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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-大連裝備制造職業(yè)技術學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Asa(

)actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.

問題1選項

A.flexible

B.versatile

C.sophisticated

D.productive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。flexible意為“靈活的”;versatile意為“多才多藝的,有多種技能的”;sophisticated意為“見多識廣的,老練的”;productive意為“多產(chǎn)的,有效益的”。由句子后面的內容可知他會很多才藝,因此選B。

句意:作為一名多才多藝的演員,他會表演、唱歌、跳舞并能演奏好幾種樂器。

2.單選題

Duringthemid-1980s,myfamilyandIspenta(1)yearinthehistorictownofSt.Andrews,Scotland.ComparinglifetherewithlifeinAmerica,wewereimpressedbya

(2)

disconnectionbetweennationalwealthandwell-being.TomostAmericans,Scottishlifewouldhaveseemed

(3)

.IncomeswereabouthalfthatintheU.S.AmongfamiliesintheKingdomofFifesurroundingSt.Andrews,44percentdidnotownacar,andwenevermetafamilythatownedtwo.Centralheatinginthisplace

(4)

southofIcelandwas,atthattime,stillaluxury.

Inhundredsofconversationsduringouryearthereandduringthreehalfsummerstayssince,we

(5)

noticethat,

(6)

theirsimplerliving,theScotsappeared(7)

joyfulthanAmericans.WeheardcomplaintsaboutMargaretThatcher,butneveraboutbeingunderpaidorunabletoaffordwants.

Withinanycountry,suchasourown,arerichpeoplehappier?Inpoorcountries,beingrelativelywelloffdoesmake

(8)

somewhatbetterwelloff.Butinaffluentcountries,wherenearlyeveryonecanaffordlife'snecessities,increasingaffluencematters

(9)

little.IntheU.S.,Canada,andEurope,thecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappinessis,asUniversityofMichiganresearchernotedina1980s16-nationstudy,“virtually

(10)

”.Happinessislower

(11)

theverypoor.Butoncecomfortable,moremoneyprovidesdiminishingreturns.

Evenveryrichpeopleareonlyslightlyhappierthanaverage.Withnetworthall

(12)

$100million,providing

(13)

moneytobuythingstheydon'tneedandhardlycareabout,4in5ofthe49peoplerespondingtosurveyagreedthat“Moneycanincreaseordecreasehappiness,dependingonhowitisused”.Andsomewereindeedunhappy.Onefabulously

(14)

mansaidhecouldneverrememberbeinghappy.Onewomanreportedthatmoney

(15)

miserycausedbyherchildren'sproblems.

Attheotherendoflife'scircumstancesaremostvictimsofdisablingtragedies.Yet,remarkably,mosteventuallyrecoveranear-normallevelofday-to-dayhappiness.Thus,universitystudentswhomustcopewithdisabilitiesare

(16)able-bodiedstudentstoreportthemselveshappy,andtheirfriendsagreewiththeirself-perceptions.

Wehave

(17)

theAmericandreamofachievedwealthandwell-beingbycomparingrichandunrichcountries,andrichandunrichpeople.Thatleavesthefinalquestion:Overtime,doeshappinessrisewithaffluence?

Typicallynot.Lotterywinnersappeartogainbutatemporaryjoltofjoyfromtheirwinnings.Onasmallscale,ajumpinourincomecanboostourmorale,forawhile.Butinthelongrun,neitheranicecreamconenoranewcarnorbecomingrichandfamousproducesthesamefeelingsofdelightthatitinitially

(18)

.Happinessisnottheresultofbeingrich,buta

(19)

consequenceofhavingrecentlybecomericher.Wealth,itthereforeseems,islikehealth:Althoughitsutterabsencecanbreedmisery,havingitdoesnotguaranteehappiness.Happinessis

(20)

amatterofgettingwhatwewantthanofwantingwhatwehave.

