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紅粘土的裂隙性紅粘土的脹縮性紅粘土中的地下水特征堅(jiān)硬和硬塑狀態(tài)的紅粘土層由于脹縮作用形成大量裂隙。裂隙發(fā)育深度一般為3?4m,已見(jiàn)最深者達(dá)6.0m。裂隙面光滑,有的帶擦痕、有的被鐵錳質(zhì)浸染。裂隙的發(fā)生和發(fā)展速度極快,在干旱氣候條件下,新挖坡面數(shù)日內(nèi)便可被收縮裂隙切割得支離破碎,使地面水易侵入,土的抗剪強(qiáng)度降低,常造成邊坡變形和失穩(wěn)。貴州的貴陽(yáng)、遵義、桐仁;廣西的桂林、柳州、來(lái)賓、貴縣等地區(qū)的紅粘土具有一定的脹縮性。這些地區(qū)的紅粘土地基的脹縮變形,致使一些單層(少數(shù)為2?3層)民用建筑物和少數(shù)熱工建筑物出現(xiàn)開(kāi)裂破壞,其中以廣西地區(qū)較為嚴(yán)重,貴州地區(qū)較輕,有些地區(qū)紅粘土的脹縮性很輕,可不作膨脹土對(duì)待。紅粘土的脹縮性能表現(xiàn)為以縮為主。即天然狀態(tài)下膨脹量微小,收縮量較大(見(jiàn)表5-2-1),經(jīng)收縮后的土試樣浸水時(shí),可產(chǎn)生較大的膨脹量。紅粘土的透水性微弱,其中的地下水多為裂隙性潛水和上層滯水,它的補(bǔ)給來(lái)源主要是大氣降水,基巖巖溶裂隙水和地表水體,水量一般均很小。在地勢(shì)低洼地段的土層裂隙中或軟塑、流塑狀態(tài)土層中可見(jiàn)土中水,水量不大,且不具統(tǒng)一水位。紅粘土層中的地下水水質(zhì)屬重碳酸鈣型水,對(duì)混凝土一般不具腐蝕性。狀太液性指數(shù)含水比含水比狀太液性指數(shù)含水比含水比aw比貫入阻力狀J心IlawIrV1.8Ir>1.8Ps(Mpa)堅(jiān)硬W00.55W0.63<0.50$2.3硬塑0VIlW0.330.55VIlW0.700.63?0.750.5?0.671.3?2.3可塑0.33VIlW0.670.70VIlW0.850.75?0.880.67?0.840.7?1.3軟塑0.67VIlW0.100.85VIlW0.100.88?1.00.84?1.00.2?0.7流塑>1.0>1.0>1.0>1.0<0.2式中:單獨(dú)基礎(chǔ)Z=niPi+1.5條形基礎(chǔ)z=n2p2—4.5n1、n2—系數(shù),n1取0.003m/KN;n2取0.003^/kn注:?jiǎn)为?dú)基礎(chǔ)的總荷重P1:為500?3000KN;條形基礎(chǔ)每延米荷載P2:為100?250KN/m。(5-2-5)(5-2-6)3、膨脹土1)膨脹土的評(píng)價(jià)膨脹土場(chǎng)地分類(lèi)膨脹土的判別膨脹土的膨脹潛勢(shì)分類(lèi)膨脹土地基的脹縮等級(jí)主1)平坦場(chǎng)地:地形坡度小于5°;地形坡度大于5°小于小14°,且距坡肩水平距離大于10m的坡頂?shù)貛А?)坡地場(chǎng)地:地形坡度小于或等于5°;地形坡度小于5°,但冋座建筑物范圍內(nèi)局部地形高差大于1m。具有下列工程地質(zhì)特征的場(chǎng)地,且自由膨脹率大于或等于40%的土,應(yīng)判定為膨脹土。⑴裂隙發(fā)育,常有光滑面和擦痕,有的裂隙中充填著灰白色、灰綠色粘土。在自然條件下呈堅(jiān)硬或硬塑狀態(tài)。⑵多出露于二級(jí)階地、山前和盆地邊緣丘陵地帶,地形平緩,無(wú)明顯自然陡坎。⑶常見(jiàn)淺層塑性坡、地裂,新開(kāi)挖(槽)壁易發(fā)生坍塌等。⑷建筑物裂縫隨氣候變化而張開(kāi)和閉合。自由膨脹率6ef(%)膨脹潛勢(shì)地基分級(jí)變形量Sc(儷)級(jí)另U40C6ef<6565<6ef<906ef$90弱中強(qiáng)15WSc<3535WSc<706ef$70IIIIII2)膨脹土地基計(jì)算(1)膨脹土地基變形量可按下列三種情況分別計(jì)算:①當(dāng)離地表1m處地基的天然含水量等于或接近最小值時(shí),或地面有覆蓋且無(wú)蒸發(fā)可能時(shí),以及建筑物在使用期間經(jīng)常有水浸濕的地基,可按膨脹變形量計(jì)算;②當(dāng)?shù)乇?m處地基土的天然含水量大于1.2倍塑限含水量時(shí),或直接受高溫作用地基,可按收縮變形量計(jì)算③其他情況可按脹縮變形量計(jì)算。膨脹變形量(儷)收縮變形量(m)各土層的含水量變化值脹縮變形量(m)膨脹土濕度系數(shù)Se=屮e弋5epi?hii=1式中:Se為地基土的膨脹變形量(mm);屮e為計(jì)算膨脹變形量的經(jīng)驗(yàn)系數(shù),宜根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)驗(yàn)確定,若無(wú)可依據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí),三層及三層以下建筑物可0.6;6epi為基礎(chǔ)底面卜第i層土在該層土的平均自重壓力與平均附加壓力之和作用下的膨脹率,由室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)確定:hi為第i層土的計(jì)算厚度(mm);n為自基礎(chǔ)底面至計(jì)算深度內(nèi)所劃分的土層數(shù),計(jì)算深度應(yīng)根據(jù)大氣影響深度確定,有浸水可能時(shí),可按浸水影響深度確定。