintheincisedgrooves.Anim-pressionismadeondamppaperinaprintingpress,withsufficientpressurebeingappliedsothattheaperpicksuptheink.

Bothwoodcutandengravinghavedistinctivecharacteristics.Engravinglendsitselftosubtlemodelingandshadingthroughtheuseoffinelines.Hatchingandcross-hatchingdeterminethedegreeoflightandshadeinaprint.Woodcutstendtobemorelinear,withsharpercontrastsbetweenlightanddark.Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages.Asetofmultiplesiscalledanedition.Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear.Massproductionofprintsinthesixteenthcenturymadeimagesavailable,atalowercost,toamuchbroaderpublicthanbefore.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“prime”inline2isclosestinmeaningto().

3.Theauthor’spurposeinparagraph2istodescribe().

4.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutengravingEXCEPTthat

it().

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatdowoodcutandengravinghaveincommon?

問題1選項

A.Theoriginsoftextiledecoration.

B.Thecharacteristicsofgood-qualityprints.

C.Twotypesofprintmaking.

D.Typesofpaperusedinprintmaking.

問題2選項

A.principal

B.complex

C.general

D.recent

問題3選項

A.thewoodcutsfoundinChinainthefifthcentury

B.theuseofwoodcutsinthetextileindustry

C.theprocessinvolvedincreatingawoodcut

D.theintroductionofwoodcutstoEurope

問題4選項

A.developedfromtheartofthegoldsmiths

B.requiresthatthepaperbecutwithaburin

C.originatedinthefifteenthcentury

D.involvescarvingintoametalplate

問題5選項

A.Theirdesignsareslightlyraised.

B.Theyachievecontrastthroughhatchingandcross-hatching.

C.TheywerefirstusedinEurope.

D.Theyallowmultiplecopiestobeproducedfromoneoriginal.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.文章開篇指出版畫的制作技法主要有木刻和雕刻兩種方式；接著在第二、三段分別介紹木刻、雕刻的起源、發(fā)展、制作過程；最后一段總說兩種方式的特點。所以，C項Twotypesofprintmaking（兩種版畫制作）正確。

2.第一段指出：Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingaretwoprimeexamples（木刻和雕刻是版畫制作的兩種主要方式）。prime在這里指“主要的”，A項principal“主要的”正確。

3.文章第二段主要講述了木刻的制作過程。C項“制作木刻的過程”準確地概述了該段主旨。

4.第三段指出：Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith’sart，originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury（雕刻由金匠藝術中發(fā)展而來，發(fā)源于15世紀中期的德國和意大利北部地區(qū)）,所以A、C項正確；Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate...（圖案刻入到光滑的金屬板內(nèi)），所以D項正確。而B項在原文中沒有體現(xiàn)，所以選擇B項。

5.題干問的是木刻和雕刻的共同點。最后一段指出：Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-

qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear（在原始的木塊或金屬板

用壞之前，可以生產(chǎn)數(shù)百張復制品）。D項符合原文意思，因此正確。

9.單選題

Thefishingvillageof1,480peopleisableakandlonelyplace.SetonthesouthwesternedgeofIceland,thevolcaniclandscapeiswhippedbytheNorthAtlanticwinds,whichhusheverythingaroundthem.Asculptureattheentrancetothevillagedepictsanakedmanfacingawallofseawatertwicehisheight.Thereisnomovietheater,andmanyresidentsneverventuretothecapital,a50-minutedriveaway.

ButSandgerdimightbetheperfectplacetoraisegirlswhohavemathematicaltalent.Governmentresearcherstwoyearsagotestedalmostevery15-year-oldinIcelandforitandfoundthatboystrailedfarbehindgirls.Thatfactwasuniqueamongthe41countriesthatparticipatedinthestandardizedtestforthatagegroupdesignedbytheOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.ButwhileIceland’sgirlswerealoneintheworldintheirsignificantleadinmath,theirnationaladvantageof15pointswassmallcomparedwiththeonetheyhadoverboysinfishingvillageslikeSandgerdi,whereitwascloserto30.