問題1選項

A.underpaid

B.prosperous

C.affluent

D.sabbatical

問題2選項

A.assumed

B.seeming

C.seemed

D.seemly

問題3選項

A.precarious

B.imprudent

C.spartan

D.gallant

問題4選項

A.notfar

B.asfaras

C.farfrom

D.farto

問題5選項

A.virtually

B.remarkably

C.ideally

D.repeatedly

問題6選項

A.forasmuch

B.despite

C.considering

D.inasmuch

問題7選項

A.noless

B.less

C.more

D.nomore

問題8選項

A.for

B.up

C.out

D.over

問題9選項

A.scarely

B.intentionally

C.surprisingly

D.provisionally

問題10選項

A.diminishing

B.negligible

C.tripled

D.perceivable

問題11選項

A.in

B.on

C.upon

D.among

問題12選項

A.exceeded

B.exceeding

C.excess

D.excessive

問題13選項

A.utter

B.messy

C.greedy

D.ample

問題14選項

A.prosperous

B.triumphant

C.jubilant

D.victorious

問題15選項

A.couldundo

B.couldintensify

C.couldnotundo

D.couldnotintensify

問題16選項

A.asplausibleas

B.notasplausibleas

C.aslikelyas

D.notaslikelyas

問題17選項

A.ventilated

B.deliberated

C.speculated

D.scrutinized

問題18選項

A.does

B.did

C.hasdone

D.is

問題19選項

A.new

B.favorite

C.temporary

D.normal

問題20選項

A.more

B.less

C.better

D.worse

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:B

第7題:A

第8題:A

第9題:C

第10題:B

第11題:D

第12題:B

第13題:D

第14題:A

第15題:C

第16題:C

第17題:D

第18題:B

第19題:C

第20題:B

【解析】第1題:(1)詞義辨析。A選項underpaid“所得報酬過低的”;B選項prosperous“繁榮的;興旺的”;C選項affluent“富裕的;豐富的;流暢的”;D選項sabbatical“休假的”。由空格后“inthehistorictownofSt.Andrews,Scotland在蘇格蘭有歷史意義的圣安德魯斯鎮(zhèn)”可知“休假的”符合語境,所以D選項正確。

第2題:(2)詞義辨析。A選項assumed“假定的;假裝的”;B選項seeming“表面上的;似乎是的”;C選項seemed為動詞seem“似乎;像是;裝作”的過去式;D選項seemly“適合地;得體地”。由空格后“disconnectionbetweennationalwealthandwell-being國家財富和幸福之間的分離”可知“表面上的”符合語境,所以B選項正確。

第3題:(3)邏輯關系。A選項precarious“危險的;B選項imprudent“輕率的,魯莽的”;C選項spartan斯巴達式的;(生活方式)簡樸的”;D選項gallant“英勇的;華麗的;雄偉的”。由空格前“Scottishlife蘇格蘭人的生活”與空格后“…notownacar沒有一輛車”可知“簡樸的”符合語境,所以C選項正確。

第4題:(4)詞義辨析。A選項notfar“不遠”;B選項asfaras“至于;直到;遠到;就······而言”;C選項farfrom“遠離;遠非;完全不”;D選項farto“遠遠地;太”。由第3題的分析“蘇格蘭人的生活儉樸”與空格后“southofIceland冰島南部”屬于“thisplace”的后置定語可知這里指代“在這個離冰島南部不遠的地方集中采暖在那時仍然是一種奢侈”;故A項“不遠”符合語境,正確。

第5題:(5)詞義辨析。A選項virtually“事實上;幾乎”;B選項remarkably“顯著地;非常地;引人注目地”;C選項ideally“理想地;觀念上地”;D選項repeatedly“反復地;再三地;屢次地”。由空格前“hundredsofconversations數(shù)以百計的對話”與空格后“noticed發(fā)現(xiàn)”可知“屢次地”符合語境,所以D選項正確。

