考研考博-英語-山東科技職業(yè)學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東科技職業(yè)學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

AccordingtothetraditionalChineselunarcalendar,we’llofficiallywelcometheYearoftheHorsefollowingthearrivalofSpringFestival.

Thehorsehasplayedanimportantrotethroughouthumanhistoryallovertheworld.Horseswereusedforthousandsofyearsasameansoftransport,aweaponofwarandaplougheroffields,butthehorsewasmorethanjustavehicle—ithadmorecharacterthanacar,atankoratractor.IntheMiddleAgesinWesternsocieties,thehorsewasasymbolofchivalry（騎士精神）andnobility.Infact,theword‘‘chivalry’，coinesfrom“cheval”inOldFrench,whichmeanthorse.Theideaofchivalryhelpedtofashionthe19th-centuryconceptofthe“gentleman”，whichwasrelatedtocourtesy,courageandloyaltytofriends.Nowadays,becauseofeconomicdevelopment,peopleinModemsocietiesarelesslikelytoseeorridehorses.Peoplelivingincities,inparticular,hardlyeverexperiencehorsesexceptthroughmovies,paintingsorbooks.

Besidestheirphysicalstrengths,horseshavepowerfulbrains.Maybethat’swhytheChineseidiomsays:“Anoldhorsenevergetslost”.Sincethehorseishonoredasasymbolofvigor,loyalty,persistenceandintelligence,peoplebomintheYearoftheHorsearesaidtosharesuchgoodqualities.

B.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish.

中國作為文明古國，同樣有著輝煌的城市發(fā)展史。中國的城市也具有自身特色。改革開放30多年來，中國工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化(urbanization)步伐明顯加快，城鎮(zhèn)居民從1.7億人增加到近7億人，形成了一批有重要影響與發(fā)展活力的城市群，促進了經濟發(fā)展和社會進步。城市化對經濟、社會、文化都有巨大而深遠的影響。面向未來，中國致力于推動科學發(fā)展，加快轉變經濟發(fā)展方式，把城鎮(zhèn)化作為現(xiàn)代化建設的重大戰(zhàn)略。

【答案】A.

按照中國農歷，隨著春節(jié)的到來，我們將正式迎來馬年。

在世界各國，馬在人類歷史上都扮演著舉足輕重的角色。數千年來，馬被用作運輸工具、戰(zhàn)爭武器以及犁地農具。但其實，馬不僅僅是一種交通工具，其地位要遠超汽車、坦克和拖拉機。在中世紀的西方社會，馬是騎士精神和貴族的象征。實際上，騎士精神chivalry—詞來源于古法語中的“馬(cheval)”。在騎士精祌的推動下，19世紀代表禮貌、勇氣和真誠的“紳士粘祌”成為一種風尚。如今，隨著經濟的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代社會的人很少看到馬或騎馬。尤其是城市中的人們，除了通過電影、繪畫和書籍，幾乎沒有接觸過馬。

馬除了健壯的體魄外，還擁有強大的頭腦，這或許就是成語“老馬識途”的由來吧。馬是活力、忠誠、毅力和智慧的象征，因此傳說屬馬之人也具備這些優(yōu)良品質。

B.

China,acountrywithanancientcivilization,alsohasaproudhistoryofurbandevelopment.Chinesecitiesarealsouniqueintheirownways.Sincethelaunchingofreformandopening-upprogramover30yearsago,Chinahasquickenedthepaceofindustrializationandurbanization,withurbanpopulationincreasingfrom170milliontosome700million.Theemergenceofanumberofcityclusterswithstronginfluenceanddynamismfordevelopmenthasboostedeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.Urbanizationhasatremendousandprofoundimpactoneconomy,societyandculture.Goingforward,Chinawillpursuedevelopmentinascientificway,accelerateshiftofthegrowthmodelandtakeurbanizationasanimportantstrategyforpromotingmodernization.

