考研英語專用語法手冊

考研英語專用語法手冊考研英語專用語法手冊考研英語專用語法手冊資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月考研英語專用語法手冊版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：考研英語專用語法手冊一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：1.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時：(1)表示感知的動詞：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell；(2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear；(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose；(4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容納)；(5)其他動詞：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem。如：I’dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.(1997年考研題，belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式)2.不用will/shall表達(dá)將來時的形式：(1)begoingto表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的動詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作；(3)beto(do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.(4)beaboutto(do)表示將要(做)，如：Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如：Ifyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you’llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.(畫線部分一般不用willbe)(7)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：Idon’tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句)I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句)比較：I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)(8)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)3.完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropeIhopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時,但在itis+具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：

Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過去完成時。(6)其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。4.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：

Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。二、不定式1.不定式做主語(1)做形式主語的代詞：不定式做主語,通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語,把做主語的不定式短語后置。如：Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時,不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(3)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：saidreportedthoughtbetodosth.believedknownsupposedByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.2.不定式做賓語(1)必須接不定式做賓語的動詞：掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.注意:1)有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語,這類動詞有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder，如：Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語,介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如:Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.(2)可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動詞：下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish。注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to。如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.3.不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,not,a,the,very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月球的女性(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo

“對……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“對……好奇”abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運(yùn)動),effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.4.不定式做狀語不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如：Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用only加強(qiáng)語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意義。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動名詞1.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.動名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如：TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：●現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進(jìn)行?！襁^去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相當(dāng)于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相當(dāng)于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一個逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent一個新來的學(xué)生2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式(1)表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.

(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般式。如：Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylost

totheoutsideworld.(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表示補(bǔ)充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.3.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分，但在翻譯時經(jīng)常譯成獨(dú)立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.4.分詞做表語和補(bǔ)語，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動詞變來的分詞的形式(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語或賓語的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語。如：HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.(2)過去分詞表示主語或賓語所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語。如：Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We’llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.五、非謂語動詞的其他考點(diǎn)1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法meantodo想要(做某事)

proposetodo打算(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)

proposedoing建議(做某事)forgettodo忘記(要做的事)

remembertodo記得(要做某事)forgetdoing忘記(已做的事)

rememberdoing記得(已做過的事)goontodo繼而(做另一件事)

stoptodo停下來去做另一件事goondoing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)

stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾

regretdoing(對已做過的事)后悔如：Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,forhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault.Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame.2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法句型：cannothelpbutdo

cannotbutdocannotchoosebutdo

candonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點(diǎn)是都有一個否定詞和but。如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.

havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.

haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.

Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.

Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語)(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用fortheretobe，做其他狀語用therebeing。如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因狀語)(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虛擬語氣1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配:

主句從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+dowere(不分人稱)/did與過去事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+havedonehaddone與將來事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+doshoulddo如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來調(diào)整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)(3)識別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí))Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí))2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：(1)下列動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補(bǔ)語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：Theboarddeemsiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse；副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.4.常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：wouldrather

wouldassoon

asthough

suppose…h(huán)adrather

wouldsooner

asif

supposing…Ifonly…

Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實(shí)相反)相當(dāng)于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…謂語動詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问健Ｈ纾篒fonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.七、情態(tài)動詞注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況(1)musthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright”

(2)can’t/couldn’thave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。如：Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiver2.表示虛擬語氣(1)needn’thave+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒必要……”。如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.3.幾個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫?1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級1.形容詞的句法功能形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：(1)以“a”開頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。(2)某些以副詞詞綴“-ly”結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列動詞既是實(shí)義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。如：Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.2.副詞主要測試其修飾作用考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、整個句子。如：Thispairofshoesisn’tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.(與前半句的否定意義吻合)It’sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.Andrew,myfather’syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily’sdisappointment.Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.3.考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：DoyouenjoylisteningtorecordsIfindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.(3)比較級的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as…as…,或修飾語+more…than…。如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan。如：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.4.最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題(1)最高級比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：inChina,allovertheworld；of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses。注意：among…相當(dāng)于oneof…，不說amongall…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來。如：Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.(2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：anyother+單數(shù)名詞theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。5.有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…與其說……不如說……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者一樣都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…兩者一樣都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行結(jié)構(gòu)1.注意由并列連詞或等立連詞連接的成分在語法形式上是否相同，即都是形容詞，或都是介詞短語，或都是不定式，或都是動名詞，或都是句子等。如：Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.2.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.3.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。(1)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.2.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。theone指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.4.do的替代作用do代替動詞，注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如：Forhimtoberejected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.十一、主謂一致問題主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。1.主謂一致常出現(xiàn)在主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacilities.2.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠(yuǎn)，考生易誤認(rèn)主語。如：Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.3.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.4.動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.5.主語帶有(t