TheteachersofSandgerdi’s254studentswereonlymildlysurprisedbytheresults.Theysaythegendergapisastorynotoftalentbutmotivation.Boysthinkofschoolassufferingsonthewaytoafutureoffindingrichesatsea;forgirls,it’stheirticketoutoftown.MargretIngporsdottirandHannaMariaHeidarsdottir,both15,studentsatSandgerdi'sgleamingschool—whichhasasciencelaboratory,acomputerroomandawell-stockedlibrary—havenodoubtthattheyareheadedforuniversity.“IthinkIwillbeapharmacist,”saysHeidarsdottir.TheteenssatinprincipalGudjonKristjansson’sofficelastweek,waitingforaridetothenearbytownofKevlavik,wheretheywerecompetinginWestIceland’syearlymathcontest,oneofmanythroughoutIcelandinwhichgirlsexcel.

Meanwhile,bytheharbor,GisliTorHauksson,14,alreadyhasbigplansthatdon’trequirespendinghisafternoonstoilingovergeometry.“I’llbeafisherman,”hesays,justlikemostofhisancestors.Hisfatherrecentlyreturnedhomefrom60daysatseaoffthecoastofNorway.“Hecamebackwith1.1millionkrona,”about$18,000，saysHauksson.Asforschool,hesays，“itdestroysthebrain.”Heintendstoquitat16,theearliestageatwhichhecandosolegally“Aboyseeshisolderbrotherwhohasbeenatseaforonlytwoyearsandhasabettercarandabiggerhousethantheheadmaster,”saysKristjansson.

ButthestoryoffemaleachievementinIcelanddoesn'tnecessarilyhaveahappyending.Educatorshavefoundthatwhengirlsleavetheirruralenclavestoattenduniversitiesinthenation’scities,theirscienceadvantagegenerallyshrinks.While61%ofuniversitystudentsarewomen,theymakeuponlyone-thirdofIceland’ssciencestudents.Bythetimetheyenterthelabormarket,manyareovertakenbymen,whobecomedoctors,engineersandcomputertechnicians.Educatorssaytheywatchmanybrightgirlssuddenlyflinchbackinthefaceofreal,head-to-headcompetitionwithboys.InamathclassataReykjavikschool,AsgeirGurdmundsson,17,saysthatalthoughgirlswereconsistentlybrighterthanboysatschool,“theyjustseemtoleavethetechnicaljobstous.”SaysSoirunGensdottir,thedirectorofeducationattheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture:“Wehavetofindawaytostopgirlsfromdroppingoutofsciences.”

Teachersacrossthecountryhavebeguntoexperimentwithwaystoraiseboystothelevelofgirlsinelementaryandsecondaryeducation.ThehighschoolinKevlawiktriedanexperimentin2002and2003,separating16-to-20-year-oldsbygenderfortwoyears.Thattimetheboysslippedevenfurtherbehind.“Theboyssaidthegirlswerebetteranyway,”saysKrlstjanAsmundsson,whotaughtthe25boys.“Theydidn’teventry.”

1.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeSandgerdi?

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereasonwhygirlsdobetterthanboysinmathatSandgerdiismostprobablythefollowingEXCEPT（

）.

3.Thefifthparagraphsuggeststhatinthefieldofscience

（

）.

4.Girlsflinchbackinthecompetitionwithboysmostprobablybecause

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?

問題1選項

A.desolate

B.poor

C.bustling

D.thriving

問題2選項

A.boysandgirlssharedifferentincentivesinmathlearning

B.thegirlsaremoreanxiousabouttheirfuturecareer

C.theboysconsiderthatfishingdoesn’tnecessarilyneedmath

D.theboysspendmoretimeontheirparttimejobs

問題3選項

A.womenhaveadvantagesovermenincompetition

B.womentendtobeinalessembarrassinglevel

C.menareplyingmoreimportantroles

D.Menareonethirdlessthanwomeninnumber

問題4選項

A.theyareshortofconfidenceinthemselves

B.employersoftenpreferboystotaketechnicaljobs

C.theyhavepoorerperformanceintechnicaljobs

D.theyarewillingtoleavetechnicaljobstoboys

問題5選項

A.AVillageInIceland

B.ALandWhereGirlsRuleinMath

C.BoysClevererThanGirls?

