《技術(shù)與商務(wù)交流英語（第二版）》課件Chapter 7 Ethics and Documentation

ObjectivesandOutcomes:Respectingintellectualpropertyandobeyingacademicethics.Incorporatingsourcematerialinyourwriting:quotation,paraphrase,summary.Documentingyoursources:in-textcitationandreferencelists.I.IntellectualPropertyandEthicsWhenwriting,youmustrespecttheintellectualpropertyofothersandgivecompletecredittothosewhoseinformationyouuse.Failingtoacknowledgetheideasofothersisunethical;publishingtheideasofothersasyourownisillegal.Therefore,youmustdocumentthesourcesofallideasorexpressionsthatareneitheryourownnorcommonknowledge.However,itisoftendifficulttodistinguishjustwhatiscommonknowledgeandwhatisnot.Commonknowledgereferstofactsandideasthatarewidelyknownandavailablefromanumberofsources.E.g.(1)Marsisthefourthplanetfromthesun.(commonknowledge)(2)Marshasasiderealperiodofrevolutionaroundthesunof687daysatameandistanceof227.8millionkilometersandameandiameterofapproximately6,726kilometers.(commonknowledge)(3)TherearelivingorganismsonMars.(uncommon,shouldbedocumented)II.IncorporatingSourceMaterialinYourWritingGenerally,therearethreemethodsforreportingtheresultsofyourreading.Quotation:usingtheauthor'sexactwordsParaphrase:puttingtheideasintoyourownwordsSummary:condensingtheideasintoashorterpassage1.QuotationsQuotationsaredirectcitationsfromthepreviousworksofothersoryourown.Quotationsareaccurate,buttheycanbelengthyanddifficulttounderstand.Ingeneral,youshouldonlyusedirectcitationswhenyoucannotsaythesamethingmoreclearlyormoreconciselythantheoriginal,orwhentheoriginallanguageissodistinctivethatyouwouldlosesomethinginaparaphraseorasummary.Quotationsareintroducedandclosedwithdoublequotationmarks.Forclarity,youshouldincorporatequotationsintothetextasmuchaspossible.E.g.Stickleetal.reportedthat“thepatientswhoreceivednifedipinewereabouthalfaslikelytoneedanaortic-valvereplacementasthosewhotookdigoxinoverthenextfiveyears”(1996).Toindicateaquotationwithinaquotation,usesinglequotationmarks:TheMedicalQuarterlyreportedthat“Taylorfound‘spirochete-likeelements’inskin-biopsyspecimensoferythemachronicummigrans.”Useellipsestoindicateomittedmaterial.Iftheomissionoccurswithinasentence,usethreeperiodswithaspacebeforeandaftereachperiodtoindicateomittedmaterial:OriginalPassage:ThedisasterofthespaceshuttleColumbia

in2003,whichkilledallsevenastronautsonboard,isregardedasoneofthemostdisastrousspace-travelingaccidentsinhistory.EllipticalQuotation:“ThedisasterofthespaceshuttleColumbia

in2003...isregardedasoneofthemostdisastrousspace-travelingaccidentsinhistory.”Youcanusebracketstoclarifysomethingintheoriginalthatmightnotbecleartothereader.Forexample,sincethereadermightnotknowwhatthepronoun“it”referstointhefollowingcitation,thewriterhasaddedthereferenceinbrackets:Taylorclaimsthat,“ifit[thevirus]exists,itmaybemuchshorterlivedinanimalsthaninhumanbeings.”Youcanalsousebracketstoshowthatanerrorinthetextappearsintheoriginal.Themostcommonwayofindicatinganerrorinaquotationwhichisnotthewriter’smistakeistoplace“sic”(Latinfor“thus”or“so”)withinbrackets:“Theepidemicisnon-discriminating,asiteffects[sic]bothsexesandallages.”Ifthequotedmaterialislengthy,youshouldsetitoffasanindentedblock.Ageneralruletofollowisthatifthequotedmaterialrunslongerthanfourlines,youshouldindentthepassagefivespaceswithsinglespacingbetweenthelines.Donotenclosethepassageinquotationmarksbutsetitinitalics.Wethinkthey(Chinesecolleagues)needtocontinuealongthisline(teachingvocabulary)butwealsothinktheyshouldmakeadditionaleffortsinasomewhatdifferentdirection.Forexample,theycouldtakeadvantageofthecurrentESPcoursestointroducerhetoricalissues,suchasaudience,purpose,informationselection,andpagelayout.Whenbothinstructorsandstudentsfeelmorecomfortable,otherrhetoricalissuesmaybeintroduced.(Ding&Jablonski,2001,p.432)2.ParaphraseToparaphrasemeanstorestatetheideasofothersinamoreeasilyunderstoodform.Generally,aparaphraseisaboutthesamelengthastheoriginal,andisusedwhenawriterwantstoincludemanydetailsfromtheoriginal.E.g.

