新編跨文化交際課后翻譯中英對(duì)照Word版

整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Translation1Thegrowthofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldofstudyisbasedonaviewofhistorythatclearlydemonstratespeopleandcultureshavebeentroubledbyapersistentinabilitytounderstandandgetalongwithgroupsandsocietiesremovedbyspace,ideology,appearance,andbehaviorfromtheirown.Whatisintriguingaboutmanyofhumancivilization’sfailureisthattheyappeartobepersonalaswellasglobal.Thestoryofhumankindispunctuatedwithinstancesofface-to-faceconflictsaswellasinternationalmisunderstanding--majorandminorquarrelsthatrangefromsimplename-callingtoisolationismtrevenarmedconflict.Itisobviousthatincreasescontactwithotherculturesandsubculturesmakeitimperativeforustomakeaconcertedefforttounderstandandgetalongwithpeoplewhosebeliefsandbackgroundsmaybevastlydifferentfromourown.Theability,throughincreasedawarenessandunderstanding,topeacefullycoexistwithpeoplewhodonotnecessarilyshareourlifestylesorvaluescouldbenefitusnotonlyinourownneighborhoodsbutcouldbethedecisivefactorinmaintainingwouldpeace.縱觀(guān)歷史，我們可以清楚地看到，各民族與文化由于彼此所處地域、意識(shí)形態(tài)、容貌服飾和行為舉止上存在的差異，而長(zhǎng)久無(wú)法互相理解，無(wú)法和睦相處。在這種情況下，跨文化交際作為一個(gè)特定的研究領(lǐng)域得以形成和發(fā)展。值得注意的是，人類(lèi)文明在發(fā)展過(guò)程中所遭受的許多挫折，既是個(gè)人的，又是全球性的；人類(lèi)歷史進(jìn)程總是充滿(mǎn)了個(gè)人間的直接沖突和民族間的誤解－－從罵罵咧咧到孤立主義甚至到武裝沖突，大大小小爭(zhēng)端不絕。很顯然，文化間以及亞文化間的交往日益增多，這迫切要求我們共同努力，去理解與我們有著天壤之別信仰和文化背景的人們，并與之和睦相處。通過(guò)加深認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，我們能夠與生活方式、價(jià)值觀(guān)念不同的人們和平共處；這不但有益于我們周遭環(huán)境的安定，也是維護(hù)世界和平的決定性因素。Translation2Cultureissomethingreferredtoasourmentalprogramming,our“softwareofthemind.”Butwecantakethatcomputeranalogyfurtherandsaythatcultureistheoperatingenvironmentthatenablessoftwareprogramstorun.CultureislikeDOSorUnixorWindows:itiswhatenablesustoprocessinformationinvariousspecificapplications.Themetaphorofwindowsseemstobeveryappealingtodescribeculture：cultureisamentalsetofwindowsthroughwhichalloflifeisviewed.Itvariesfromindividualtoindividualwithinasociety,butitsharesimportantcharacteristicswithmembersofasociety.Cultureislikethewaterfishswimin--arealitythatistakenforgrantedandrarelyexamined.Itisintheairwebreatheandisasnecessarytoourunderstandingofwhoweareasairistoourphysicallife.Cultureisthepropertyofacommunitypeople,notsimplyacharacteristicofindividuals.Societiesareprogrammedbyculture,andthatprogrammingcomesfromsimilarlifeexperiencesandsimilarinterpretationsofwhatthoseexperiencesmean.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Ifcultureismentalprogramming,itisalsoamentalmapofreality.Ittellsusfromearlychildhoodwhatmatters,whatoprefer,whattoavoid,andwhattodo.Culturealsotellsuswhatoughttobe.Itgivesusassumptionsabouttheidealbeyondwhatindividualsmayexperience.Ithelpsusinsettingpriorities.Itestablishescodesforbehaviorandprovidesjustificationandlegitimizationforthatbehavior.文化有時(shí)候被稱(chēng)為我們的心智程序，也即我們“頭腦的軟件”。但是，我們可以進(jìn)一步引申這個(gè)用電腦所做的類(lèi)比，把文化看作是支持軟件運(yùn)行的操作環(huán)境。文化就像電腦使用的DOS或者Unix或者“視窗”(Windows)等操作系統(tǒng)一樣，使我們能在各種各樣的實(shí)際應(yīng)用中處理信息。