Ss=屮s丈5入siA3i?hii=1式中:Ss為地基土的收縮變形量(mm);屮s為計(jì)算收縮變形量的經(jīng)驗(yàn)系數(shù),宜根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)驗(yàn)確定,若無(wú)可依據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí),三層及三層以下建筑物可0.8;入si為第i層土的收縮系數(shù),由室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)確定:A3i為地基土收縮過(guò)程中,第i層土可能發(fā)生的含水量變化的平均值(以小數(shù)表示);n為自基礎(chǔ)底面至計(jì)算深度內(nèi)所劃分的土層數(shù),計(jì)算深度可取大氣影響深度,當(dāng)有熱源影響時(shí),應(yīng)按熱源影響深度確定。A3i=A3—(A3-0.01)iiZi-1Zn一1A3=3—屮W?3p11式中:3]、3p為地表卜lm處的天然含水量和塑限含水量(以小數(shù)表示);屮w為土的濕度系數(shù);Zi為第i層土的深度(m);Zn為計(jì)算深度,可取大氣影響深度(m)。①在地表下4m土層深度內(nèi),存在不透水基巖時(shí),可假定含水量變化值為常數(shù);②在計(jì)算深度內(nèi)有穩(wěn)定地下水位時(shí),可計(jì)算至水位以上3m。S=屮£(%epi—九si?Awiliii=1式中:屮為計(jì)算脹縮變形經(jīng)驗(yàn)系數(shù),可取0.7。屮w=1.152-0.726a-0.00107c式中:屮W為膨脹土濕度系數(shù),在自然氣候影響下,地表下1m處土層含水量可能達(dá)到的最小值與其塑限值之比;a為當(dāng)?shù)?月至次年2月的蒸發(fā)力之和與全年蒸發(fā)力之比值。我國(guó)部分地區(qū)蒸發(fā)力和降水量值,可按《膨脹土地區(qū)建筑技術(shù)規(guī)范》(GBJ112-87)的附錄二選用;c為全年中干燥度1.00大于的月份的蒸發(fā)力與降水量差值之總和。注:干燥度為蒸發(fā)力與降水量之比值。膨脹土地基變形量的取值規(guī)定大氣影響深度(m)表6.7-3大氣影響深度(m)⑴膨脹變形量應(yīng)取基礎(chǔ)某點(diǎn)的最大膨脹上升量。大氣影響深度:土的濕度大氣影響①大氣影響深度是自然氣候⑵收縮變形量應(yīng)取基礎(chǔ)某點(diǎn)的最大收縮下沉量。應(yīng)由各氣候區(qū)的深層變形觀測(cè)或含水量觀測(cè)及地溫觀測(cè)資系數(shù)屮W深度da作用下,由降水、蒸發(fā)、地⑶脹縮變形量應(yīng)取基礎(chǔ)某點(diǎn)的最大膨脹上升量與最大收縮下沉量之和。料確定。無(wú)此資料時(shí),可按表6.73米用。0.65.0濕等因素引起土的升降變形⑷變形差應(yīng)取相鄰兩基礎(chǔ)的變形量之差。大氣影響急劇層深度:0.74.0的有效深度。⑸局部?jī)A斜應(yīng)取磚混承重結(jié)構(gòu)縱墻6?10m內(nèi)基礎(chǔ)兩點(diǎn)的變形量之差與其距可按表6.73中的大氣影響深度乘以0.45米用。0.83.5②大氣影響急劇層深度系指離的之值。0.93.0大氣影響特別顯著的深度。附錄二中國(guó)部分地區(qū)的蒸發(fā)力及降水量表(GBJ112-87)附表2.1站名--月份項(xiàng)別-.123456789101112吐魯番蒸發(fā)力(m)5.616.759.2102.8167.0191.2196.4173.893.943.842.73.5降水量(m)1.00.11.80.40.73.82.03.50.90.41.71.1漢中蒸發(fā)力(m)14.220.643.660.394.1114.8121.5118.157.439.017.644.9降水量(m)7.510.732.268.186.6110.2158.0141.7146.980.338.09.3安康蒸發(fā)力(m)18.527.051.067.398.3122.8132.6131.967.243.920.616.3降水量(m)4.411.133.280.888.578.6120.7118.7133.770.232.87.00

