卡倫國際企業(yè)管理第6版-7課件

4ManagingEthicalandSocialResponsibilityChallengesinMultinationalCompanies4ManagingEthicalandSocialRLearningObjectives(1of2)Knowthedefinitionsofinternationalbusinessethicsandsocialresponsibility.Understandsomebasicprinciplesofethicalphilosophyrelevanttobusinessethics.Understandhowsocialinstitutionsandnationalcultureaffectethicaldecisionmakingandmanagement.Understandtheimplicationsofusingethicalrelativismandethicaluniversalisminethicsmanagement.LearningObjectives(1of2)KnLearningObjectives(2of2)IdentifythebasicprinciplesandconsequencesoftheU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct.Understandhowinternationalagreementsaffectinternationalbusinessethics.Understandthedifferencesamongeconomic,legal,andethicalanalysesofbusinessproblemsDevelopskillsininternationaldecisionmakingwithethicalconsequences.LearningObjectives(2of2)IdEthicalChallengesFacingMNCsWorldwideEveryMultinationalcompanyfacesethicalchallengeswhenoperatinginaforeigncountry:Shouldwedumpourwasteintheriverknowingthedamageitwilldo,evenifsuchconductisnotillegal?Shouldwerefusetobribeagovernmentofficial,andlosethecontracttoourcompetitor?Shouldweusecheapchildlabor,evenifitsnotillegal,justbecauseourcompetitorsdo?EthicalChallengesFacingMNCsExhibit4.1:

ListoftheWorld’sMostEthicalCompaniesExhibit4.1:

ListoftheWorlWhatisBusinessEthics?BusinessEthics:Apartofthebroaderconcernforethicalbehavior,whichaffectspeopleandtheirwelfareEthicsdealwiththe“shoulds”oflife–therulesandvaluesthatdetermineactionspeopleshouldfollowwhendealingwithotherhumanbeings.Althougheconomiclogicdominatesbusinessdecisionmaking,eachbusinessdecisionalsohasconsequencesforpeople,whetherintendedornot.Butethicalquestionsseldomhaveclearorunambiguousanswers.WhatisBusinessEthics?BusinWhatis

InternationalBusinessEthics?InternationalBusinessEthics:uniqueethicalproblemsfacedbymanagersoperatingacrossnationalboundaries.Internationalbusinessethicsdiffersfromdomesticbusinessethicsintwoways:Internationalbusinessismorecomplex,asdifferentculturesdonotagreeonwhatone“should”do.MNCsoftenhavepowerandassetsthatareequaltoforeigngovernments,raisingmoreethicalconcernsovertheuseofsuchpower.Whatis

InternationalBusinessWhatis

CorporateSocialResponsibility?CorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR):theideathatbusinesseshavearesponsibilitytosocietybeyondmakingprofitsCSRiscloselyrelatedtobusinessethics.CSRisconcernedwithethicalconsequencesofcompanypoliciesandprocedures.PracticingCSR,abusinessmusttakeintoaccountthewelfareofotherconstituentsinadditiontostockholders.Whatis

CorporateSocialRespoPrimaryandSecondaryStakeholdersPrimaryStakeholders:thosewhoaredirectlylinkedtoacompany’ssurvival;(i.e.,customers,suppliers,employees,andshareholders)SecondaryStakeholders:thosewhoarelessdirectlylinkedtothecompany’ssurvival,buthaveimpact;theseincludethemedia,tradeassociations,andspecial-interestgroupsAddressingtheneedsofbothgroupsiscritical.SeeShellOilinNigeria,Monsanto’sbiotechnologyproductsPrimaryandSecondaryStakeholExhibit4.2:

Ethical&SocialResponsibilityConcernsfortheMNCExhibit4.2:

Ethical&SocialEthicalPhilosophy(1of2)Twoapproachestoethicaldecisionmaking:TraditionalViewsTeleologicalethicaltheoriesMoralityofanactbasedonconsequencesUtilitarianism:greatestgoodforgreatestnumberDeontologicalethicaltheoriesActionsaregoodorbadinandofthemselvesContemporaryphilosophyMoralLanguagesEthicalPhilosophy(1of2)TwoEthicalPhilosophy(2of2)MoralLanguagesdescribethebasicwaysthatpeoplethinkaboutethicaldecisionsandexplaintheirethicalchoicesSixbasicethicallanguages:VirtueandviceSelf-controlMaximizinghumanwelfareAvoidingharmRightsanddutiesSocialcontractEthicalPhilosophy(2of2)MorNationalDifferencesinBusinessEthicsandSocialResponsibilityNationalcultureandsocialinstitutionsaffecthowbusinessesmanageethicalbehaviorandsocialresponsibility.Culturalnorms&valuesinfluenceconformitytolaws,andbribery,amongothers.Socialinstitutionssuchasreligionandthelegalsystemarekeyinstitutionsthataffectwhatethicalissuesareimportanttoasocietyandhowtheyaremanaged.Althoughtherearedifferencesbetweensocieties,someactionsareuniversallycondemned(i.e.,harmingchildren).NationalDifferencesinBusineExhibit4.3:

AModelofInstitutional&CulturalEffectsonBusinessEthicsIssues&ManagementExhibit4.3:

AModelofInstiWhyCulturalDifferences?InstitutionalAnomieTheoryandotherresearch:Somenationalcultureandsocialinstitutionsarelikelytoencouragebreakingnorms,justifyingethicallysuspectbehaviors.Nationalculturesthatvaluehighachievement,highindividualism,highuniversalism,highmaterialismareallrelatedtohigherdeviancefromnorms.Socialinstitutionssuchashighindustrialization,capitalistsystems,lowerfamilybreakdown,andhighlyaccessibleeducationalsystemsallencouragedeviancefromnorms.WhyCulturalDifferences?InstiExhibit4.4:

CulturalVariationsinAcceptanceofEthicallySuspectBehaviorsExhibit4.4:

CulturalVariatiQuestionablePayments

andBriberyQuestionablePaymentsare:BribesorgiftstoexpeditegovernmentactionsortogainadvantageinbusinessdealsInmanycountries,suchpaymentsareexpected,andpeopleroutinelyoffergiftsorbribesLiketheU.S.,mostcountrieshavealawforbiddingcorruptpractices,butenforcementvarieswidely.QuestionablePayments

andBriImplications:

QuestionablePayments,BribesCorruptionandbriberycanhavedevastatingeffectsonsocieties.Companiesroutinelyusepoorer-qualityproductsormaterialstomakeupforthebribe,thusresultingininferiorproductswithpoorquality.Corruptioncanalsoresultincollusionamongfirms,resultinginevenhigherprices.Implications:

QuestionablePayCorruptionPerceptionIndexTounderstandthelevelofcorruptionincountries,multinationalcompaniescanrelyontheCorruptionPerceptionIndex(CPI).CPI,developedbyTransparencyInternational,givesanideaoftheperceivedlevelsofcorruptionwithincountries.CorruptionPerceptionIndexExhibit4.5:

TheCPIforSelectedCountriesExhibit4.5:

TheCPIforSeleU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)(1of3)TheForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)istheU.S.Lawforbiddingcorruptpractices.TheFCPAforbidsUScompaniesfromillegalpaymentsorgiftstoofficialsofforeigngovernmentsforthesakeofgettingorretainingbusiness.Afirmmayavoidliabilityifithasno“reasontoknow”thatitsagenthaspaidabribe.U.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)(2of3)Trickycomponentisthe“reason-to-know”component:Firmsareliableforbribesifbribesaremadebyagentsofthecompany.Firmsoftenuselocalagents,astheyhave“l(fā)ocalknowhow”inconductingbusiness.Firmsareliableifitscommonknowledgethatagentsbribeofficialstocommitillegalacts.Ifnoknowledgeorreasontoexpectillegalagentbehavior,thenfirmisnotheldliable.U.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)(3of3)TheFCPAdoesnotprohibitsomeformsofpaymentsthatmayoccurininternationalbusiness:PaymentsmadeunderduresstoavoidinjuryorviolenceSmallpaymentstoencourageofficialstodolegitimateandroutinejobsPaymentswhicharelawfulinacountry“Grease”paymentswhichdonotseekillegalends,butareusedtospeedupnormalbusinessU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesExhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(1of2)Exhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeiExhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(2of2)Exhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeiExhibit4.7:

FCPA:NumberofConvictionsExhibit4.7:

FCPA:NumberofExhibit4.8:

FCPA:Civil&CriminalFinesExhibit4.8:

FCPA:Civil&CTowardTransnationalEthicsGlobalizationdramaticallyincreasescontactamongpeoplefromdifferentethicalandculturalsystems.Thiscontactcreatespressureforethicalconvergence,andthedevelopmentoftransnationalagreementsamongnationstogovernbusinesspractices.Despitedifferencesincultures,therearegrowingpressurestofollowthesamerulesinmanagingethicalbehaviorandsocialresponsibility.TowardTransnationalEthicsGloFourBasicReasonsforEthicalConvergenceThegrowthofinternationaltradeandtradingblocksInteractionbetweentradingpartnerswhichincreasespressurestoimitatebusinesspracticesEmployeesofvariedculturalbackgroundwhorequirecommonstandardsforconductAnincreasingnumberofbusinesswatchdogsFourBasicReasonsforEthicalPrescriptiveEthicsPrescriptiveEthics:SuggestedguidelinesfortheethicalbehaviorofMNCsThreemorallanguagesshouldguideMNCs:AvoidingharmRightsanddutiesSocialcontractThesethreearetheeasiesttospecifyinwrittencodesArealsomostappropriateinheterogeneousculturesPrescriptiveEthicsPrescriptivSourcesofInternationalEthicsGuidelines(1of2)TheUnitedNationsUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsTheUnitedNationsCodeofConductonTransnationalCorporationsTheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsTheInternationalChamberofCommerceGuidelinesforInternationalInvestmentSourcesofInternationalEthicSourcesofInternationalEthicsGuidelines(2of2)TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentGuidelinesforMultinationalEnterprisesTheHelsinkiFinalActTheInternationalLaborOfficeTripartiteDeclarationsofPrinciplesConcerningMultinationalEnterprisesandSocialPolicyThesemaybesourcesfortheCodeofConductfortheMultinationalCompany.SourcesofInternationalEthicCodeofConduct

fortheMultinationalTwobasicrationales:Basicdeontologicalprinciplesdealingwithhumanrights(suchastherighttowork,righttobesafe)Historyofexperiencesininternationalbusinessinteractions(MNCsoftenignoretheenvironment)However,despiteagreements,MNCsmaynotalwaysfollowethicalprinciples.EvenifsuchCodesarenotenforceable,theyprovideasafeguidetoethicalconductformanagement.CodeofConduct

fortheMultiExhibit4.9:

ACodeofConductfortheMultinationalCompanyExhibit4.9:

ACodeofConducTheEthicalDilemmainMultinationalManagement:

HowWillYouDecide?Ethicalrelativismvs.EthicaluniversalismEthicalrelativism:Eachsociety’sviewofethicsmustbeconsideredlegitimateandethical.(WheninRome…)Ethicaluniversalism:BasicmoralprinciplestranscendculturalandnationalboundariesDifficultyinfollowingeitherstandardEthicalrelativismcanbecomeconvenientrelativism.TheEthicalDilemmainMultinaConvenientRelativism;

ExtremeMoralUniversalismConvenientRelativismoccurswhencompaniesusethelogicofethicalrelativismtobehaveanywaytheyplease,usingdifferencesinculturesasanexcuse.Similarly,extrememoraluniversalismcanleadtoproblemsofculturalimperialisminwhichmanagersassumetheyknowthecorrectandethicalwaysofbehaving,viewingothervaluesasinferior.ConvenientRelativism;

