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20180830閱讀整理1.公司系統(tǒng)【文章類型】駁論文【第一段】論述老觀點manyexpertscontendsthat使用sanctioningsystem可以提升員工的道德水準有利于員工做出一些有利于組織的行為benefitthewholeorganizations,這樣有利于企業(yè)進行全面的管理，這種方法得到了很多企業(yè)的認可?！镜诙巍康谋锥藢嶋H上公司的員工做出決策通常來說會從兩個角度：1.全公司的角度cooperative,2.從自己的利益的角度。通過行為學家的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：通常情況下，采用系統(tǒng)的公司會起到反效果：weaksanctionsystem的公司的員工的道德水準要比不設(shè)置道德水準要低，通常情況下，采用系統(tǒng)的員工更有可能選擇利己行為。很明顯，系統(tǒng)的使用會影響員工的決策2而最終影響員工的表現(xiàn)。所謂的20180830閱讀整理1.公司系統(tǒng)【文章類型】駁論文【第一段】論述老觀點manyexpertscontendsthat使用sanctioningsystem可以提升員工的道德水準有利于員工做出一些有利于組織的行為benefitthewholeorganizations,這樣有利于企業(yè)進行全面的管理，這種方法得到了很多企業(yè)的認可?！镜诙巍康谋锥藢嶋H上公司的員工做出決策通常來說會從兩個角度：1.全公司的角度cooperative,2.從自己的利益的角度。通過行為學家的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：通常情況下，采用系統(tǒng)的公司會起到反效果：weaksanctionsystem的公司的員工的道德水準要比不設(shè)置道德水準要低，通常情況下，采用系統(tǒng)的員工更有可能選擇利己行為。很明顯，系統(tǒng)的使用會影響員工的決策2而最終影響員工的表現(xiàn)。所謂的【Q1】主旨：一個新的研究成果】可以推斷infer出什西？：如果公司引進一個很強的系統(tǒng)，員工會表現(xiàn)出更好的合作?！綫3】為什系統(tǒng)讓員工不想合作：合作會讓自己的薪水變低?！课恼轮С帜囊粋€觀點inferimply：weak的公司的員工相對于嚴格的公司的員工更有可能做出利于集體的選擇{ —負相關(guān)關(guān)系}【類似的一篇文章】AccordingtoP.F.Drucker,themanagementphilosophyknownasTotalQualityManagement(TQM),whichisdesignedtobeadoptedconsistentlythroughoutanorganizationandtoimprovecustomerservicebyusingsamplingtheorytoreducethevariabilityofaproduct'squality,canworksuccessfullyinconjunctionwithtwooldermanagementsystems.AsDruckernotes,TQM'sscientificapproachisconsistentwiththestatisticalsamplingtechniquesofthe"rationalist"schoolofscientificmanagement,andtheorganizationalstructureassociatedwithTQMisconsistentwiththesocialandpsychologicalemphasesofthe"humanrelations"schoolofmanagement.However,TQMcannotsimplybegraftedontothesesystemsorontocertainothernon-TQMmanagementsystems.Although,asDruckercontends,TQMshareswithsuchsystemstheultimateobjectiveofincreasingprofitability,TQMrequiresfundamentallydifferentstrategies.Whiletheothermanagementsystemsreferredtouseuppermanagementdecision-makingandemployeespecializationtoizeshareholderprofitsovertheshortterm,TQMenvisionstheinterestsofemployees,shareholders,andcustomersasconvergent.Forexample,lowerpricesnotonlybenefitconsumersbutalsoenhanceanorganization'scompetitiveedgeandensureitscontinuance,thusbenefitingemployeesandowners.TQM'semphasisonsharedinterestsiscustomersasconvergent.Forexample,lowerpricesnotonlybenefitconsumersbutalsoenhanceanorganization'scompetitiveedgeandensureitscontinuance,thusbenefitingemployeesandowners.TQM'semphasisonsharedinterestsisreflectedinthedecentralizeddecision-making,integratedproductionactivity,andlateralstructureoforganizationsthatachievethebenefitsofTQM.Question#01:Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)pointoutcontradictionsinaagementsystemcompareandcontrasttheobjectivesofvariousmanagementsystemsidentifytheorganizationalfeaturessharedbyvariousmanagementsystemsexplaintherelationshipofaparticularmanagementsystemtocertainothermanagementsystemsexplaintheadvantagesofaparticularmanagementsystemovercertainothermanagementsystemsQuestion#02:Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipofthesecondparagraphtothefirstparagraph?Itpresentscontrastingexplanationsforaphenomenonpresentedinthefirstparagraph.Itdiscussesanexceptiontoageneralprincipleoutlinedinthefirstparagraph.Itprovidesinformationthatqualifiesaclaimpresentedinthefirstparagraph.Itpresentsanexamplethatstrengthensaclaimpresentedinthefirstparagraph.Itpresentsanalternativeapproachtosolvingaproblemdiscussedinthefirstparagraph.Question#03:Accordingtothepassage,therationalistandhumanrelationsschoolsofmanagementarealikeinthattheyareprimarilyinterestedinincreasingprofitsplacelittleemphasisonissuesoforganizationalstructureusestatisticalsamplingtechniquestoincreaseprofitabilityareunlikelytolowerpricesinordertoincreaseprofitabilityfocuschieflyonsettingandattaininglong-termobjectives2Giantstar周圍有3顆行星【文章類型】現(xiàn)象解釋【第一段】講現(xiàn)象。有一個編號X的恒星，觀測到恒星在發(fā)出一種脈沖（pulse），恒星周圍有三顆行星圍繞著轉(zhuǎn)，由于行星的引力作用對恒星位置有影響，因此恒星的位置會發(fā)生變動，產(chǎn)生觀測到的脈沖行為。【第二段】分析這個恒星和行星星系的形成這一星系形成應(yīng)該是超supernova 的結(jié)果，后面好像是說了一下這一過程，從紅巨星redgiant到超爆發(fā)的這個事~~（恒星年老的時候體積膨脹很大成為redgiant，比如太陽成為redgiant后由于體積膨脹會把地球吞掉~然后redgiant會有一個超爆發(fā)的過程，之后形成一個nebula，往往由于引力的作用坍縮，孕育新的恒星，形成新的恒星行星星系）分析紅巨星的半徑大小應(yīng)該比地球到太陽的距離大，而實際上地球到太陽的距離要比這一星系中的任何一顆行星到那個編號的恒星的距離要大，所以應(yīng)該是supernova 后的產(chǎn)物。（因為要是之前的行星就被redgiant吞掉了）【第三段】舉例類?說的形成舉了太陽系的例?做類?，就是超 之后如作?下坍塌成【Q1】第?段的功能phenomenon【Q2】giantstar是什 ？【Q3】文章主題：研究XX的origin【720】【V34】【V38740】【Q4】因此恒星的位置會發(fā)生變動，產(chǎn)生觀測到的脈沖行為。這句話出了一個細節(jié)題【Q5】第三段highlight陽成為redgiant后由于體積膨脹會把地球吞掉~然后redgiant會有一個超爆發(fā)的過程，之后形成一個nebula，往往由于引力的作用坍縮，孕育新的恒星，形成新的恒星行星星系）分析紅巨星的半徑大小應(yīng)該比地球到太陽的距離大，而實際上地球到太陽的距離要比這一星系中的任何一顆行星到那個編號的恒星的距離要大，所以應(yīng)該是supernova 后的產(chǎn)物。（因為要是之前的行星就被redgiant吞掉了）【第三段】舉例類?說的形成舉了太陽系的例?做類?，就是超 之后如作?下坍塌成【Q1】第?段的功能phenomenon【Q2】giantstar是什 ？【Q3】文章主題：研究XX的origin【720】【V34】【V38740】【Q4】因此恒星的位置會發(fā)生變動，產(chǎn)生觀測到的脈沖行為。這句話出了一個細節(jié)題【Q5】第三段highlight求功能？：舉例子類比說【Q6】可推測：三個行星到編號的形成。【V38740】【V41】V41】giantstar到psr>>三個planet到PSR的距離。【V40】【Q7】下關(guān)于三個planets的說法哪個正確？”3planets到PSR【V40】干擾選項：planetaroundGX1273subtlyshiftitsposition3work-class女性【第?段】學者研究19女性生活和 的地位和他們對政治的影響是依據(jù)19世紀middleclass女性自己寫的東西。然后說一下她們雖然不沒有他們的是middleclass，有良好的權(quán)，但是她們還是對政治和 的一些圈子又一定影響力的，因為神馬的（總之她們是有錢的）。這段后面說但是學者開始對依賴這種證據(jù)有點狹窄，只能代表一個群體的女性?！镜?段】有一個學者叫什stanlle(，提出研究19世紀女性生活地位等不能光看middleclass的女人，其實，workingclass的女人和middleclass的女人是應(yīng)該區(qū) 的，不能以偏概全。workingclass的很多地方和middleclass的不一樣的。她們沒有這 多的，生存方式有著比較顯著的不同?！镜谌巍烤褪羌氈v一下stanlle對19centuryworkingclass女人的research結(jié)果。workingclassmen,theyhavelessopportutofind""classmen,theyreceivelowerwages".還扯了一些別的，但是大意思就是說她們的沒權(quán)益，沒錢，和middleclasswomen不一樣，在掙得面和workingclassmen也不一樣。我記得這一段還提到一種女性的社團，我忘了是說workingclass不能像middleclass女人那樣組織社團，還是反過來說恰恰是他們的低地位促使他們組織這個社團。author的總結(jié)stanlle的research的依據(jù)比較薄弱，雖然很好的依賴了19世紀關(guān)于workingclasswomen的“courtevidence"但是其他很多都是依賴third面author圓了一下場說了一些對stanlleparty說法的，總之stanlle的研究依據(jù)的東西比較薄弱。