通縣蒸發(fā)力(儷)15.621.551.087.3136.9144.0130.5111.274.444.620.112.3降水量(儷)2.77.79.222.735.670.6197.1243.564.021.07.81.6唐山蒸發(fā)力(儷)14.320.349.883.0138.8140.8126.2112.475.545.520.419.1降水量(儷)2.16.26.527.224.364.4224.8196.546.222.56.94.0衡水蒸發(fā)力(儷)14.221.956.096.7155.2168.5143.1124.681.452.321.212.2降水量(儷)3.35.37.839.717.145.5164.6118.437.424.117.63.3秦安蒸發(fā)力(儷)16.824.956.885.6132.5148.1133.8123.678.554.623.814.2秦降水量(儷)5.58.716.536.842.487.4228.8163.270.732.226.48.1兗州蒸發(fā)力(儷)16.024.958.287.7137.9158.5140.3129.581.056.624.814.7降水量(儷)8.211.220.442.140.090.4237.1156.760.830.027.011.3臨沂蒸發(fā)力(儷)17.224.353.178.9123.7137.2123.3123.777.556.225.615.5降水量(儷)11.515.124.452.148.2111.1284.8183.1160.433.732.313.3文登蒸發(fā)力(儷)13.220.247.771.5120.4121.1110.4112.373.448.021.412.0降水量(儷)15.712.522.444.343.382.4234.1194.3107.936.035.316.3南京蒸發(fā)力(儷)19.524.950.170.5103.5120.6140.0139.180.759.027.317.8降水量(儷)31.853.078.798.797.3139.9182.0121.0100.944.353.221.2蚌埠蒸發(fā)力(儷)19.025.952.074.4114.3136.9137.2136.079.157.828.218.5降水量(儷)26.632.660.862.574.3106.8205.8153.787.038.240.322.0合肥蒸發(fā)力(儷)19.025.651.371.7111.5131.9150.0146.380.859.227.918.5降水量(儷)33.650.275.4106.1105.996.3181.5114.180.043.252.531.5巢湖蒸發(fā)力(儷)22.827.654.272.6111.3134.8159.7149.984.264.731.221.6降水量(儷)27.445.573.7111.1110.289.0158.198.976.640.159.626.1許昌蒸發(fā)力(儷)20.626.833.075.7122.3153.0140.7125.276.854.627.519.0降水量(儷)13.015.019.853.053.870.4185.7156.472.239.937.910.7南陽(yáng)蒸發(fā)力(儷)19.229.953.374.4113.8144.8137.6132.678.855.626.518.6降水量(儷)14.216.136.269.966.084.0196.8163.193.847.331.510.2鄖陽(yáng)蒸發(fā)力(儷)17.523.346.565.7105.3131.0135.7127.069.449.023.316.2降水量(儷)14.520.343.784.174.874.7145.2134.6109.761.738.912.3鐘祥蒸發(fā)力(儷)23.429.152.270.5108.6131.2151.3146.289.962.531.921.7降水量(儷)26.430.355.999.4119.5136.5184.6114.073.753.147.222.8江陵(荊州)蒸發(fā)力(儷)降水量(儷)20.130.024.840.745.677.161.7132.796.5160.2120.2165.9146.8177.6136.9124.682.370.054.474.027.053.500Zod二Ico全州蒸發(fā)力(儷)降水量(儷)29.155.027.989.047.1131.959.4250.190.6231.0105.6198.9151.5110.6137.7130.898.648.368.569.935.786.027.558.6桂林蒸發(fā)力(儷)32.531.247.761.691.5106.7138.4133.5106.978.542.933.5降水量(儷)55.676.1134.0279.7318.4315.8224.2166.965.297.383.256.6百色蒸發(fā)力(儷)31.636.967.690.5123.1117.9134.1128.896.868.340.026.4降水量(儷)19.917.331.166.1168.7195.7170.3189.3109.481.339.617.7田東蒸發(fā)力(儷)37.141.270.168.0125.5122.0138.5132.8101.173.942.735.5降水量(儷)17.422.337.266.0159.4213.5153.7211.2134.567.337.222.4貴縣蒸發(fā)力(儷)41.636.752.767.6110.6109.2135.0133.1111.491.252.142.1