2.不定項選擇題

Severedroughtinthe1970sand80’s,coupledwithapopulationexplosionanddestructivefarmingandlivestockpractices,wasdenudingvastswathsofland.Thedesertseemeddeterminedtoswalloweverything.SoMr.DanjimoandotherfarmersinGuidanBakoye，theSahel,asemiaridbeltthatspansAfricajustbelowtheSaharatookasmallbutradicalstep.Nolongerwouldtheyclearthesaplingsfromtheirfieldsbeforeplanting,astheyhadforgenerations.Insteadtheywouldprotectandnurturethem,carefullyplowingaroundthemwhensowingmillet,sorghum,peanutsandbeans.

Today,thesuccessingrowingnewtreessuggeststhattheharmtomuchoftheSahelmaynothavebeenpermanent,butatemporarylossoffertility.Theevidence,scientistssay,demonstrateshowrelativelysmallchangesinhumanbehaviorcantransformtheregionalecology,restoringitsbiodiversityandproductivity.

InNiger’scase,farmersbeganprotectingtreesjustasrainfalllevelsbegantoriseagainafterthedroughtsinthe1970sand80’s.

Anotherchangewasthewaytreeswereregardedbylaw.Fromcolonialtimes,alltreesinNigerhadbeenregardedasthepropertyofthestate,whichgavefarmerslittleincentivetoprotectthem.Treeswerechoppedforfirewoodorconstructionwithoutregardtotheenvironmentalcosts.Governmentforestersweresupposedtomakesurethetreeswereproperlymanaged,buttherewerenotenoughofthemtopoliceacountrynearlytwicethesizeofTexas.

Butovertime,farmersbegantoregardthetreesintheirfieldsastheirproperty,andinrecentyearsthegovernmenthasrecognizedthebenefitsofthatoutlookbyallowingindividualstoowntrees.Farmersmakemoneyfromthetreesbysellingbranches,pods,fruitandbark.Becausethosesalesaremorelucrativeovertimethansimplychoppingdownthetreeforfirewood,thefarmerspreservethem.

Thegreeningbeganinthemid-1980s,Dr.Reijsaid,“andeverytimewewentbacktoNiger,thescaleincreased.”

“Thedensityissospectacular.”hesaid.

MahamaneLarwanou,aforestryexpertattheUniversityofNiameyinNiger’scapital,saidtheregrowthoftreeshadtransformedrurallifeinNiger.

“Thebenefitsaresomanyitisreallyastonishing,”Dr.Larwanousaid.“Thefarmerscansellthebranchesformoney.Theycanfeedthepodsasfoddertotheiranimals.Theycanselloreattheleaves.Theycansellandeatthefruits.Treesaresovaluabletofarmers,sotheyprotectthem.”

Theyalsohaveextraordinaryecologicalbenefits.Theirrootsfixthesoilinplace,preventingitfrombeingcarriedoffwiththefierceSahelianwindsandpreservingarableland.Therootsalsohelpholdwaterintheground,ratherthanlettingitrunoffacrossrocky,barrenfieldsintogullieswhereitfloodsvillagesanddestroyscrops.

Onetreeinparticular,theFaidherbiaalbida,knownlocallyasthegaotree,isparticularlyessential.Itisanitrogen-fixingtree,whichhelpsfertilizethesoil.

Itsleavesfalloffduringtherainyseason,whichmeansitdoesnotcompetewithcropsforwater,sunornutrientsduringthegrowingperiod.Theleavesthemselvesbecomeorganicfertilizerwhentheyfall.

47.Theword“arable”inthethirdparagraphfromthebottomcanbesubstitutedby（）.

48.Thedenudingofvastswathsoflandwasnotcausedby（）.

49.Asmallchangeinhumanbehaviorcan（）.

50.Todaythelawhaschangedto（）.

51.Thebenefitsoftreestofarmersdoesnotinclude（）.

52.（）isnotanecologicalbenefitofthetreesinruralNiger.