OriginalPassage:Theinstabilityoftheheavyelementsrelativetothoseofmassnumberaround60,asisshownbythebindingenergycurve,suggeststhepossibilityofspontaneousdecompositionoftheheavyelementsintofragmentsofapproximatelyhalfsize.

Paraphrase:Thebindingenergycurveshowsthatheavyelementsarelessstablethanthoseofmassnumberaround60.Thissuggeststhattheheavyelementscansplitupbythemselvesintopartsofabouthalfsize.Originalsentence:alongsentencewithcomplexstructures,includingnominalizationandtoomanymodifiers.

Paraphrase:clearerandeasiertounderstand

instabilitypossibilitydecompositionlessstablecansplitup3.SummaryAsummaryalsoretellstheideaoftheoriginalbutismuchbriefer.Itreflectsthelanguageandtoneoftheoriginal,andisusedwhenthewriterdoesnotwanttoincludemanydetailsfromtheoriginal.Thefollowingisanexampleofasummary:OriginalPassage:Laserlightisverydifferentfromordinarylight.Thelightfromaflashlight,forexample,isincoherent;thatis,ittravelsinalldirections.Laserlightiscoherent,whichistosaythattheouteredgesofthebeamarealmostperfectlyparalleltoeachother.Alaserbeamhalf-an-inchindiameterwilldivergetobecomeonlythreeinchesindiameteraftertravelingmorethanonemile.Tolookatitanotherway,thathalf-an-inchbeam,iffiredfromtheearthtothemoon,wouldilluminateanareaonthelunarsurfaceonlyslightlygreaterthanonemileindiameter.Byfocusingthelaserbeamthroughalenssystem,evensmallerareasofcoveragecanbeachieved.Laserlight,inadditiontobeingcoherent,isalsomonochromatic.Ordinarylightispolychromatic,whichmeansitconsistsofalllightfrequenciesrangingfrominfraredtoultraviolet.Laserlightnormallyconsistsofonlyonefrequencyoratmostafewfrequencies.Summary:Laserlightisdifferentfromordinarylightinthatlaserlightisacoherentorparallellightwhichconsistsofonlyonecolororonefrequency.However,ordinarylightisanincoherentlightwhichconsistsofallcolorsorallfrequencies.Whenwritingsummaries,youshouldmakecomplexideasmoreeasilyunderstandablebyusingmorefamiliarlanguage.Youneedtorearrangethepassageanddeletethematerialthatisnotimportanttoyourwriting.4.GuidelinesforIncorporatingSourceMaterialAudienceIfyourreadersareexperts,youwillnothavetodefinemanytermsoroffermanyparaphrases.Adirectquotationmaybenecessary.Ifyourmaterialishighlytechnicalandyourreadersarenovices,theywilllikelyneedsummariesandparaphrasesthattheycanunderstand.Ifreadersareprimarilyinterestedinunderstandingthematerialgenerallyratherthanindetails,youmayusesummariesmorethanparaphrases.Ifreadersarelookingforinformationtohelpthemmakeadecision,theywilllikelybelookingforsummariesthatwillhelpthemmakethosedecisions.Ifyourreadersarelookingfordetailedinformation,youshouldincludealotofdetailsinyourparaphrases.QuotationsFaithfullyreproduceeverydetailfromtheoriginal.Integratethequotationintothetextsothatthereadercanfollowthetexteasily.Quoteonlywhatisnecessary;onlywhatmustbequoted.ParaphrasingandSummarizingUnderstandyouraudienceclearlysothatyoumaintainanappropriatelevelofdictionanddeterminewhethertermsyouareusingfromthesourceneedtobedefined.Avoidwordiness,needlessrepetition,andredundancy,whichwastethereader’stimeandinterferewiththeclearcommunicationofideas.Ifyouareparaphrasing,conveythecorrectsenseoftheoriginalbyincludingallthedetailsfromtheoriginal.Donotleaveoutanyinformationwhichwouldsignificantlyalterthemessageifomitted.Ifyouaresummarizing,accuratelyconveythesenseoftheoriginal,butdonotincludemanydetailsfromtheoriginal.III.DocumentingYourSourcesAfterincorporatinginformationinyourwriting,youmustdocumentthesourcesofallquotations,paraphrases,andsummaries.Documentationhasthreeimportantfunctions:Firstly,itgivescredittothosewhoseinformationyouhaveusedandfailingtogivecompletecreditisplagiarism.Secondly,itestablishesauthorityandcredibilityofyourworkbydisplayingthescopeanddepthofyourresearch.Itshowsreaderswhereyoufoundtheinformation,howrecentyourinformationis,andwhothewritersare.Thirdly,itallowsreaderstoexamineyoursourcesindetail.Ifreaderswanttoknowmoreaboutaspecificreference,theycanfindthatbookorarticleaccordingtoyourdocumentation.Basically,therearethreeformsofdocumentation:footnotes,endnotes,andin-textcitations.Wewillmainlydiscussin-textcitationsinthischapter,becausetheyhavebecomethestandardformofdocumentation.1.In-TextCitationsandReferenceLists