D.ScienceStudentsinSandgerdi

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。A選項desolate“荒涼的”；B選項poor“貧窮的”；C選項bustling“繁忙的”；D選項thriving“繁榮的”。由文章第一段中的Thefishingvillageof1,480peopleisableakandlonelyplace.（這個有1480人的漁村是一個荒涼而孤獨的地方）可知Sandgerdi是一個荒涼的地方，因此選A。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第三段中的Theysaythegendergapisastorynotoftalentbutmotivation.（他們說性別差距不是來自資質(zhì)的差別，而是學習動力的差別）可知D選項“男孩們把更多的時間花在兼職上”符合題意，A、B、C選項都與“學習動力”有關。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第五段中的While61%ofuniversitystudentsarewomen,theymakeuponlyone-thirdofIceland’ssciencestudents.Bythetimetheyenterthelabormarket,manyareovertakenbymen,whobecomedoctors,engineersandcomputertechnicians.（盡管61%的大學生是女性，但她們只占冰島理科學生的三分之一。當他們進入勞動力市場時，許多人被男性所取代，他們成為醫(yī)生、工程師和計算機技術人員）可知C選項“男人扮演著更重要的角色”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Educatorssaytheywatchmanybrightgirlssuddenlyflinchbackinthefaceofreal,head-to-headcompetitionwithboys.（教育家們說，他們看到許多聰明的女孩在面對真實的、面對面的與男孩的競爭時突然退縮）可知A選項“她們對自己缺乏信心”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了在冰島上的Sandgerdi由于男女學生學習的動機不一樣，女生在數(shù)學成績上男生優(yōu)秀，因此B選項“女生在數(shù)學上占統(tǒng)治地位的地方”符合題意。

10.單選題

TheindustrializationofEuropewhichstartedinthe18thcenturyproducedurbanslimswhichweresweptperiodicallybyepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphus.WhileisolatedgeographicallyfromthescourgesofEurope,Americawasoccasionallyhitwithepidemicsofitsown,especiallyinthegrowingeastcoastcities.Recognizingthatdiseasemaybecomingfromtheshipsthatdockedintheirports,citiesinstitutedquarantinesduringoutbreaks.Treatmentsforwidespreaddisease,however,didnotimprove.

In1847,thenewly-formedAmericanMedicalAssociationsponsoredaninvestigationoflargeU.ScitiesandfoundthatlivingconditionsformanyresidentshadbecomeasbadastheworstslumsofEurope.Itconcludedthatwithoutimprovementsinhygieneandlivingstandards,European-typeepidemicswouldsoonhitAmericancities.Italsoadvocatedcollectingvitalstatisticstotrackthecountry’sbirthanddeathrates.Soonafterthis,manybureausofvitalstatisticswereorganized.IncludinginOhio,wherebirthanddeathstatisticswerecollectedatthecountrylevelbeginningin1867.Localsanitarycommissionsformedincitiesandtowns,spurredonbyreformmovementswhichstressedhealthierlivingandcleanwater.TheMassachusettsSanitaryCommission,forexample,soughtbetterventingofcityhomestoremoveanynoxiousodorsandfumesthatmightcausedisease.Toprovideplentifulwater,32waterworkswerebuiltinthecountryby1825,andalmost600wereaddedby1880.Unfortunatelyitwasassumedthatfree-flowingwaterwaspure,sothefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871.Thefirstnationalconventiontoestablishuniformquarantinelaws,metinPhiladelphiainMay1857,andfourmoresuchconventionstodiscusspublichealthissueswereheldbeforetheCivilWardisruptedthemovement.