用“視窗”這個(gè)比喻來(lái)描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我們心靈的視窗，透過(guò)它我們可以審視生活的方方面面。一個(gè)社會(huì)中不同個(gè)體的視窗是大不一樣的，但都有著一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是魚(yú)暢游于其中的水一般，人們想當(dāng)然地把文化看成是客觀(guān)存在的事實(shí)，從而很少去研究它。文化存在于我們所呼吸的空氣之中，文化對(duì)我們了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命離不開(kāi)空氣一樣。文化是特定群體的共有財(cái)產(chǎn)，而不單是個(gè)體的特征。社會(huì)按照文化設(shè)定的程序來(lái)運(yùn)作，這種程序來(lái)自于相似的生活體驗(yàn)以及對(duì)這種生活體驗(yàn)之涵義的相似性闡釋。如果文化是一種心智程序，那么它也是現(xiàn)實(shí)的心靈地圖。從我們很小的時(shí)候開(kāi)始，文化就告訴我們應(yīng)該看重什么、偏好什么、規(guī)避什么以及做些什么。文化還告訴我們事物應(yīng)該是什么樣的。文化為我們提供超越個(gè)體經(jīng)驗(yàn)的理想典范，幫助我們決定應(yīng)該優(yōu)先考慮什么。文化為我們建立起行為準(zhǔn)則，并解釋為什么符合這些準(zhǔn)則的行為正當(dāng)、合法。Translation3Althougheachofushasauniquesetofvalues,therealsoarevaluesthattendtopermeateaculture.Thesearecalledculturalvalues.Culturalvaluesgenerallyarenormativeinthattheyinformamemberofaculturewhatisgoodandbad,rightandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatisworthwhiletodiefor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeopleandtheirsocialsystems,whatareconsideredpropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Culturalvaluesalsospecifywhatbehaviorsareofimportanceandwhichshouldbeavoidedwithinaculture.Valuesrepresentalearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts.Thevaluesheldbyparticipantsininterculturalcommunicationareimportantbecausevaluesdevelopstandardsandguidelinesthatestablishappropriateandinappropriatebehaviorsinasociety.Values,inotherwords,helpdeterminehowpeopleoughttobehavewiththeresultthatpeoplewillexhibitandexpectbehaviorsaccordingtotheirvaluesystems.Totheextentthatculturalvaluesystemsdiffer,wemayexpectthatinterculturalcommunicationparticipantswilltendtoexhibitandtoexpectdifferentundersimilarcircumstance.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式雖然，我們每個(gè)人都有各自一套獨(dú)特的價(jià)值觀(guān)，但在每一文化里，總有彌漫于整個(gè)文化之中的普遍的價(jià)值觀(guān)。這些被稱(chēng)作文化價(jià)值觀(guān)文化價(jià)值觀(guān)通常是規(guī)范性的，它使文化的成員知道什么是好的和壞的、什么是正確的和錯(cuò)誤的、什么是真的和假的、什么是積極的和消極的，等等。文化價(jià)值規(guī)定了什么是值得為之獻(xiàn)身的，什么是值得維護(hù)的，什么會(huì)危及人們及其社會(huì)制度，什么是學(xué)習(xí)的恰當(dāng)內(nèi)容，什么是可諷刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群體團(tuán)結(jié)的途徑。文化價(jià)值觀(guān)也指明了文化中的什么行為是舉足輕重的，哪些是應(yīng)當(dāng)盡力避免的。價(jià)值觀(guān)是人們?cè)谧龀鼍駬窈徒鉀Q爭(zhēng)端時(shí)作為依據(jù)的一種習(xí)得的規(guī)則體系?？缥幕浑H的參與者所具有的價(jià)值觀(guān)是十分重要的，因?yàn)閮r(jià)值觀(guān)產(chǎn)生出決定何為正當(dāng)或不正當(dāng)社會(huì)行為的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。換言之，價(jià)值觀(guān)有助于人們決定他們的行為方式，以符合他們的價(jià)值系統(tǒng)所期望的行為準(zhǔn)則。由于文化價(jià)值系統(tǒng)之間存在差異，我們可以預(yù)見(jiàn)，在相似的情境中，跨文化交際的參與者會(huì)表現(xiàn)出并期待著不同的行為。