Anin-textcitationisabriefnotationinthetextthatidentifiesthesourceandatthesametimeprovidesacross-referencetothereferencelistattheendofthedocument.Thereferencelistisadirectoryofinformationaboutallthesourcesusedinthedocument.Itprovidesanaddressforeachreferenceinyourpaper.Thereferencelistisgenerallyarrangedalphabeticallyandincludesthefollowingbasicpublicationinformation:Forbooks:author(s),title,publisher,date,andplaceofpublication.Forperiodicals:author(s),titleofarticle,nameofjournal,date,issueorvolumenumber,andinclusivepages.PointsofNote:Differentdisciplinesandjournalsmayrequireslightlydifferentmethodsofdocumentation.Therefore,youshouldalwayschecktherequirementsoftheorganizationorthejournalforwhichyouarewriting,andthenturntotheappropriatestylemanualforthedetailsandexamples.2.APAStyleforIn-TextCitationsOneofthepopularstylesforin-textcitationistheAPAStyle(theAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1994).Itusestheauthor-yearmethodofcitation,whichincludestheauthor'snameandtheyearofpublicationinparentheses,separatedbyacomma:Digoxinhassideeffectsintreatingpatientswithaorticregurgitation(Taylor,1995).Ifyouareincludingadirectquotation,givethepagenumberofthesourceaswellastheauthorandyear.Notethateachpartofthereferenceisseparatedbycommas,andthepagereferencebeginswith“p.”followedbyasinglespace:Digoxinhas“sideeffectsintreatingpatientswithaorticregurgitation”(Taylor,1995,p.12).Ifyouhavejustmentionedtheauthorinthetext,itissufficienttojustnotetheyearofpublication(andpageifapplicable):Taylor(1995,p.12)claimsthatdigoxinhas“sideeffectsintreatingpatientswithaorticregurgitation”.Ifyoudonotknowtheauthorofawork,useanabbreviatedversionofthetitle.Usedoublequotationmarksaroundthetitleofanarticle,oritalicizethetitleoftheperiodicalorbook:Digoxinhassideeffectsintreatingpatientswithaorticregurgitation(“AorticRegurgitation,”1995).Ifyouwanttoincludesomeofyoursourceinformationinthemainpartofyoursentence,insertonlytheauthorinthesentence.Avoidincludingeitheronlytheyearorboththeauthorandtheyearinthesentence:Awkward:In1995,itwasclaimedthatdigoxinhassideeffectsintreatingpatientswithaorticregurgitation(Taylor).In1995,Taylorclaimedthatdigoxinhassideeffectsintreatingpatientswithaorticregurgitation.Better:Taylorclaimedthatdigoxinhassideeffectsintreatingpatientswithaorticregurgitation(1995).Iftherearefewerthansixauthors,citeallofthemthefirsttime,andonlythefirstauthorplus“etal.”afterthat:FirstOccurrence:(Taylor,Nicholson,Moore,&Clinton,1996)SucceedingOccurrences:(Tayloretal.,1996)Iftherearesixormoreauthors,namethefirstandadd“etal.”evenforthefirsttimetoindicatethatthereareadditionalauthors:(Smithetal.,1997)3.APAStyleforReferenceListsThebasicpublicationinformationforbookcitationsisslightlydifferentfromthatofperiodicalcitations.BookCitations.Thegeneralformforbookcitationsincludesthefollowingitemsinorder.(1)Author:Forallauthors,placethelastmanefirst,followedbyacommaandinitials.Putacommaaftereachauthor,withanampersand(&)beforethelastauthor‘sname.Endthelistofauthorswithaperiod.(2)YearofPublication:Placetheyearofpublicationinparentheses,andfinishwithaperiod.(3)BookTitle:Italicizethetitlewithonlythefirstwordandanypropernamescapitalized,andfinishwithaperiod.(4)PlaceofPublication:Includeonlythecity,unlessthecityisnotwellknownorunlessthecitycouldbeconfusedwithanotherlocation.Separateplaceandpublisherwithacolon.(5)Publisher:Givethenameofthepublisherinasbriefaformaspossible.Spelloutnamesofassociationsandpresses,butomittermsthatarenotneededtoidentifythepublisher,suchas“Co.,”“Inc.,”and“Assoc.”Followthenamewithaperiod.BookwithOneAuthor:Inverttheauthor’sname,usecommastoseparatesurnamesandinitials,andfinisheachelementwithaperiod:Munby,J.