問題1選項

A.landincapableofgrowingcrops

B.landcapableofgrowingcrops

C.landwhichisbeneficialtovegetation

D.landwhichdoesharmtovegetation

問題2選項

A.severedroughtinthe1970’sand80’s

B.populationexplosion

C.destructivefarmslivestockpractices

D.civilwaramongthepeople

問題3選項

A.transformtheregionalecology

B.restorebiodiversity

C.restoreproductivity

D.alltheabove

問題4選項

A.regardtreesaspropertyoftheState

B.makesuretreesareproperlymanaged

C.imposestiffpenaltiesonpeoplewhocuttreesforfirewood

D.allowindividualstoowntrees

問題5選項

A.sellingbranchesformoney

B.feedingpodsasfoddertotheiranimals

C.sellingandeatingleavesandfruits

D.treesdepletingsoilofneededwater

問題6選項

A.ThatRootsfixthesoilinplaceandsomearenitrogenfixing

B.Preventingsoilfrombeingcarriedoffbyfiercewinds

C.Preservingarableland

D.Takingnutrientsfromcropsduringthegrowingperiod

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:D

【解析】47.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】詞義辨析題。根據題干可以定位到文章倒數第三段倒數第二句Theirrootsfixthesoilinplace,preventingitfrombeingcarriedoffwiththefierceSahelianwindsandpreservingarableland.（樹的根可以防止水土流失，阻止土壤被.薩赫勒地區(qū)的狂風刮走以及保護耕地。）“arable”在這句的意思是“可耕種的”，可以推斷出選項B“能種莊稼的土地”正確。A選項“不能種植莊稼的土地”，正好與文章內容相反，可排除。C選項“有利于植被生長的土地”，文章沒有提到植被生長土地，可排除。D選項“對植物有害的土地”，文章沒有提到這個內容，可排除。因此B選項正確。

48.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到第一段第一句Severedroughtinthe1970sand80s,coupledwithapopulationexplosionanddestructivefarmingandlivestockpractices,wasdenudingvastswathsofland.（20世紀70年代和80年代的嚴重干旱，加上人口爆炸和破壞性的農業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)，正在侵蝕大片土地）這句話提到了大面積的土地被剝奪的原因是Severedroughtinthe1970sand80’s,coupledwithapopulationexplosionanddestructivefarmingandlivestockpractices。D“人民之間的內戰(zhàn)”，不符合文章內容，D選項正確。A選項“七十年代和八十年代的嚴重干旱”，符合文章內容，A選項排除。B選項“人口爆炸”，文章提到，人口爆炸，B選項符合文章內容。C選項“農場和家畜的破壞性行為”，符合文章內容，C選項排除。因此D選項正確。

49.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句howrelativelysmallchangesinhumanbehaviorcantransformtheregionalecology,restoringitsbiodiversityandproductivity（人類行為中相對較小的變化如何改變區(qū)域生態(tài)，恢復其生物多樣性和生產力）。A選項“改造區(qū)域生態(tài)”、B選項“恢復生物多樣性”、C選項“恢復生產力”，A、B、C選項都符合文章內容，D選項“以上全對”正確。因此D選項正確。

50.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據文章第五段第一句inrecentyearsthegovernmenthasrecognizedthebenefitsofthatoutlookbyallowingindividualstoowntrees.（近年來，政府已經認識到這種前景的好處，允許個人擁有樹木），可知，政府允許個人擁有樹木，故選項D“允許個人擁有樹木”為答案選項。A選項“把樹木視為國家財產”，文章沒有提到此內容，可排除。B選項“確保樹木得到妥善管理”，沒有提到政府確保樹木得到妥善管理。C選項“對砍伐樹木作為柴火的人處以嚴厲的懲罰”，文章沒有提到此內容，可排除。因此D選項正確。