降水量(儷)33.348.463.2144.0183.6302.5221.4244.9101.466.638.027.4南寧蒸發(fā)力(儷)25.133.451.271.3116.0115.7136.3130.5101.981.746.135.3降水量(儷)40.241.863.084.1183.3241.8179.9203.6110.167.043.325.1上思蒸發(fā)力(儷)45.034.754.974.3123.0108.5127.2119.094.173.442.534.6降水量(儷)23.426.023.162.4126.7144.3201.0235.6141.774.140.418.0來(lái)賓蒸發(fā)力(儷)36.034.251.376.4107.5112.0140.9135.7107.079.943.434.2降水量(儷)28.852.767.2116.9182.8296.1195.9209.068.578.357.336.3韶關(guān)(曲江)蒸發(fā)力(儷)33.231.851.465.0103.4111.4155.6141.2109.979.544.432.2降水量(儷)52.483.2149.7226.2239.9264.3127.6138.490.857.349.343.5廣州蒸發(fā)力(儷)降水量(儷)40.139.36325??5953.191.366.2158.2105.4266.7109.2299.2137.5220.0131.1225.599.5204.088.452.254.542.041.819.7湛江蒸發(fā)力(儷)43.037.155.926.9123.8122.3144.9132.0105.187.858.946.2降水量(儷)25.238.763.540.6163.3209.2163.5251.1254.490.944.719.5綿陽(yáng)蒸發(fā)力(儷)16.821.443.861.292.897.0109.4104.056.738.221.915.2降水量(儷)6.110.920.254.583.5162.0244.0224.6143.543.919.76.1成都蒸發(fā)力(儷)17.521.443.659.791.094.3107.7102.156.037.521.715.7降水量(儷)5.111.321.851.388.3119.8229.4365.5113.748.016.56.4昭通蒸發(fā)力(儷)23.431.466.183.097.781.9101.992.861.740.127.221.2降水量(儷)5.66.612.626.674.3144.1162.0124.4101.262.215.27.0謀蒸發(fā)力(儷)57.170.5122.3144.7171.5130.7127.1120.094.474.752.645.8兀降水量(儷)3.44.92.510.139.5113.7146.2122.476.575.512.66.9昆明蒸發(fā)力(儷)35.647.285.1103.4122.691.990.290.367.653.036.930.1降水量(儷)10.09.913.619.778.5182.0216.5195.1123.094.933.616.0開(kāi)遠(yuǎn)蒸發(fā)力(儷)44.456.999.6116.7140.2105.4107.5100.881.666.544.239.2降水量(儷)14.214.225.940.975.7131.8166.6135.183.255.233.220.0江蒸發(fā)力(儷)54.269.4114.3123.3148.7118.8121.2116.995.376.452.244.8兀降水量(儷)12.511.117.241.980.3142.6132.1133.372.474.137.126.9文山蒸發(fā)力(儷)36.145.884.3104.4120.894.599.393.670.559.540.434.3降水量(儷)13.712.424.561.6103.9154.0194.6175.0103.664.931.123.0些豕自蒸發(fā)力(儷)40.458.4100.8117.6134.5102.2102.697.778.766.047.841.3降水量(儷)12.916.426.245.990.1131.8150.8150.581.152.827.719.8貴陽(yáng)蒸發(fā)力(儷)21.025.051.870.390.992.7116.9110.174.446.728.121.1降水量(儷)19.721.833.2108.3191.8213.2178.9142.082.689.255.925.7三、地基承載力的確定(一)確定淺基承載力:1、按《建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(GBJ7-89)