(1978).Communicativesyllabusdesign.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.BookwithMorethanOneAuthor:Includeallauthors’names,regardlessofthenumberofauthors.Usecommastoseparateauthors,anduseanampersand(&)beforethelastauthor:Hargis,G.,Carey,M.,Hernandez,A.K.,Hughes,P.,Longo,D.,Rouiller,S.,&Wilde,E.(2004).Developingqualitytechnicalinformation.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall.LaterEditionofaBook:Addtheeditioninparenthesesafterthetitleofthebook:Pickett,N.A.,&Laster,A.A.(1996).TechnicalEnglish(7thed.).NewYork:HarperCollins.EditedBook:Add“Ed.”or“Eds.”inparenthesesafterthename(s)oftheeditor(s):Wang,L.M.(Ed.).(1993).EncyclopediaoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Beijing:SciencePress.ArticleorChapterinanEditedBook:Givetheauthor(s)andtitleoftheworkyouarecitingfirst,andthenprovideinformationaboutthebookthatcontainsthework.Inthefollowingexample,notethattheeditor’snameisgivenwithfirstinitialsbeforethelastname,theword“In”isaddedbeforethenameoftheeditors,andtheactualpagenumbersoftheworkcitedareincludedinparentheses:Wilkins,D.A.(1979).Grammatical,situationalandnotionalsyllabuses.InC.J.Brumfit&K.Johnson(Eds.),Thecommunicativeapproachtolanguageteaching(pp.82-90).Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.BookwithNoAuthororEditor:Ifthereisnoauthororeditor,listthebookwiththetitle.Inthereferencelist,alphabetizebookswithnoauthororeditorbythefirstsignificantwordinthetitle:Effectivetechnicalwriting.(2001).Miami:NicholsonSoftware.PeriodicalCitations.Thegeneralformforjournalarticlecitationsincludesthefollowingitemsinorder:(1)Author:Forallauthors,placethelastnamefirst,followedbyacommaandinitials.Putacommaaftereachauthor,withanampersand(&)beforethelastauthor’sname.Followthelistofauthorswithaperiod.(2)YearofPublication:Placetheyearofpublicationinparenthesesandfollowbyaperiod.(3)ArticleTitle.Capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitle.Donotitalicizeorusequotationmarksaroundthetitle.Followthetitlewithaperiod.(4)JournalTitle.Givethejournaltitleinfull.Italicizethetitle,andcapitalizethenotionalwordsinit.Followthetitlewithacomma.(5)VolumeNumber.Italicizethevolumenumber,andfinishwithacomma.Donotuse“V,”“Vol.,”or“Volume”beforethevolumenumber.Ifeachissueoftheperiodicalbeginsonpage1,givetheissuenumber(inparentheses)afterthevolumenumber.(6)PageNumbers.Giveinclusivepagenumbersofthearticle.Donotprecedethepagenumberswith“p.”or“pp.”forjournalarticles.Use“p.”or“pp.”beforepagenumbersofnewspapersandmagazines.Followthepagenumber(s)withaperiod.JournalArticlewithOneAuthor:Inverttheauthor’sname,usecommastoseparatesurnamesandinitials.Followtheaboveinstructionsandfinishwithaperiod:Wiles,D.(2003).SinglesourcingandChineseculture:AperspectiveonskillsdevelopmentwithinWesternorganizationsandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.TechnicalCommunication,50,371-384.JournalArticlewithMorethanOneAuthor:Includeallauthors’names,regardlessofthenumberofauthors.Usecommastoseparateauthors,anduseanampersand(&)beforethelastauthor:Allen,J.P.B.,&Widdowson,H.G.(1974).TeachingthecommunicativeuseofEnglish.InternationalReviewofAppliedLinguistics12(1):1-21.MagazineorNewspaperArticle:Givethecompletedateinsteadofthevolumenumber.Notethattheyearisfollowedbythemonthandtheday.Thepagenumbersareprecededby“p.”or“pp.”:Fonseca,D.(2006,February5).SimplifiedtechnicalEnglish.Intercom,pp.20-22.ArticlewithoutAuthor:Givethetitleofthearticlewithonlythefirstwordcapitalized.Placetheyearanddateofpublicationinparenthesesandseparatethemwithacomma.Italicize