51.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章倒數第四段第二句Thefarmerscansellthebranchesformoney.Theycanfeedthepodsasfoddertotheiranimals.Theycanselloreattheleaves.Theycansellandeatthefruits.（農民們可以賣樹枝來賺錢。他們可以把豆莢當作飼料喂動物。他們可以賣或吃樹葉。他們可以賣水果，吃水果）。D選項“樹木耗盡土壤所需的水分”，文章沒有提到這個內容，可排除。A選項“賣樹枝賺錢”，文章提到農民可以依靠賣樹枝來掙錢，A選項排除。B選項“用豆莢喂養(yǎng)動物”，文章提到把豆莢作為飼料喂養(yǎng)動物，可排除B選項。C選項“賣和吃樹葉和水果”，符合文章內容。因此D選項正確。

52.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據倒數第三段第一、二句Theyalsohaveextraordinaryecologicalbenefits.Theirrootsfixthesoilinplace,preventingitfrombeingcarriedoffwiththefierceSahelianwindsandpreservingarableland（它們的根固定住土壤，防止它被兇猛的薩赫勒風帶走，保護可耕種的土地），D選項“在作物生長期間從作物中獲取營養(yǎng)”，文章沒有提到會從作物中獲取營養(yǎng)，D選項符合題意。A選項“這些根可以固定土壤，有些還可以固定氮”，A選項可排除。B選項“防止土壤被狂風吹走”，文章提到它被兇猛的薩赫勒風帶走，B選項可排除。C選項“保護耕地”，文章提到保護可耕種的土地，C選項可排除。因此D選項正確。

3.單選題

Ourarmysucceededin（

）theadvancingenemy.

問題1選項

A.retrieving

B.revenging

C.resenting

D.repelling

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項retrieve“檢索，恢復”；B選項revenge“報復，替復仇”；C選項resent“怨恨，憤恨”；D選項repel“擊退，抵制”。由關鍵詞“ourarmy”和“theadvancingenemy前進的敵軍”，可知空格部分意思可能為“擊退，打退”，句意為：我軍成功擊退前進的敵軍。選項D符合題意。

4.單選題

Rumoristhemost（1）wayofspreadingstories——bypassingthemonfrommouth（2）mouth.Butcivilizedcountriesinnormaltimeshavebetter（3）ofnewsthanrumor.Theyhaveradio,television,andnewspapers.Intimesofstressand（4），（5），rumor;（6）andbecomeswidespread.Atsuch（7）thedifferentkindsofnewsarein（8），thepress,television,andradioversusthegrapevine.Especially（9）rumorsspreadwhenwarrequirescensorship（審查，檢查）onmanyimportantmatters.Thecustomarynewssourcesnolonger（10）enoughinformation.Sincethepeoplecannotlearn.（11）—legitimate（合法的，正規(guī)的）channelsall（12）theyareanxioustolearn,theypickup"news"（13）theycanandwhenthis（14）,rumorthrives.Rumorsareoftenrepeated（15）bythosewhodonotbelievethetales.Thereisafascinationaboutthem.Thereasonis（16）thecleverlydesignedrumorgivesexpressiontosomethingdeepintheheartsofthevictims--thefears,suspicions,forbiddenhopes,ordaydreamswhichtheyhesitateto（17）directly.Pessimistic(悲觀的)rumorsaboutdefeatanddisastersshowthatthepeoplewhorepeatthemare（18）andanxious（19）rumorsaboutrecordproductionorpeacesooncomingpointtocomplacency(滿足，自得)orconfidence--andoftento（20）.