第6題:(6)邏輯關系。A選項forasmuch“因為;鑒于”;B選項despite“盡管;不管”;C選項considering“考慮到;就······而論”;D選項inasmuch“由于;鑒于。由空格后“theirsimplerliving他們較簡樸地生活”與“butneveraboutbeingunderpaidorunabletoaffordwants但是從未聽到他們抱怨所得工資太低或不能負擔自己所需”可知這里是轉折關系,所以B項“盡管”正確。

第7題:(7)邏輯關系。A選項noless“仍然;不相上下;依舊”;B選項less“較少地;較小地;更小地”;C選項more“更多;更大程度地”;D選項nomore“不再;也沒有”。本句句意是“盡管他們較簡樸地生活,但是蘇格蘭人似乎與美國人一樣快樂”,A項“不相上下”符合語境,正確。

第8題:(8)詞義辨析??崭袂啊癿ade”與各選項構成短語,A選項makefor“導致;有助于;走向”;B選項makeup“組成;補足;化妝;編造;彌補”;C選項makeout“理想;辨認出;說明;填寫;設法應付”;D選項makeover“轉讓;移交;修改”。由空格前“beingrelativelywelloff相對比較富?!迸c空格后“somewhatbetterwelloff稍微更加富裕”可知“有助于”更符合邏輯關系。所以A選項正確。

第9題:(9)詞義辨析。A選項scarcely“僅夠;幾乎不”;B選項intentionally“故意地;有意地”;C選項surprisingly“驚人地;出人意料地”;D選項provisionally“臨時地;暫時地”。由第8題的句意“在貧窮的國家里,相對比較富裕有助于稍微更富裕”與空格前“Butinaffluentcountries但是在富裕的國家里”對應可知這里指代“但是在富裕的國家里,不斷增長的富裕卻出人意料地不重要”,所以C選項“出人意料地”符合邏輯關系,正確。

第10題:(10)詞義辨析。A選項diminishing“逐漸縮小的;衰減的”;B選項negligible“微不足道的;可以忽略的”;C選項tripled“三倍的;三方的”;D選項perceivable“可知覺的;可感知的”。由第9題的句意“但是在富裕的國家里,不斷增長的富裕卻出人意料地不重要”與空格后“thecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappiness收入和幸福之間的相關性”的對應可知“微不足道的”符合語境,所以B選項正確。

第11題:(11)詞義辨析。A選項in“按照(表示方式);從事于;在······之內”;B選項on“向;關于;在······之上”;C選項upon“根據(jù);接近;在······之上”;D選項among“在······之中”。由空格后“theverypoor非常貧窮的人”對應知“在······之中”符合語境,所以D項正確。

第12題:(12)介詞with引導分詞短語充當伴隨狀語。由空格前“With”和空格后并列成分中“providing”的可知這里是介詞with引導分詞短語充當伴隨狀語,所以B選項“exceeding”正確。A選項exceed“超過;勝過”;C選項excess“超額;過度,過量”;D選項excessive“過多的;極度的;過分的”。

第13題:(13)詞義辨析。A選項utter“完全的;徹底的”;B選項messy“凌亂的;骯臟的;污穢的;麻煩的”;C選項greedy“貪婪的;貪吃的;渴望的”;D選項ample“豐富的;足夠的;寬敞的”。由空格后“money錢”與“tobuythingstheydon’tneedandhardlycareabout去購買他們不需要且?guī)缀醪辉诤醯臇|西”可知“足夠的”符合語境,所以D選項正確。

第14題:(14)詞義辨析。A選項prosperous“富裕的;繁榮的;興旺的”;B選項triumphant“成功的;得意洋洋的;狂歡的”;C選項jubilant“歡呼的;喜洋洋的”;D選項victorious“勝利的;凱旋的”。由空格前“Evenveryrichpeopleareonlyslightlyhappierthanaverage甚至非常富有的人只比普通人稍微更幸?!迸c“Andsomewereindeedunhappy一些人甚至不幸?!笨芍@里屬于舉例說明,所以A項“富裕的”正確。