ExtremeIndividualEthicalDecisionMakingfortheMultinationalManagerFormsofanalyses:Economicanalysis:focusesonwhatisthebestdecisionforacompany’sprofitsLegalanalysis:focusesononlymeetinglegalrequirementsofhostandparentcountriesEthicalanalysis:goesbeyondfocusingonprofitgoalsandlegalregulationstoconsiderwhatisthe“right”thingtodo.IndividualEthicalDecisionMaFortheMNCManager:

IndividualEthicalDecisionMakingEthicalanalysishas3components:One’sorganizationThenationalculturewherethefirmoperatesPersonalethicalbeliefsPurelyethicalissuesmustbeweighedagainsteconomicandlegalanalyses.MNCsareguestsinothernations,andtheiractionswillimpacttheirhostcountryanditsinhabitants.FortheMNCManager:

IndividuaExhibit4.10:

DecisionPointsforEthicalDecisionMakinginMultinationalManagementExhibit4.10:

DecisionPointsSummaryChapter4providesbackgroundonbusinessethics.Multinationalmanagersfaceethicaldilemmassimilartotheirdomesticcounterparts.Challengesaremagnifiedbythecomplexityofworkingacrossdifferentcountriesandcultures.Nationalcontextsinfluenceethicsinorganizations.Despitesomeconvergence,ethicaldifferencesexist.TheindividualMNCmanagermustdecide.SummaryChapter4providesback4ManagingEthicalandSocialResponsibilityChallengesinMultinationalCompanies4ManagingEthicalandSocialRLearningObjectives(1of2)Knowthedefinitionsofinternationalbusinessethicsandsocialresponsibility.Understandsomebasicprinciplesofethicalphilosophyrelevanttobusinessethics.Understandhowsocialinstitutionsandnationalcultureaffectethicaldecisionmakingandmanagement.Understandtheimplicationsofusingethicalrelativismandethicaluniversalisminethicsmanagement.LearningObjectives(1of2)KnLearningObjectives(2of2)IdentifythebasicprinciplesandconsequencesoftheU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct.Understandhowinternationalagreementsaffectinternationalbusinessethics.Understandthedifferencesamongeconomic,legal,andethicalanalysesofbusinessproblemsDevelopskillsininternationaldecisionmakingwithethicalconsequences.LearningObjectives(2of2)IdEthicalChallengesFacingMNCsWorldwideEveryMultinationalcompanyfacesethicalchallengeswhenoperatinginaforeigncountry:Shouldwedumpourwasteintheriverknowingthedamageitwilldo,evenifsuchconductisnotillegal?Shouldwerefusetobribeagovernmentofficial,andlosethecontracttoourcompetitor?Shouldweusecheapchildlabor,evenifitsnotillegal,justbecauseourcompetitorsdo?EthicalChallengesFacingMNCsExhibit4.1:

ListoftheWorld’sMostEthicalCompaniesExhibit4.1:

ListoftheWorlWhatisBusinessEthics?BusinessEthics:Apartofthebroaderconcernforethicalbehavior,whichaffectspeopleandtheirwelfareEthicsdealwiththe“shoulds”oflife–therulesandvaluesthatdetermineactionspeopleshouldfollowwhendealingwithotherhumanbeings.Althougheconomiclogicdominatesbusinessdecisionmaking,eachbusinessdecisionalsohasconsequencesforpeople,whetherintendedornot.Butethicalquestionsseldomhaveclearorunambiguousanswers.WhatisBusinessEthics?BusinWhatis

InternationalBusinessEthics?InternationalBusinessEthics:uniqueethicalproblemsfacedbymanagersoperatingacrossnationalboundaries.Internationalbusinessethicsdiffersfromdomesticbusinessethicsintwoways:Internationalbusinessismorecomplex,asdifferentculturesdonotagreeonwhatone“should”do.MNCsoftenhavepowerandassetsthatareequaltoforeigngovernments,raisingmoreethicalconcernsovertheuseofsuchpower.Whatis