問題1選項

A.primitive

B.important

C.impossible

D.outstanding

問題2選項

A.till

B.to

C.for

D.by

問題3選項

A.means

B.ways

C.sources

D.resource

問題4選項

A.confusion

B.peace

C.prosperity

D.worried

問題5選項

A.and

B.however

C.so

D.therefore

問題6選項

A.emerges

B.immerge

C.immerse

D.immense

問題7選項

A.time

B.thetimes

C.times

D.thetime

問題8選項

A.compete

B.competition

C.common

D.harmony

問題9選項

A.do

B.did

C.are

D.were

問題10選項

A.giveup

B.giveoff

C.giveout

D.sendoff

問題11選項

A.through

B.by

C.in

D.across

問題12選項

A.what

B.why

C.which

D.that

問題13選項

A.wherever

B.where

C.whatever

D.what

問題14選項

A.happened

B.wouldhappen

C.happens

D.happen

問題15選項

A.ever

B.even

C.forever

D.much

問題16選項

A.that

B.what

C.why

D.how

問題17選項

A.act

B.voice

C.behave

D.do

問題18選項

A.happy

B.relieved

C.crazy

D.worried

問題19選項

A.Bad

B.Pessimistic

C.Optimistic

D.Good

問題20選項

A.overconfidence

B.overweight

C.overconsiderate

D.overproduce

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:C

第11題:A

第12題:D

第13題:A

第14題:C

第15題:B

第16題:A

第17題:B

第18題:D

第19題:C

第20題:A

【解析】1.考查形容詞詞義辨析。primitive“原始的”；important“重要的”；impossible“不可能的”；outstanding“杰出的”。根據后一句“butcivilizedcountries…”(但是文明國家……)，可知空格處應該填入一個與civilized想對應的詞，因此選項A符合題意。

2.考查固定搭配。frommouthtomouth“口口相傳”，選項B符合題意。

3.考查名詞詞義辨析。means“手段，方法”；ways“方法”；sources“來源”；resource“資源”。后一句提到的radio,television,andnewspapers都是消息的來源，因此選項C符合題意。

4.考查詞義辨析。confusion“混亂；混淆”；peace“和平”；prosperity“繁榮，成功”；worried“擔心的”。前面提到在正常時期（innormaltimes），消息有很多其他來源，空格處所在句子后半句提到“謠言又開始傳播”說明不是在正常時期，因此選項A符合題意。

5.考查邏輯關系?？崭裉幩诰渥忧懊娴木渥又v的是正常時期（innormaltimes），后面講的是緊張混亂時期（intimesofstressandconfusion），前后是轉折關系，因此選項B符合題意。

6.考查動詞詞義辨析。emerge“出現(xiàn)”；immerge“浸入”；immerse“沉浸，使陷入”；immense“巨大的”，形容詞。根據空格處后面的“becomewidespread”(傳播很廣)可知前面是“謠言出現(xiàn)”，因此選項A符合題意。

7.考查固定搭配。suchtimes或者suchatime，因此選項C符合題意。

8.考查詞義辨析。compete“競爭”，動詞；competition“競爭；比賽”，名詞；common“普通，平民”，名詞，“共同的，普通的”，形容詞；harmony“協(xié)調；和睦”。根據空格處后面的內容“thepress,television,andradioversusthegrapevine”可知是這幾種媒體與小道消息對抗，因此選項B符合題意。

9.考查邏輯關系?？崭裉幒竺媸且粋€完整的句子，因此空格處填入的詞是對謂語動詞的強調，且時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時，因此選項A符合題意。

10.考查詞組辨析。giveup“放棄”；giveoff“發(fā)出（光等）”；giveout“分發(fā)，發(fā)出”；sendoff“寄出；派遣”。根據后面的名詞information，可知只有C選項與之搭配合理。

11.考查介詞辨析。根據空格處后面的legitimatechannels(正規(guī)渠道)可知“人們通過這些渠道知曉……”，因此，與channel搭配的介詞是through,選項A符合題意。

12.考查定語從句。先行詞是all，因此引導詞只能用that，選項D符合題意。

13.考查邏輯關系。Since引導原因狀語從句，“因為人們不能通過正規(guī)的渠道獲取他們想要的信息”，可以推測主句講的是“他們從各處能獲得消息的地方收集消息”，所以選項A符合題意。