第15題:(15)詞義辨析。A選項couldundo“能消除”;B選項couldintensify“能加強”;C選項couldnotundo“不能消除”;D選項couldnotintensify“不能加強”。由空格前“hecouldneverrememberbeinghappy他永遠不可能記得那些幸福的日子”與空格后“miserycausedbyherchildren’sproblems由她孩子的問題所導致的痛苦”可知C選項“不能消除”正確。

第16題:(16)邏輯關系。A選項asplausibleas“如……一樣似乎可信的”;B選項notasplausibleas“不如……一樣似乎可信的”;C選項couldnotundo“如……一樣可能的”;D選項couldnotintensify“無法強化”。由空格前“Yet,remarkably,mosteventuallyrecoveranear-normallevelofday-to-dayhappiness.然而,驚人的是大多數(shù)殘疾人最終選擇獲得近乎正常的每日幸福水平”、“Thus,universitystudentswhomustcopewithdisabilities因此,必須應對殘疾的大學生”與空格后“able-bodiedstudentstoreportthemselveshappy健全的學生報道自己是幸福的”的可知C項“如……一樣可能的”正確。

第17題:(17)詞義辨析。A選項ventilate“使通風;給······裝通風設備;宣布”;B選項deliberate“仔細考慮,商議”;C選項speculate“推斷,猜測”;D選項scrutinize“仔細檢查,細看”。由空格后”bycomparingrichandunrichcountries,andrichandunrichpeople通過比較富裕和貧困國家,富人和窮人”與“Thatleavesthefinalquestion那留下這個最后的問題”可知D項“仔細檢查”符合語境,正確。

第18題:(18)一般過去時態(tài)。由空格前“thesamefeelingsofdelight同樣的快樂感”與“initially最初”的對應知這里表示過去的時間,所以使用一般過去時態(tài)的B選項“did(動詞do‘產(chǎn)生’的過去式)”正確。

第19題:(19)詞義辨析。A選項new“新的;新鮮的;更新的;初見的”;B選項favorite“最喜愛的;中意的;寵愛的”;C選項temporary“暫時的;短暫的”;D選項normal“正常的;正規(guī)的,標準的”。由空格前“Happinessisnottheresultofbeingrich…幸福不是富裕的結果,而是……與空格后“havingrecentlybecomericher近來變得更富?!笨芍狢項“短暫的”符合語境,正確。

第20題:(20)邏輯關系。由空格前“Wealth,itthereforeseems,islikehealth:Althoughitsutterabsencecanbreedmisery,havingitdoesnotguaranteehappiness.因此,財富看起來就好比健康:盡管財富的完全沒有可能引起痛苦,但是擁有財富卻不保證擁有幸?!笨芍@里指代“與其說幸福是獲取我們想要的東西,不如說它是想要我們有的東西”,所以B項“l(fā)ess構成的搭配“l(fā)essthan與其……不如”正確。

3.單選題

Thepredictabilityofourmortalityratesissomethingthathaslongpuzzledsocialscientists.Afterall,thereisnonaturalreasonwhy2,500peopleshouldaccidentallyshootthemselveseachyearorwhy7,000shoulddrownor55,000dieintheircars.Nooneestablishesaquotaforeachtypeofdeath.Itjusthappensthattheyfollowaconsistentpatternyearafteryear.

AfewyearsagoaCanadianpsychologistnamedGeraldWildebecameinterestedinthisphenomenon.HenoticedthatmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeathsthroughouttheWesternworldhaveremainedoddlystaticthroughoutthewholeofthecentury,despiteallthetechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandardsthathavehappenedinthattime.Wildedevelopedanintriguingtheorycalled“riskhomeostasis”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleinstinctivelylivewithacertainlevelofrisk.Whensomethingismadesafer,peoplewillgetaroundthemeasureinsomewaytoreasserttheoriginallevelofdanger.If,forinstance,theyarerequiredtowearseatbelts,theywillfeelsaferandthuswilldrivealittlefasterandalittlemorerecklessly,therebystatisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers.Otherstudieshaveshownthatwhereanintersectionismadesafer,theaccidentrateinvariablyfallstherebutrisestoacompensatinglevelelsewherealongthesamestretchofroad.Itappears,then,thatwehaveaninnateneedfordanger.