TheAmericanPublicHealthAssociationwasfoundedin1872bysomeofthosewhoattendedtheseearlierconventions.ThefollowingyearthenumberofboardsofhealthintheU.S.Increasedfrom4to123.Themostsignificanteventinthepublichealthmovement,however,wasthedevelopmentofthegermtheoryandtherealizationthatdiseasecouldbecontagious.

1.AmericawasprotectedfromtheperiodicepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphusinEuropebecauseof（

）.

2.Theword“hygiene”inline13isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

3.WhatfeardidtheAmericanMedicalAssociationhave?

4.WhichofthefollowingactionsdoestheauthorimplywasdoneinresponsetotheAmericanMedicalAssociationrecommendations?

5.Theword“noxious”inline22isclosestinmeaningto.

6.Thefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871because（

）.

7.Theword“contagious”inline36isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

8.Throughoutthepassage,theauthorimpliesthatpublichealth（

）.

問題1選項

A.bettersanitation

B.lessurbanslums

C.delayedindustrialization

D.geographicalisolation

問題2選項

A.salary

B.Sanitation

C.protection

D.behavior

問題3選項

A.thatlivingstandardswouldnotimprove

B.thatAmericanslumswouldbeasbadasthoseinEurope

C.thatAmericanslumscouldleadtoEuropean-typeepidemics

D.thatwithoutimprovements，AmericancitieswouldbecomelikeEuropeancities

問題4選項

A.collectingvitalstatistics

B.quarantinefacilities

C.removingnoxiousodorsandfumes

D.geographicalisolationofdisease

問題5選項

A.harmful

B.unpleasant

C.lingering

D.obvious

問題6選項

A.ofdisruptionbytheCivilWar

B.uniformquarantinelawscouldnotbeagreeduponatthefirstnationalconvention

C.ittookatotaloffivenationalconventionstoagreeonuniformquarantinelaws

D.free-flowingwaterwasthoughttobepure

問題7選項

A.serious

B.inherited

C.contained

D.catching

問題8選項

A.wasregardedasaEuropeproblem

B.wasslowertodevelopinAmericanthaninEurope

C.treatmentswerenotdevelopedwithanunderstandingofthethreats

D.actionswereusuallyuniformedandineffective

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

第6題:A

第7題:D

第8題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段WhileisolatedgeographicallyfromthescourgesofEurope,Americawasoccasionallyhitwithepidemicsofitsown,especiallyinthegrowingeastcoastcities.由于美國的地理位置遠離歐洲，所以是偶爾受到影響，避免了周期性的傳染。所以D選項‘地理位置’符合題意。

2.詞義推測題。上文提到美國醫(yī)學會發(fā)現(xiàn)美國居民的生活環(huán)境十分惡劣，急需提高……A“薪水”、C“保護”和D“行為”都與改善城市的居民生活環(huán)境沒有關系，排除。文章第二段末尾處提到衛(wèi)生委員會在各個城市及鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)中開始成立，出現(xiàn)了Sanitaiy，所以B選項‘環(huán)境衛(wèi)生’符合題意。

3.語義理解題。第二段開頭提到美國醫(yī)學會通過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)美國城市的生活環(huán)境和歐洲最差的貧民窟相差無幾。如果不提高衛(wèi)生和生活條件，歐洲的流行病會襲擊美國。因為美國醫(yī)學會擔心美國惡劣的生活環(huán)境會引發(fā)類似歐洲的流行病，所以C選項‘美國的貧民窟可能會導致歐洲式的流行病‘符合題意。A“生活條件沒有改善”、B“美國貧民窟生活條件會和歐洲的一樣差”以及D“如果生活條件不改善，美國城市就會和歐洲城市一樣”是美國醫(yī)學會得出的結(jié)論，不是他們害怕的事情。

4.細節(jié)判斷題。第二段第三句的主語為“It”，指AmericanMedicalAssociation“advocated”v.主張，提倡，和題干中“recommendationn.提倡”意思基本一致。所以可以推斷答案為A。B“檢疫機構(gòu)”在疫情爆發(fā)期間由城市建立。C“消除有害氣體”是MassachusettsSanitary的任務。D“遠離病源”是客觀存在事實。因此排除B、C、D。