但是，后的看法和貢獻肯定的東西。大概意思就是想透露說，stanlle雖然researchmethod有不足，但是畢竟她是第一個提出要區(qū)分stanlle的research的依據(jù)比較薄弱，雖然很好的依賴了19世紀關(guān)于workingclasswomen的“courtevidence"但是其他很多都是依賴third面author圓了一下場說了一些對stanlleparty說法的，總之stanlle的研究依據(jù)的東西比較薄弱。但是，后的看法和貢獻肯定的東西。大概意思就是想透露說，stanlle雖然researchmethod有不足，但是畢竟她是第一個提出要區(qū)分middleclass女人和別的女人的第一個學者（不能以偏概全）。所以還是很有意義的。【Q1】NYCworkingclass女人和NYCworkingclass男人有什 區(qū)別。：比較確定是選working的女的比男的要lowerwage【V42】【Q2】author對stanlle的東西的看法的。：就是author覺得stanlle雖然證據(jù)不足，但是是一個先驅(qū)者?！綱42】【Q3】牽涉到stanlle用的courtevidence，【Q4】原文第二段那個人做了什 事情：將socialstatus融入研究。【V42】【Q5】戰(zhàn)前對婦女的看法：戰(zhàn)前比戰(zhàn)后更加注重她們工作那一方面的褒獎【Q6】作者態(tài)度influentialand (一個positive的詞)(一個positive的詞butoutdatedthought-provkingbutunconvincingsignificant(好像是這個單詞butflawed4文學（好像沒有出題）【第?段】主要support了b這個地?出現(xiàn)?獻的可能性。說b是很多中國和的crossboarder，?千年前很多?化交流從這?經(jīng)過，所以?獻的出現(xiàn)是?常有可能的?？脊艑W家們正在研究?獻的這種language,包括研究這種language在coin上的印記【第三段】interlinearnotationof"copied"的意思是說這個?獻是?個被遺棄的?獻，有?個replacementof這個被遺棄?獻，這種被遺棄并且replace的現(xiàn)象表是在這?翻譯的。【Q1】第?段出題了。問哪個關(guān)于這個language是正確的？language現(xiàn)在沒有??和說了備選選項：表明了有l(wèi)ibrarysystem那個選項。?擾選項：有?個選項是說infer了這是個被replace過的。因為interlinearnotation的意思是被replaced過的，但是infer出了有l(wèi)ibrarysystem）【Q2】問interlinearnotationinfer了什？明那個地?和年代就已經(jīng)有了librarysystem。也說明中國的很多【第一段】manuscriptnewfindsinB這個地?讓B成為了第五個發(fā)現(xiàn)原始佛【Q3】這個?亮的copiedindicate了什麼？”：themanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones【原?考古?】請重點看！??！Throughsomestunning?ndsoverthelast【Q3】這個?亮的copiedindicate了什麼？”：themanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones【原?考古?】請重點看！?。hroughsomestunning?ndsoverthelastdecade,researchersstudyingearlyBuddhistmanuscriptshereattheUniversityofWashingtonandattheBritishLibraryarecon?rmingalongstandinghypothesisthatanancienttraditionofBuddhistliteratureexistedinGandhari,adialectofPrakrit,anearlyIndiclanguagethatdevelopedfromSanskrit.Theyarecon?dentthatthatcanonmaysoontakeitsplacenexttothefourothergreattraditionsofBuddhisttexts:thelivingtraditionsofPali,,andan,andtheancient,fragmentaryoneofSanskrit.說?種未被認可的、證據(jù)不夠充分的，literature和世界其他四?傳統(tǒng)應(yīng)該同等重要，所以就可以知道閱讀的topic肯定是anancienttraditionofBuddhistliterature。TheGandharicanonmayprovetobeacruciallinkinunderstandingthewayBuddhismmovednorthwardalongtheSilkRoad,intoCentralandEastAsia,evenasitlargelydiedout,whereitwasborninthe?fthorfourthcenturyBC."We'reputtingthislanguageonthemapofmajorlanguagesoftheancientworld,whichitreallywas,"saysRichardG.Salomon,aprofessorofAsianlanguagesandSanskrithere,andthedirectoroftheBritishLibraryUniversityofWashingtonEarlyBuddhistManuscriptsProject.這?段不太有印象?系列關(guān)于這個language的存在過的證據(jù)的找尋以及其重要性的探討。AlthoughnoothersubstantialGandharimanuscripthadcometolight,Mr.Salomonwasamongahandfulofresearcherswhostudiedthelanguage,fromtheBroughedition,fromseculardocumentsinarelatedlanguage,andfrominscriptionsonpots,coins,andarchaeologicalruins.Mr.Salomonspecializedinthosearcaneinscriptions,whichareinKharosthi,ascriptbasedontheAramaicalphabet.