Inallevents,itisbecomingclearerandclearertoscientiststhatthefactorsinfluencingourlifespanarefarmoresubtleandcomplexthanhadbeenpreviouslythought.Itnowappearsthatifyouwishtolivealonglife,itisn’tsimplyamatterofadheringtocertainprecautions:eatingtherightfoods,notsmoking,drivingwithcare.Youmustalsohavetherightattitude.ScientistsattheDukeUniversityMedicalCentermadea15-yearstudyof500persons’personalitiesandfound,somewhattotheirsurprise,thatpeoplewithasuspiciousormistrustfulnaturedieprematurelyfarmoreoftenthanpeoplewithasunnydisposition.Lookingonthebrightside,itseems,canaddyearstoyourlifespan.

1.Whatsocialscientistshavelongfeltpuzzledaboutiswhy______.

2.Inhisresearch,GeraldWildefindsthattechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandards______.

3.Accordingtothetheoryof“riskhomeostasis”,sometrafficaccidentsresultfrom_______.

4.Bysaying“...statisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers”(Para.2),theauthormeans______.

5.Whichofthefollowingmaycontributetoalongerlifespan?

問題1選項

A.themortalityratecannotbepredicted

B.thedeathtollremainedstableyearafteryear

C.aquotaforeachtypeofdeathhasnotcomeintobeing

D.peoplelosttheirliveseveryyearforthisorthatreason

問題2選項

A.havehelpedsolvetheproblemofsohighdeathrate

B.haveoddlyaccountedformortalityratesinthepastcentury

C.havereducedmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeaths

D.haveachievednoeffectinbringingdownthenumberofdeaths

問題3選項

A.ourinnatedesireforrisk

B.ourfastandrecklessdriving

C.ourignoranceofseatbeltbenefits

D.ourinstinctiveinterestinspeeding

問題4選項

A.wearingseatbeltsdoesnothaveanybenefitsfromthestatisticpointofview

B.deathsfromwearingseatbeltsarethesameasthosefromnotwearingthem

C.deathsfromotherreasonscounterbalancethebenefitsofwearingseatbelts

D.wearingseatbeltsdoesnotnecessarilyreducedeathsfromtrafficaccidents

問題5選項

A.Showingadequatetrustinsteadofsuspicionofothers.

B.Eatingthefoodlowinfatanddrivingwithgreatcare.

C.Cultivatinganoptimisticpersonalityandneverlosingheart.