5.詞義推測題。...anynoxiousodorsandfumesthatmightcausedisease”中that引導定語從句解釋前面的“noxiousodorsandfumes”。只有A“Harmful”與“mightcausedisease”意思相同，所以A選項正確。

6.語義理解題。因為B、C選項文章中都沒有提及。文章第二段最后提到“不幸的是，純凈的自來水廠到1871年才建成。”，D“自來水應該是純凈的”不符合文意。第二段最后一句提到“公共衛(wèi)生領域運動由于內(nèi)戰(zhàn)而中斷?！彼訟選項正確。

7.詞義推測題。全文都在談論美國意識到病源是從歐洲傳染來的，為了降低疾病發(fā)生率，因此采取了一系列措施提高居民的生活環(huán)境，所以D選項“傳染的”符合題意。

8.根據(jù)文中第一段Treatmentsforwidespreaddisease,however,didnotimprove文中倒數(shù)第二段Unfortunatelyitwasassumedthatfree-flowingwaterwaspure,sothefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871.都表明作者認為出現(xiàn)衛(wèi)生問題時，人們顯得無知以及所做的行為無效。所以D選項‘（衛(wèi)生問題）的行動總是顯得無知和無效’正確。文中只說European-typeepidemicswouldsoonhitAmericancities.并不能得到A選項‘公共衛(wèi)生問題被看作如同歐洲難題’的結(jié)論。ThefollowingyearthenumberofboardsofhealthintheU.S.Increasedfrom4to123.可以證明treatment是隨著對anunderstandingofthethreats的發(fā)展而發(fā)展，所以C選項‘臨床治療沒有隨著對疾病傳染的認識而發(fā)展‘也是錯誤的。B選項‘（衛(wèi)生問題）美國比歐洲發(fā)展的慢’文中沒有提到，排除。

11.單選題

Oneoftheattractivefeaturesofthecoursewasthewaythepracticalworkhadbeen（）withthetheoreticalaspectsofthesubject.

問題1選項

A.embraced

B.alternated

C.adjusted

D.integrated

【答案】D

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。embraced包含；alternated交替，輪流；adjusted調(diào)整；integrated整合，使……成為整體。句意：這門課程吸引人的一個特點是：實踐工作與該學科理論方面相結(jié)合。選項D符合句意。

12.單選題

Thetraditionalappealoftheincometaxhascomefromitswideacceptanceasafairtax,closelyrelatedtoanindividual’sabilitytopay.Formanyyearstheincometaxprovidedlargefederalincomewithoutimposingheavyburdensonthegreatmajorityofpeople.Bythemid-20thcentury,however,seriouscriticismsoftaxloopholeswereheard;concertedattemptsatreformresultedonlyinamorecomplexanderodedtaxbase.Thesituationworsenedinthe1970s,asrisinginflationpushedpeopleintohighertaxbracketsalthoughtheirincomewerebarelykeepingpacewithrisingprices.Thispressurefurthererodedpublicconfidenceinthefairnessoftheincometax;atthesametimeitcreatedstrongincentivestoutilizetaxsheltersandotherloopholes,aswellastoconcealoff-the-recordincome.Built-ininflationadjustmentswereadopted,firstbyanumberofstatesandthenin1985bythefederalgovernment.

Incometaxpolicyisinevitablycontroversialbecauseitrestsessentiallyonjudgmentsthatmustbeconstantlyreconsideredassocialvalueschange.Thecomplextaskofworkingoutthemanyreductionsandexclusionstobeallowedfromincomebecausetheyeithermakeforgreaterfairnessamongtaxpayersorpromoteworthysocialgoals(suchascharitablecontributions)isboneofthemostdifficultandpoliticallysensitiveproblemsfacedbygovernments.

Anothermajorareaofdisputeiswhetherwagesandsalariesshouldbetaxedthesamewayasbusinessprofitsor