InternationalBusinessWhatis

CorporateSocialResponsibility?CorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR):theideathatbusinesseshavearesponsibilitytosocietybeyondmakingprofitsCSRiscloselyrelatedtobusinessethics.CSRisconcernedwithethicalconsequencesofcompanypoliciesandprocedures.PracticingCSR,abusinessmusttakeintoaccountthewelfareofotherconstituentsinadditiontostockholders.Whatis

CorporateSocialRespoPrimaryandSecondaryStakeholdersPrimaryStakeholders:thosewhoaredirectlylinkedtoacompany’ssurvival;(i.e.,customers,suppliers,employees,andshareholders)SecondaryStakeholders:thosewhoarelessdirectlylinkedtothecompany’ssurvival,buthaveimpact;theseincludethemedia,tradeassociations,andspecial-interestgroupsAddressingtheneedsofbothgroupsiscritical.SeeShellOilinNigeria,Monsanto’sbiotechnologyproductsPrimaryandSecondaryStakeholExhibit4.2:

Ethical&SocialResponsibilityConcernsfortheMNCExhibit4.2:

Ethical&SocialEthicalPhilosophy(1of2)Twoapproachestoethicaldecisionmaking:TraditionalViewsTeleologicalethicaltheoriesMoralityofanactbasedonconsequencesUtilitarianism:greatestgoodforgreatestnumberDeontologicalethicaltheoriesActionsaregoodorbadinandofthemselvesContemporaryphilosophyMoralLanguagesEthicalPhilosophy(1of2)TwoEthicalPhilosophy(2of2)MoralLanguagesdescribethebasicwaysthatpeoplethinkaboutethicaldecisionsandexplaintheirethicalchoicesSixbasicethicallanguages:VirtueandviceSelf-controlMaximizinghumanwelfareAvoidingharmRightsanddutiesSocialcontractEthicalPhilosophy(2of2)MorNationalDifferencesinBusinessEthicsandSocialResponsibilityNationalcultureandsocialinstitutionsaffecthowbusinessesmanageethicalbehaviorandsocialresponsibility.Culturalnorms&valuesinfluenceconformitytolaws,andbribery,amongothers.Socialinstitutionssuchasreligionandthelegalsystemarekeyinstitutionsthataffectwhatethicalissuesareimportanttoasocietyandhowtheyaremanaged.Althoughtherearedifferencesbetweensocieties,someactionsareuniversallycondemned(i.e.,harmingchildren).NationalDifferencesinBusineExhibit4.3:

AModelofInstitutional&CulturalEffectsonBusinessEthicsIssues&ManagementExhibit4.3:

AModelofInstiWhyCulturalDifferences?InstitutionalAnomieTheoryandotherresearch:Somenationalcultureandsocialinstitutionsarelikelytoencouragebreakingnorms,justifyingethicallysuspectbehaviors.Nationalculturesthatvaluehighachievement,highindividualism,highuniversalism,highmaterialismareallrelatedtohigherdeviancefromnorms.Socialinstitutionssuchashighindustrialization,capitalistsystems,lowerfamilybreakdown,andhighlyaccessibleeducationalsystemsallencouragedeviancefromnorms.WhyCulturalDifferences?InstiExhibit4.4:

CulturalVariationsinAcceptanceofEthicallySuspectBehaviorsExhibit4.4:

CulturalVariatiQuestionablePayments

andBriberyQuestionablePaymentsare:BribesorgiftstoexpeditegovernmentactionsortogainadvantageinbusinessdealsInmanycountries,suchpaymentsareexpected,andpeopleroutinelyoffergiftsorbribesLiketheU.S.,mostcountrieshavealawforbiddingcorruptpractices,butenforcementvarieswidely.QuestionablePayments

andBriImplications:

QuestionablePayments,BribesCorruptionandbriberycanhavedevastatingeffectsonsocieties.Companiesroutinelyusepoorer-qualityproductsormaterialstomakeupforthebribe,thusresultingininferiorproductswithpoorquality.Corruptioncanalsoresultincollusionamongfirms,resultinginevenhigherprices.Implications:

QuestionablePayCorruptionPerceptionIndexTounderstandthelevelofcorruptionincountries,multinationalcompaniescanrelyontheCorruptionPerceptionIndex(CPI).CPI,developedbyTransparencyInternational,givesanideaoftheperceivedlevelsofcorruptionwithincountries.CorruptionPerceptionIndexExhibit4.5:

TheCPIforSelectedCountriesExhibit4.5:

TheCPIforSeleU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)(1of3)TheForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)istheU.S.Lawforbiddingcorruptpractices.TheFCPAforbidsUScompaniesfromillegalpaymentsorgiftstoofficialsofforeigngovernmentsforthesakeofgettingorretainingbusiness.Afirmmayavoidliabilityifithasno“reasontoknow”thatitsagenthaspaidabribe.U.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)(2of3)Trickycomponentisthe“reason-to-know”component:Firmsareliableforbribesifbribesaremadebyagentsofthecompany.Firmsoftenuselocalagents,astheyhave“l(fā)ocalknowhow”inconductingbusiness.Firmsareliableifitscommonknowledgethatagentsbribeofficialstocommitillegalacts.Ifnoknowledgeorreasontoexpectillegalagentbehavior,thenfirmisnotheldliable.U.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA)(3of3)TheFCPAdoesnotprohibitsomeformsofpaymentsthatmayoccurininternationalbusiness:PaymentsmadeunderduresstoavoidinjuryorviolenceSmallpaymentstoencourageofficialstodolegitimateandroutinejobsPaymentswhicharelawfulinacountry“Grease”paymentswhichdonotseekillegalends,butareusedtospeedupnormalbusinessU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesExhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(1of2)Exhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeiExhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(2of2)Exhibit4.6:

Excerpts,

ForeiExhibit4.7:

FCPA:NumberofConvictionsExhibit4.7:

FCPA:NumberofExhibit4.8:

FCPA:Civil&CriminalFinesExhibit4.8:

FCPA:Civil&CTowardTransnationalEthicsGlobalizationdramaticallyincreasescontactamongpeoplefromdifferentethicalandculturalsystems.Thiscontactcreatespressureforethicalconvergence,andthedevelopmentoftransnationalagreementsamongnationstogovernbusinesspractices.Despitedifferencesincultures,therearegrowingpressurestofollowthesamerulesinmanagingethicalbehaviorandsocialresponsibility.TowardTransnationalEthicsGloFourBasicReasonsforEthicalConvergenceThegrowthofinternationaltradeandtradingblocksInteractionbetweentradingpartnerswhichincreasespressurestoimitatebusinesspracticesEmployeesofvariedculturalbackgroundwhorequirecommonstandardsforconductAnincreasingnumberofbusinesswatchdogsFourBasicReasonsforEthicalPrescriptiveEthicsPrescriptiveEthics:SuggestedguidelinesfortheethicalbehaviorofMNCsThreemorallanguagesshouldguideMNCs:AvoidingharmRightsanddutiesSocialcontractThesethreearetheeasiesttospecifyinwrittencodesArealsomostappropriateinheterogeneousculturesPrescriptiveEthicsPrescriptivSourcesofInternationalEthicsGuidelines(1of2)TheUnitedNationsUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsTheUnitedNationsCodeofConductonTransnationalCorporationsTheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsTheInternationalChamberofCommerceGuidelinesforInternationalInvestmentSourcesofInternationalEthicSourcesofInternationalEthicsGuidelines(2of2)TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentGuidelinesforMultinationalEnterprisesTheHelsinkiFinalActTheInternationalLaborOfficeTripartiteDeclarationsofPrinciplesConcerningMultinationalEnterprisesandSocialPolicyThesemaybesourcesfortheCodeofConductfortheMultinationalCompany.SourcesofInternationalEthicCodeofConduct

fortheMultinationalTwobasicrationales:Basicdeontologicalprinciplesdealingwithhumanrights(suchastherighttowork,righttobesafe)Historyofexpe