14.考查時態(tài)。根據空格處后面的rumorthrives可知此處是一般現(xiàn)在時，所以選項C符合題意。

15.考查邏輯關系?？崭裉幥懊媸恰爸{言經常流傳”，空格處后面是“在那些不相信的人中”，前后是遞進關系，選項B符合題意“謠言甚至會在那些不相信的人中間流傳”。

16.考查表語從句。空格處填入的詞引導一個表語從句，且不在從句中做任何成分，因此選項A符合題意。

17.考查動詞詞義辨析。act“扮演，表現(xiàn)”；voice“表達，吐露”；behave“表現(xiàn)”；do“做”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐牵核麄儾辉敢庵苯颖砺冻鰜怼?。選項B符合題意。

18.考查形容詞詞義辨析。happy“高興”；relieved“放心的”；crazy“瘋狂的”；worried“擔心的”。主語是pessimisticrumors(悲觀的謠言)，這種謠言會讓人“擔心且憂慮”，因此選項D符合題意。

19.考查形容詞詞義辨析。前面提到pessimisticrumors,此處應與之相對，所以選項C符合題意。

20.考查名詞詞義辨析。overconfidence“自負；過分相信”；overweight“超重”；overconsiderate“過度體貼”；overproduce“過度生產”。前面提到了complacencyorconfidence，空格處在此基礎上遞進，因此選項A符合題意。

5.單選題

Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,andingeneral,anytimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.

Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression,whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorderinthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,studiessuchasSouthwick’shadwhichofthefollowingeffectsoninvestigatorstheoriesaboutmonkeys'socialbehavior?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto（

）.

6.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

問題1選項

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.explainingthereasonsforresearchers'interestinmonkeys'socialbehavior

D.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

問題2選項

A.Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

C.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-timeaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

D.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

問題3選項

A.Theycastdoubtoninvestigators'theoriesthatcouldaccountforobservedpatternsofaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Theysuggestedthatexistingtheoriesabouttheroleofaggressionamongmonkeysdidnotfullyaccountforthemonkeys'abilitytomaintainanestablishedsocialorder.

C.Theyconfirmedinvestigators*theoriesaboutmonkeys’aggressiveresponsetocompetitionforfoodandwater

D.Theyconfirmedinvestigators’beliefsaboutthemotivationforcontinuedaggressionamongmonkeysinthesamesocialgroup

問題4選項

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

D.situationsthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory

問題5選項

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanther

D.protectindividualsseekingtobecomemembersofthatgroupfrommassattack

問題6選項

A.Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintra-groupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

B.Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

C.Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

D.Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:A

【解析】1.文章主要介紹了猴群侵略和敵對行為的研究理論。根據文章第一句，即本文的中心和主旨句：Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.研究猴子的社會行為的人總是被猴子的攻擊潛力和因此而產生的對其攻擊行為的社會控制的需要所震驚。確定D選項‘探討研究人員關于猴子攻擊性理論的發(fā)展‘正確。

2.根據文章第三段：Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.在極端缺乏食物的情況下，對野生動物的研究同樣顯示，饑餓的猴子幾乎把所有可用的能量都用于覓食，幾乎沒有剩余的能量用于攻擊性的互動。‘fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression可知答案為D選項‘食物匱乏可能會暫時增加猴子的攻擊性，但也會導致沖突減少?！_。

3.根據文中第三段However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.然而，當像Southwick關于減少空間或食物儲備的實驗沒有產生比群體內攻擊性暫時增加更多的結果時，激勵競爭的動機開始受到質疑。確定研究人員對Southwick’s的動機理論存在懷疑，而非涉及到社會秩序，所以A選項‘他們對研究人員的理論提出了質疑，這些理論可以解釋猴子被觀察到的攻擊模式‘正確。

4.根據文章最后一段，可知猴群是等級秩序很嚴格的，猴子特別注重猴群內的等級，猴群對于外來者，往往會產生敵對行為，而對于外來者來說，也是對猴群的威脅，C選項‘mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem’符合題意。