D.Lookingonthebrightsideanddevelopingabalancedlevelofrisk.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Thepredictabilityofourmortalityratesissomethingthathaslongpuzzledsocialscientists...Nooneestablishesaquotaforeachtypeofdeath.Itjusthappensthattheyfollowaconsistentpatternyearafteryear.(死亡率的可預測性長期以來一直困擾著社會科學家……沒有人為每種死亡類型設定一個限額。他們只是年復一年地遵循著一種一成不變的模式。)”由此可知B選項“死亡人數(shù)年復一年保持穩(wěn)定”說法正確。A選項“死亡率無法預測”,文章的意思為死亡人數(shù)年復一年保持穩(wěn)定,所以社會科學家很難預測死亡率的變化,并不是說死亡率不可預測,所以A選項說法錯誤;C選項“還沒有形成每種死亡類型的限額”和D選項“人們每年因為這個或那個原因而失去生命”雖然文中都有提到,但這些都是死亡人數(shù)保持穩(wěn)定的原因,不是主要困擾社會科學家們的問題。因此B選項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“HenoticedthatmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeathsthroughouttheWesternworldhaveremainedoddlystaticthroughoutthewholeofthecentury,despiteallthetechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandardsthathavehappenedinthattime.(他注意到,整個世紀以來,盡管在這段時間里發(fā)生了所有的技術進步和安全標準提高,西方世界的暴力和意外死亡死亡率一直保持著奇怪的穩(wěn)定。)”,由此可知技術進步和安全標準的提高并未降低各種原因的死亡人數(shù),所以D選項“沒有達到降低死亡人數(shù)的效果”說法正確。A選項“幫助解決了高死亡率的問題”、B選項“在過去的一個世紀中對死亡率的解釋很奇怪”以及C選項“減少了暴力和意外死亡的死亡率”都不符合文章事實,因此D選項正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Accordingtothistheory,peopleinstinctivelylivewithacertainlevelofrisk.Whensomethingismadesafer,peoplewillgetaroundthemeasureinsomewaytoreasserttheoriginallevelofdanger...Itappears,then,thatwehaveaninnateneedfordanger.(根據(jù)這一理論,人們本能地生活在一定程度的風險中。當某物變得更安全時,人們會以某種方式繞過該措施,重新確認原來的危險水平……這樣看來,我們對危險有一種天生的需求。)”,由此可知A選項“我們天生的冒險欲望”說法正確。B選項“我們的快速和魯莽駕駛”;C選項“我們對安全帶好處的無知”;D選項“我們對超速的本能興趣”文章雖然都有提到,但那些都并不是體內風險平衡理論主要闡述的導致交通事故的根本原因,因此A選項正確。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“If,forinstance,theyarerequiredtowearseatbelts,theywillfeelsaferandthuswilldrivealittlefasterandalittlemorerecklessly,therebystatisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers.(例如,如果他們被要求系上安全帶,他們會感到更安全,因此會開車更快一點,更魯莽一點,從而從統(tǒng)計學上抵消了安全帶帶來的好處。)”,由此可知從統(tǒng)計學的角度說,開快車開魯莽車導致的死亡人數(shù)的增加抵消了系保險帶引起的死亡人數(shù)減少的好處,所以C選項“其他原因造成的死亡抵消了系安全帶的好處”符合題意。A選項“從統(tǒng)計的角度來看,系安全帶沒有任何好處”和B選項“系安全帶和不系安全帶造成的死亡是一樣的”以及D選項“系上安全帶不一定能減少交通事故的死亡人數(shù)”都不是作者想要表達的意思。因此C選項正確。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段“peoplewithasuspiciousormistrustfulnaturedieprematurelyfarmoreoftenthanpeoplewithasunnydisposition.(性格多疑的人比性格開朗的人更容易過早死亡)”可知A選項“對他人表現(xiàn)出足夠的信任而不是懷疑”說法錯誤,文章提到的是要保持性格開朗,C選項“培養(yǎng)樂觀的性格,永不氣餒”正確;根據(jù)最后一段“itisn’tsimplyamatterofadheringtocertainprecautions:eatingtherightfoods,notsmoking,drivingwithcare.(這不僅僅是堅持某些預防措施的問題:吃正確的食物,不吸煙,小心駕駛。)”可知B選項“吃低脂肪的食物,小心駕駛”說法錯誤,正確的食物不等于低脂肪的食物;根據(jù)文章最后一句話“Lookingonthebrightside,itseems,canaddyearstoyourlifespan.(往好的方面看,它似乎可以延長你的壽命。)”可知D選項“看到光明的一面,發(fā)展一個平衡的風險水平”說法錯誤,后半句文章沒有提到。因此C選項正確。

4.單選題

Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(???)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.

InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(漢斯?約阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatNietzscheorFoucault___.

2.NietzscheorlaterFoucaultcriticizedthelargenumberofliteraturebecause___.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,HansJoastriesto___.

4.ThedifferencebetweenNietzscheandJoasisthat___.