巖石承載力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值/(kpa)k~一一_風(fēng)化程度巖石類(lèi)別—強(qiáng)風(fēng)化中等風(fēng)化微風(fēng)化硬質(zhì)巖石500?10001500?2500$4000軟質(zhì)巖石200?500700?12001500?2000注:①對(duì)于微風(fēng)化的硬質(zhì)巖,其承載力如取用大于4000kpa時(shí),應(yīng)由試驗(yàn)確定;②對(duì)于強(qiáng)風(fēng)化的巖石,當(dāng)與殘積土難以區(qū)分時(shí)按土考慮?!咀ⅰ繐?jù)RQD值估算:RQD巖石描述現(xiàn)場(chǎng)/試驗(yàn)室抗壓強(qiáng)度比K值范圍<0.250.25?0.500.50?0.750.75?0.90>0.90極差差中等好優(yōu)質(zhì)OOOO\????/221二O5O5K=6?10,RQDV0.75時(shí),K應(yīng)選高值。如硬質(zhì)砂巖的無(wú)側(cè)限抗壓強(qiáng)度qu=70Mpa,選用K=10,允許承載力=7.0Mpao任何基礎(chǔ)只要比柱子大,都可以得到滿足。碎石土承載力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值/(kpa)k土的名稱(chēng)密實(shí)度稍密中密密實(shí)卵300?500500?800800?1000碎250?400400?700700?900圓200?300300?500500?700角200?250250?400400?600注:①表中取值適用于骨架顆粒全部由中砂、粗砂或硬塑、堅(jiān)硬狀的粘性土或稍密粉土所充填;②當(dāng)粗顆粒為中等風(fēng)化或強(qiáng)風(fēng)化時(shí),可按其風(fēng)化程度適當(dāng)降低承載力,當(dāng)顆粒間呈半膠結(jié)狀態(tài)時(shí),可適當(dāng)提高承載力。粉土承載力基本值/o(kpa)f-第二指標(biāo)含水量w(%)第一指標(biāo)孔隙比e101520253035400.5410390(365)0.6310300280(270)0.7250240225215(205)0.8200190180170(165)0.9160150145140130(125)1.0130125120115110105(100)注:①有括號(hào)者僅供內(nèi)插用;②折算系數(shù)g為o;③在湖、塘、溝、谷與河漫灘地段、新近沉積的粉土,其工程性質(zhì)一般較差,應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)取值。粘性土承載力基本值于o(kpa)—?-一一第二指標(biāo)液性指數(shù)IL第一指標(biāo)?L隙比00.250.500.751.001.200.5475450390(360)0.6400360325295(265)

0.73252952652402100.82752402202001701700.92302101901701351351.02001801601351151051.1160135115105注①有括號(hào)者僅供內(nèi)插用;②折算系延為0.1③在湖、塘、溝、谷與河漫灘地段新近沉積的粘性土其工呈性質(zhì)一般較差第四紀(jì)晚更新世(QJ及其以前沉積的老粘性土其工呈性能通常較好。這些土均應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)應(yīng)。沿海地區(qū)淤泥和淤泥質(zhì)土承載力基本值人(kpa)天然含水量3(%)36404550556575/(kpa)0100908070605040注:對(duì)內(nèi)陸淤泥和淤泥質(zhì)土,可參照使用。紅粘土承載力基本值/o(kpa)-第一指標(biāo)含水比a=3/33L第二指標(biāo)液塑比Ir=3'Ip—0.50.60.70.80.91.0紅粘土W1.70380270210180150140$2.80280200160130110100次生紅粘土250190150130110100注:①本表僅供適用于定義范圍內(nèi)的紅粘土;②折算系數(shù)g為0.4。素填土承載力基本值/o(kpa)壓縮模量E(Mpa)S1S-275432基本值/(kpa)01601351158565注:①本表只適用于堆填時(shí)間超過(guò)10年的粘性土,以及超過(guò)5年的粉土;②壓實(shí)填土地基的承載力另行確定。2、根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貫入和輕便觸探試驗(yàn)確定:N(或N)=p-1.6450(取整數(shù)位)10砂土承載力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值/(kpa)k土類(lèi)10153050中、粗砂180250340500粉、細(xì)砂140180250340

粘性土承載力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值/(kpa)kN357911131517192123/(kpa)k105145190235280325370430515600680粘性土承載力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值/(kpa)kN1015202530L(kpa)105145190230素填土承載力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值/(kpa)kN1010203040L(kpa

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