5.根據文章最后一段：Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.這些對入侵者的研究表明，同一物種的成年成員第一次相互介紹時表現(xiàn)出相當大的敵意，因為在缺乏社會秩序的情況下，必須建立一個人來控制動物間的關系。由此可知，此種行為是為了對動物內部行為進行有效控制，防止出現(xiàn)侵略性和敵對行為。所以B選項正確。

6.文章主要論述了通過實驗研究猴群內等級地位，以及外來者的敵對和侵略行為。文章主要是壓縮猴群的生存空間的研究對猴群的攻擊以及侵略行為的影響等原因進行了說明。A選項‘在實驗環(huán)境中，空間的減少如何影響猴子群體內的攻擊性?’正確。B選項‘為爭奪食物和其他猴群競爭’并沒有涉及，C選項‘對機制建立控制猴群的侵略性行為‘也沒有說明，D選項不正確。

6.單選題

Maryfinallydecided（）allthejunkshehadkeptinthegarage.

問題1選項

A.getrid

B.gottenridof

C.gettingridof

D.togetridof

【答案】D

【解析】固定介詞搭配。decidetodosth.決定做某事。所以，選項D正確。

7.單選題

Asthedirectorcan'tcometothereception,I'mrepresentingthecompany______.

問題1選項

A.onhisaccount

B.onhisbehalf

C.forhispart

D.inhisinterest

【答案】B

【解析】考查短語辨析。onone’saccount“為了某人”；onone’sbehalf“代表”；forone’spart“對某人來說”；inone’sinterest無此短語用法。句意：因為主管不能出席招待會，我代表他參加。因此B選項符合題意。

8.單選題

WhenIbentdowntotiemyshoelace,theseatofmytrousers（）.

問題1選項

A.split

B.cracked

C.broke

D.holed

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。split“撕裂，使破裂”；cracked“使爆裂，使破裂”；broke“打破，違犯，折斷”；holed“鑿洞”。句意：當我彎腰去系鞋帶時我的褲子崩裂了。選項A符合題意。

9.單選題

What’stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduate?China?India!Brazil?Howabouttrade?

WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoslowergrowth.

Butthere’sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession—areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates—butaneconomicexpansion.

Therisingvolumeoftrade—moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates—isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,delivery,andlogisticshaveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarkets—whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavetheabilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsforpeoplewhoworkintradesensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice—agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.

Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesarebecomingmoreinvolvedintheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinChinaasinAmericaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM’sbalancesheetandhencemakestheJobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.

OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That’stobeexpected,givenwhatwe’vebeenthrough.Butthere’sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?UnlessyouwanttopickupandmovetoIndiaorBrazil,orChina,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit’snolongerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.

Companiesandindividualswhodon’thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkers,ortoplayaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion’sshareofeconomicopportunityinourworld.

1.HowdopessimistsinterprettheU.S.tradedeficitinJune?

2.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoyears?

3.Whoparticularlybenefitfromtherisingvolumeoftrade?

4.WhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmericaneconomy?

5.Whatistheauthor’sadvicetoU.S.companiesandindividuals?

問題1選項

A.ItreflectsAmerican’spreferenceforimportedgoods.

B.ItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicstructure.

C.ItistheresultofAmerican’sgrowingfocusondomesticmarket.

D.Itcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationaleconomy.

問題2選項

A.ItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveincreased

B.ItshowsthatU.S.economyisslippingfurtherintorecession.

C.Itsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandservices.

D.Itreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalmarket.

問題3選項

A.Peoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationaltrade.

B.Consumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandservices.

C.Producersofagriculturalgoodsandrawmaterials.

D.Retailerdealinginforeigngoodsandservices.

問題4選項

A.Competitionfromoverseas.

B.People’sreluctancetospend

C.Slacktradeactivities

D.Decreasing