問題1選項

A.isascholarwhousesteleologicalmethodtowardshumanrights

B.disagreeswiththeteleologicalmethodofresearch

C.claimsthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

D.thinksthathumanrightsisthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization

問題2選項

A.theyusedagenealogicalmethodology

B.theideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelydoesnotderivefromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

C.donotgivecredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory

D.theymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingtothecurrentstateofaffairs

問題3選項

A.connectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencythemoresociologicalquestion

B.explainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights

C.describethefunctioningofhumanrightsasadefactoglobalcivilreligion

D.describetheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasthetransnationalsymbolofhumanrights

問題4選項

A.thelatterwantstocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights

B.theformerdevisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasure

C.thelatteralsowantstoexplainthenowself-evidentmoralcharacterofhumanrights

D.theformeracknowledgesthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.(在這一脈絡下,大量的文獻聚焦于人權的先驅者,聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴和個人權利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運動等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采(或后來的??拢┥羁膛u,因為它們將過去誤讀為一種導致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論)可知尼采或??屡u目的論,選B選項“不同意目的論的研究方法”,A選項“是一位用目的論方法研究人權的學者”以及C選項“認為人類普遍尊嚴和個人權利的理念最終源于天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運動”在文中屬于人權的先驅者,不是尼采或??碌挠^點,偷換概念,排除;D選項“認為人權是歷史、理性或文明前進的最終結果”未在第一段提及。因此B選項正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.(在這一脈絡下,大量的文獻聚焦于人權的先驅者,聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴和個人權利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運動等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采(或后來的??拢┥羁膛u,因為它們將過去誤讀為一種導致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論)可知選D選項“它們把過去誤解為一種導致當前事態(tài)的目的論”以及B選項“普遍的人類尊嚴和個人權利的想法最終不是來自天主教、基督教,新教或法國啟蒙運動”并不是尼采或??潞髞砼u大量的文學的原因;第一段InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.(相反,尼采提出了一個譜系方法論,它把歸信于偶然的,不可預測的,隱藏的,經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流)可知A選項“他們使用了一種譜系方法論”和C選項“不相信偶然的,不可預測的,隱藏的,經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流”是尼采所贊同的,排除。因此D選項正確。

3.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“HansJoas”定位到原文第二段第一句InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoasseekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.(在《人的神圣性》一書中,漢斯?約阿斯試圖將尼采關于價值起源的歷史偶然性意識與更多的社會學問題聯(lián)系起來,即為什么人權和普遍的人類尊嚴現(xiàn)在成為一種新的全球文化和道德)可知選A選項“將尼采的歷史偶然性意識與更多的社會學問題聯(lián)系起來”以及B選項“解釋人權的深刻的道德承諾和幾乎普遍的呼吁”錯誤;C選項“將人權的運作描述為事實上的全球公民宗教”和D選項“將《世界人權宣言》描述為人權的跨國象征”不符合原文。因此A選項正確。

4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“NietzscheandJoas”定位到原文第二段Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.(更確切地說,在承認人權是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新的同時,他還希望保護——并解釋——人權對那些感到受其約束的人所具有的如今不言而喻的道德品質)可知選C選項“后者還想解釋現(xiàn)在不言而喻的人權的道德特征”以及D選項“前者承認人權是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新”錯誤,尼采和喬斯都承認人權是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新;第二段However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.(然而,與尼采的解讀相反,喬斯并不想批評或解構普遍人權的理念。因此,他設計了一種研究對象和方法,這種方法不是由傳統(tǒng)的社會學度量來評判的,而是更傾向于解釋性的方法)可知喬斯并不想批評或解構普遍人權的理念,而尼采會批評或解構普遍人權的理念,A選項“后者是對普遍人權思想的批判或解構”,B選項“前者設計了一個研究對象和方法,這不是批判性的傳統(tǒng)社會學措施”和原文相悖。因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Agoodmanyhouses()knockeddownbytheearthquake.