Translation4Whenwesaythatlanguageisalwaysambiguous,whatwemeanisthatwecanneverfullycontrolthemeaningofthethingswesayandwrite.Themeaningsweexchangebyspeakingandbywritingarenotgiveninthewordsandsentencesalonebutarealsoconstructedpartlyoutofwhatourlistenersandourreadersinterpretthemtomean.Toputthisquiteanotherway,meaninginlanguageisjointlyconstructedbytheparticipantsincommunication.Languageisinherentlyambiguous.Itmeansthatinordertocommunicatewemustalwaysjumptoconclusionsaboutwhatothermean.Thereisnowayaroundthis.Whensomeonesayssomething,wmustjumptosomeconclusionaboutwhatheorshemeans.Wedrawinferencesbasedontwomainsources.1,thelanguagetheyhaveused,and2,ourknowledgeabouttheworld.Theknowledgeincludesexpectationsaboutwhatpeoplewouldnormallysayinsuchcircumstances.Languageisambiguous.Thismeansthatwecanneverbecertainwhattheotherpersonmeans--whetherinspeakingorwriting.Toputitanotherway,languagecanneverfullyexpressourmeanings.Butwhatdoesthismeanforinterculturalcommunication?Inthefirstplaceitshouldbeclearthatcommunicationworksbetterthemoretheparticipantsshareassumptionsandknowledgeabouttheworld.Wheretwopeoplehaveverysimilarhistories,backgrounds,andexperiences,theircommunicationworksfairlyeasilybecausetheinferenceseachmakesaboutwhattheothermeanswillbebasedoncommonexperienceandknowledge.Twopeoplefromthesamevillageandthesamefamilyarelikelytomakefewermistakesindrawinginferencesaboutwhattheothermeansthantwopeoplefromdifferentcitiesondifferentsidesoftheearth.我們說(shuō)語(yǔ)言總是模糊的，指的是我們所說(shuō)所寫(xiě)的東西總不能完全表達(dá)我們的意圖。我們通過(guò)說(shuō)話(huà)和寫(xiě)作所傳達(dá)的意思不僅僅由詞語(yǔ)和句子本身決定，聽(tīng)眾和讀者的理解也起到了一定的作用。換言之，是交際雙方共同創(chuàng)造了語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的意思。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式語(yǔ)言的模糊性是與生俱來(lái)的。為了溝通，我們必須自己推斷出對(duì)方的意思，除此之外別無(wú)他法。在理解別人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)，我們必須推測(cè)這些話(huà)的意思。這些推測(cè)主要基于以下兩個(gè)來(lái)源：（1）他們所使用的語(yǔ)言；（2）我們的世界知識(shí)。這種知識(shí)包括能夠預(yù)知在某種特定語(yǔ)境下人們通常會(huì)說(shuō)些什么。語(yǔ)言是模糊的。這意味著無(wú)論是讀或?qū)?，我們永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法完全地領(lǐng)會(huì)他人的意思。換言之，語(yǔ)言永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法完全地表達(dá)我們的意思。然而，這對(duì)跨文化交際意味著什么呢？首先必須明白，如果交際參與者擁有更多共同的預(yù)期和世界知識(shí)，交際便會(huì)有比較好的效果。共同的背景、歷史和經(jīng)歷使得人們之間的交際較為容易，因?yàn)槿魏我环綄?duì)另一方用意的推測(cè)都基于共同的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)。來(lái)自同一個(gè)村子、同一個(gè)家庭的兩個(gè)人當(dāng)然要比來(lái)自地球不同半球不同城市的兩個(gè)人少犯交際上的錯(cuò)誤，至少不會(huì)在推測(cè)對(duì)方用意上鬧笑話(huà)。Translation5Whereanytwopeopledifferingroupmembershipbecausetheyareofdifferentgenders,differentages,differentethnicorculturegroups,differenteducations,differentpartsofthesamecountryorevencity,differentincomeoroccupationalgroups,orwithverydifferentpersonalhistories,eachwillfinditmoredifficulttodrawinferencesaboutwhattheotherpersonmeans.Inthecontemporaryworldofinternationalandinterculturalcommunication,thedifferencesbetweenpeopleareconsiderable.Peopleareindailycontactwithmembersofculturesandothergroupsfromallaroundtheworld.Successfulcommunicationisbasedonsharingasmuchaspossibletheassumptionswemakeaboutwhatothersmean.Whenwearecommunicatingwithpeoplewhoareverydifferentfromus,itisverydifficulttoknowhowtidrawinferencesaboutwhattheymean,andsoitisimpossibletodependonsharedknowledgeandbackgroundforconfidenceinourinterpretation.Ithasbeenfoundthatmenandwomenfromthesameculture,evenfromthesanefamilies,oftenmisunderstandeachotherbecauseofdifferentassumptionstheymakeaboutthepurposesorgoalsoftheircommunication.Amanmaywishtomakeawomanhappybygivingheragiftofsomethingshereallywants.Heasksherwhatshewouldliketohaveforherbirthday---shecanaskforanything.Unfortunately,whatshewantsmorethananythingelseisforhimtoknowintuitivelywhatshewouldliketohave.Menandwomen,atleastinNorthAmericansociety,tendtodifferintheirconcernforexplicitnessorforindirection.Awomanislikelytothinkitisimportantforsomeonetoshowhowwellheknowsherbynothavingtoaskexplicitlywhatshewants.Amaninthatsituation,however,feelsbeastaboutthesituationifheistoldquietdirectlyandexplicitlyhowhecanmakeherhappy.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式由于在性別、年齡、種族或文化群體、教育、國(guó)家或城市的地域、收入或職業(yè)群體、個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等各方面的差異，人們分屬不同的語(yǔ)言群體，這些差異使我們很難完全領(lǐng)會(huì)另一個(gè)群體成員所表達(dá)的意思。在當(dāng)今世界的跨文化交際中，人們之間的差異是相當(dāng)大的。人們每天要與來(lái)自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群體的人交往，成功交際的關(guān)鍵在于盡可能地共享對(duì)話(huà)語(yǔ)意義的推定。當(dāng)我們與迥然不同的人打交道時(shí)，我們往往不知道該怎樣推導(dǎo)出他們的語(yǔ)句意義。因此，在交際過(guò)程中，就很難依靠共享的知識(shí)和背景來(lái)有把握地詮釋他人表達(dá)的意義。就是來(lái)自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也會(huì)經(jīng)常誤解對(duì)方的意思，原因是男性和女性對(duì)交際目的有不同的預(yù)期。為了讓女人高興，男人要送她一件她真正想要的禮物。他問(wèn)女人想要什么禮物——哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的卻是男人可以憑直覺(jué)就知道她想要的是什么。至少在北美社會(huì)中，男性和女性對(duì)于表達(dá)的看法往往不同：前者傾向于直接明了，后者則傾向于間接委婉。女性覺(jué)得不用直接問(wèn)就知道她想要什么是很重要的。男性則覺(jué)得，如果女性能爽快地告訴他怎樣做才能讓她高興就再好不過(guò)了。Translation6Non-verbalcommunicationmightbethoughtofasanyformofcommunicationwhichisnotdirectlydependentontheuseoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,however,itisverydifficulttoknowwheretoseparateverbalandnon-verbalformsofcommunication.Suchnon-verbalaspectsofcommunicationasnoddingtheheadmostoftenaccompanyspeechandarepartandparceloftheverbalsystemoflanguageuse.Ontheotherhandsuchformsofcommunicationasdanceandmusicoftenhavenoverbalcomponentatall.Whatwewanttohereissimplytocallattentiontothefactthatmanyaspectsofhumaninteractiondependuponformsofcommunicationwhichcannotbeeasilytranscribedintowordsandyetarecrucialtoourunderstandingtoeachother.Ofcoursewehavetoemphasizetheimportanceofcommunicationinspeakingandwriting,andyetweshouldalsorealizethatmuchmuchcommunicationalsotakesplacewithouttheuseofwords.Thewayapersondressesforameetingmaysuggestiontootherparticipantshowheorsheispreparedtoparticipateinit.Infact,wecanusevirtuallyanyaspectofourbehaviororourpresentationwhichotherscanperceiveasmeansofcommunication.非言語(yǔ)交際被認(rèn)為是不直接依靠語(yǔ)言使用的任何交際方式。然而，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，很難知道言語(yǔ)交際方式與非言語(yǔ)交際方式的區(qū)分到底在哪兒。有些非言語(yǔ)交際方式，例如點(diǎn)頭，總是伴隨著言語(yǔ)，而且是語(yǔ)言使用時(shí)言語(yǔ)系統(tǒng)的一部分。另一方面，像舞蹈和音樂(lè)等交際形式常常是沒(méi)有任何言語(yǔ)成分的。我們?cè)谶@里想做的只是要引起大家對(duì)一個(gè)事實(shí)的注意，即人類(lèi)交往的許多方面都依賴(lài)于那些不能輕易轉(zhuǎn)換為言語(yǔ)、但卻對(duì)我們相互理解至關(guān)重要的交際形式。當(dāng)然,我們不能不強(qiáng)調(diào)口語(yǔ)和書(shū)面語(yǔ)交際的重要性，然而我們也必須意識(shí)到許多交際的發(fā)生并不使用語(yǔ)言。一個(gè)人出席會(huì)議時(shí)的穿著會(huì)可能是暗示其他與會(huì)者，他或她打算如何參與會(huì)議。事實(shí)上，我們能運(yùn)用我們行為或表現(xiàn)的任何方面來(lái)和他人進(jìn)行交際。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Translation7Manypeopletodaywanttodomanythingswithinsolittletime.Thesenseotimemightbecalledtimeurgency,itisasyndromeofbehaviorinwhichthepersonscontinuallytriestoaccomplishmorethancanbehumanlyaccomplished.Untilveryrecently,timeurgencywasthoughttobeacharacteristicsofAmericans,particularlyAmericanmalesinthegenerationbornintheperiodfromtheGreatDepressionthroughtotheendoftheWorldWar.ItshouldbeobviousthatthatthissenseoftimeurgencyisnolongeraculturalcharacteristicofjustthisonegenerationofAmericanmales.ItisacharacteristicoftheAsian“salaryman”,andisspreadingthroughouttheworldrapidlyasoneaspectoftheinternationalizationofbusiness.Oneofthemostimportanteffectsofthissenseoftimeisthatincommunicationitwillalmostproduceanegativeevaluationtotheslowerparticipantsbythefasterparticipants.Thosewhoshareinthisconceptoftimeurgencywillcometoseeanyonewhomovesmoreslowlythantheydoasconservative,asuncooperative,asresistanttochange,andasopposingprogress.Behindtheconceptoftimeurgencyistheideathatwhatliesaheadinthefutureisalwaysbetterthanwhatliesbehindinthepast;itbasedsolidlyonthebeliefinprogress.今天有許多人總想在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)做很多的事，這種時(shí)間觀(guān)念可以稱(chēng)作“時(shí)間強(qiáng)迫”行為綜合癥，就是不斷地試圖超越人類(lèi)能力所限去完成更多的事情。直到不久以前，時(shí)間強(qiáng)迫”還一直被認(rèn)為是美國(guó)人、尤其是出生于從經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條時(shí)期直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束這個(gè)階段一代美國(guó)男性的重要特征。很明顯,這種“時(shí)間強(qiáng)迫”的觀(guān)念現(xiàn)在已不再僅僅是這一代美國(guó)男性的文化特征，它已成為亞洲“工薪階層”的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，并作為商務(wù)國(guó)際化的一個(gè)方面而迅速傳遍整個(gè)世界。這種時(shí)間觀(guān)念最重要的影響之一就是：在某個(gè)交際情境中，節(jié)奏較快的交際參與者幾乎總會(huì)對(duì)較慢的參與者做某種消極的評(píng)價(jià)。那些共享“時(shí)間強(qiáng)迫”觀(guān)念的人通常會(huì)覺(jué)得其他行動(dòng)比他們慢的人是保守的、不合作的、阻止變化的、反對(duì)進(jìn)步的。隱藏在“時(shí)間強(qiáng)迫”觀(guān)念之后的是那種未來(lái)永遠(yuǎn)好于過(guò)去的理念，而這一理念是牢固地建立在對(duì)進(jìn)步的信仰基礎(chǔ)之上的。Translation8Ifweacceptthebeliefthatourpastinfluencesourviewofrealityandthecorrespondingtenetthateachofusmayhavesimilarbutnotidenticalpersonalhistories,thenitshouldfollowthatanotherperson’spictureoftheuniversewillnotbeexactlylikeours.Yetmostofusactasifourwayofperceivingthingsisthecorrectandonlyway.Weoftenoverworkperceptualdifferencesandconcludethatiftheotherpersondoesn’tseethatPabloPicassoisthegreatestartistthateverlived,hesimplydoesnotart.Actually,itmaywellbethathehasadifferentpasthistoryandwhatisgreatartforhimmaynotmatchourperceptionofart.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Inourdailyactivitiesthesedifferencesinperceptionappearbetweendifferentgroups.Variousgenerations,minorities,occupationandcultureshaveconflictingvaluesandgoalsthatwillinfluencetheirorientationandinterpretationofreality.Ourcultureisamajoroffactorinperceptualdiscrepancies.Culturehelpssupplyuswithourperceptiveofreality.Itthereforeplaysadominantroleininterculturalcommunication.Ourculturestellus,inavarietyofways,howtojudgeothersandwhattouseascriteriaforthosejudgments.Thedangerofsuchevaluationsisthattheyareoftenfalse,misleading,andarbitrary.Itis