問題1選項

A.was

B.were

C.is

D.are

【答案】B

【解析】考查被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)題干中的houses可知空格處的be動詞應填復數(shù)形式,故排除A選項和C選項。句意:許多房子在地震中被震垮了。根據(jù)句意可知地震是過去發(fā)生的事情,所以用wereknockeddown,即被動式的過去,因此B選項正確。

6.單選題

Thespontaneityofchildren’sartworksetsitapartfromtheregulateduniformityofmuchofwhatotherwisegoonintraditionalelementaryclassrooms.

問題1選項

A.sets

B.apartfrom

C.muchof

D.goon

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題中“muchofthose”可知,D選項中go應該用第三人稱單數(shù)形式“goes”,句意:兒童藝術作品的自發(fā)性有別于傳統(tǒng)小學課堂上的規(guī)范的一致性。選項D符合題意。

7.單選題

Theinfluenceofclimateonbehaviorappearsall-pervasive.Indeed,whocanclaimthatweatherfactorshavenoinfluenceontheirdecision-making?Everyonecanpointtoinstanceswhereplansandactivitieshavebeenchangedbecauseofweatherconditions.People'smoodsalsochangewiththeweather:brightsunnydaysseemtoliftspirits,whiledarkrainyperiodsbringondepression.

Lawenforcementagenciesarebeginningtoshowinterestintheeffectofatmosphericconditionsonbehavior.Everyyear,theFBI'sUniformCrimeReportsprovidebreakdownsofthecrimeratesbymonthandseasonoftheyear.Bothmonthlyandseasonalvariationsareconsideredtoreflectthevaryinginfluenceoftemperature,precipitation,humidity,lengthofdaylight,andanumberofotherclimatologicalfactors.

Variousstudiesfindrelationshipsbetweenspecificclimatologicalconditionsandcrime.Risingtemperatureisgenerallyaccompaniedbyincreasesinaggressionandviolentcrime.Ontheotherhand,highhumidityappearstoreducetheincidenceofphysicalactivityandaggression.Rain,cloudcover,andotherformsofinclementweatherareassociatedwithlowerlevelsofpropertycrimesandincreaseddepression.

Ourstudyshowedthatlowhumidityhasthemostwidespreadinfluenceonalltypesofcrimestudied.Theanalysisalsoshowsthatashumidityincreasesthelevelofcrimedecreases.TemperaturealsohasagreateffectIncreasingtemperaturefailstoinfluencethenumberofnighttimeburglaries,butitalsoincreasestheothercrimecategories.Burglariesanddaytimeassaultsalsotendtoincreasealongwithcloudcover.Exceptforwindspeedandbarometricpressurewithregardtodaytimeassaults,theremainingweatherfactorshavevirtuallynoinfluenceonthelevelsofcrime.

Individualswhorespondwithcriminalbehaviortoweatherchangesorweatherextrememaybecontrollablebyadministeringdrugsthatoffsettheseinfluences.Electricalstimulationofpleasurecentersinthebrainmaysomedaybeafeasiblecountermeasuretoaggressivestimuliduetoincreasedtemperatureorotherweathervariables.

Changingormanipulatingtheweatherisonepossiblemeansofattackingaweather-crimeinteraction.Thisapproachmaynotbefeasibleduetothemanyrelationshipsbetweenweatherclimateandtherotationoftheearth.Minorchangesmaybepossiblesuchasregulationofrainfallorskycover.Ontheotherhand,temperaturecontrolmaybepossible.

Moreresearchisneededtoassessandclarifytherelationshipbetweencrimeandthevariousclimatologicalfactors.Oncethisisaccomplished,itwillbenecessarytodevisemoreaccuratemeansofforecastingtheweather,counteractingtheeffectsofweatheronhumanbehavior,andcontrollingtheenvironment,oridentifyingotherapproachestotheproblem.

1.Peoplearelikelytobeveryactiveandaggressive(

).

2.Peopleareinlowspirits

).

3.Allthefollowingstatementsaretrueexceptthat

).

4.Thefollowingarealloptimum-conditionsexcept

).

5.Whichofthefollowingwaystohandlecrimeisnotmention(

).

問題1選項

A.whenitisrainyandcloudy

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