個?覺得這?段其實也沒有太重要，同樣意會，就是說在這個階段證據(jù)依然不充分，但是這廢墟??尋找這種language(或者說traditionalliterature存在過的證據(jù))。In1994,ananonymousdonorhadgiventhelibrary29fragileandfragmentsofmanuscriptonbirchbarkrolls."aperandvellumarelikecastironbycomparison,"saysMr.Shaw."Thesheerfactthatanykindsofmanuscriptsonthismaterialhavesurvivedisamiracle."對應(yīng)這段話后?似乎在?道題有專門考，不太記得了。只是很清楚的記得“，反正要麼是這段話專門考了?道題，要麼就是這段話成為了某道題的?個選項。Onesuch?ndeightsmall,contiguousfragments,makingapieceaboutthesizeofapagefromastandardpaperback,fromalargecommentaryonthebene?tsofmeditationhasjustbeenacquiredbytheUniversityofWashingtonLibraries,whiletheothermanuscriptsareattheBritishLibrary.Becausethedocumentsaresofragile,theWashingtonresearchersstudydigitalandphotographicimagesofthem.Interlinearnotationssuchas"copied"indicatethatthemanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones.Apparently,saysMr.Salomon,themonasterieshadwellorganizedscriptoriumsandlargelibrariesevenatthatearlystage.我碰到的考題當中有?道是吧copied這個單詞highlight了。然后問這個詞為什麼要打引號。找到這篇?章就更好了，因為中的閱讀題把這?段換了個形式表達，雖然也?引號強調(diào)了copied這個單詞，但是并沒有后?的indicate.?題?就是問“這個?亮的copiedindicate了什麼？”找到原?的各位?我幸福太多，我是??絞盡腦汁被改的體?完膚的上下?才選出“themanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones”，如果碰到這道infer題?定?定不要?錯啦！送分的噢！Wonderful,agreesMr.ShawoftheBritishLibrary,becausethewritingsintheuscriptsPalicanon,areprovingto碰到這道infer題?定?定不要?錯啦！送分的噢！Wonderful,agreesMr.ShawoftheBritishLibrary,becausethewritingsintheuscriptsPalicanon,areprovingtobeclosertothoseinBuddhistversionsthantothoseinthewhichhasgenerallybeenregardedasthestandard."TherewereobviouslyvariousBuddhistcanonscirculatinginearlydaysindifferentdialects,"hesays.ThemanuscriptsalsothrowlightonthewaythatBuddhisttraditionwastransmitted.“Oraltransmissionhadbeenthepreferredornormalwaymemorization,recitation,andsoforth,"saysMr.Salomon."Whatwe'renow?ndingoutisthat,inthe?rstandsecondcenturyAD,thenotionofwritingthingsdowntookoffinabigway."【原?考古?】ALostBuddhistLiteraryTraditionIsFoundIncertaincliffhangersonlatenighttelevision,dashingandstrangelyunderdressedarchaeologistsinfarawayplacesunearthartifactsofuncertainprovenance.Thediscoveriescastnewlightonanancientcivilization.Inreality,archaeologistsarelessswashbuckling,butonceinagreatwhiletheydoturnupobjectseffect.ancientmanuscripts,say,inscribedinlittleknownlanguages thathavethatThroughsomestunning?ndsoverthelastdecade,researchersstudyingearlyBuddhistmanuscriptshereattheUniversityofWashingtonandattheBritishLibraryarecon?rmingalongstandinghypothesisthatanancienttraditionofBuddhistliteratureexistedinGandhari,adialectofPrakrit,anearlyIndiclanguagethatdevelopedfromSanskrit.Theyarecon?dentthatthatcanonmaysoontakeitsplacenexttothefourothergreattraditionsofBuddhisttexts:thelivingtraditionsofPali,,andan,andtheancient,fragmentaryoneofSanskrit.Throughsomestunning?ndsoverthelastdecade,researchersstudyingearlyBuddhistmanuscriptshereattheUniversityofWashingtonandattheBritishLibraryarecon?rmingalongstandinghypothesisthatanancienttraditionofBuddhistliteratureexistedinGandhari,adialectofPrakrit,anearlyIndiclanguagethatdevelopedfromSanskrit.Theyarecon?dentthatthatcanonmaysoontakeitsplacenexttothefourothergreattraditionsofBuddhisttexts:thelivingtraditionsofPali,,andan,andtheancient,fragmentaryoneofSanskrit.TheGandharicanonmayprovetobeacruciallinkinunderstandingthewayBuddhismmovednorthwardalongtheSilkRoad,intoCentralandEastAsia,evenasitlargelydiedout,whereitwasborninthe?fthorfourthcenturyBC."We'reputtingthislanguageonthemapofmajorlanguagesoftheancientworld,whichitreallywas,"saysRichardG.Salomon,aprofessorofAsianlanguagesandSanskrithere,andthedirectoroftheBritishLibraryUniversityofWashingtonEarlyBuddhistManuscriptsProject.Mr.Salomonisinchargeofreconstructing,decoding,andpublishingacollectionofmanuscriptsofakindthatheandhiscolleaguesfearedtheywouldneverlivetosee.Untilrecently,concreteevidenceoftheGandharitraditionconsistedofasinglemanuscript,discoveredin1892andpublished70yearslaterasTheGandhariDharmapada(OxfordUniversityPress),editedbythelateUniversityofCambridgescholar,JohnBrough.Specialistsknewthatothermanuscriptsexisted.Inthe1830s,forexample,oneFrencharchaeologistwroteof?ndingsome,"butwhentheytouchedthem,theyliterallycrumbledintheirhands,"saysGrahamW.Shaw,thedirectoroftheBritishLibrary'sOrientalandIndiaOf?ceCollections.AlthoughnoothersubstantialGandharimanuscripthadcometolight,Mr.Salomonwasamongahandfulofresearcherswhostudiedthelanguage,fromtheBroughedition,fromseculardocumentsinaCollections.AlthoughnoothersubstantialGandharimanuscripthadcometolight,Mr.Salomonwasamongahandfulofresearcherswhostudiedthelanguage,fromtheBroughedition,fromseculardocumentsinarelatedlanguage,andfrominscriptionsonpots,coins,andarchaeologicalruins.Mr.Salomonspecializedinthosearcaneinscriptions,whichareinKharosthi,ascriptbasedontheAramaicalphabet.In1994,hispreparationpaidoffwhenhewascontactedbyof?cialsattheBritishLibrary,whohadacquiredacollectionofwhatappearedtobemanymoreGandharidialectmanuscriptswritteninKharosthi.Ananonymousdonorhadgiventhelibrary29extremelyfragileandbrittlefragmentsofmanuscriptonbirchbarkrolls."aperandvellumarelikecastironbycomparison,"saysMr.Shaw."Thesheerfactthatanykindsofmanuscriptsonthismaterialhavesurvivedisamiracle."LibraryexpertsandMr.Salomondeterminedthatthemanuscriptsdatedfromthe?rstcenturyAD,andthatmadethemtheoldestknownBuddhistmanuscriptsanywhere,andtheoldestIndicmanuscriptsknowntohavesurvived.Judgingbycomparisonswithotherartifactsandbycommentsintravelers'andearlyarchaeologists'journals,Mr.SalomondeducedthatthemanuscriptsprobablyhadbeenfoundinajarinacavenearJalalabadinwhatisnoweasternAfghanistan,closetotheancientregionofGandhara.GandharawastheseatofaseriesofpowerfuldynastiesfromthethirdcenturyBCtothefourthcenturyAD.Wellknownfromabundantarchaeologicalremains,itwasacrossroadsofculturalin?uencesfromIndia,theWest,China,andEastAsia,andameltingpotofGreeks,descendantsofScythianinvadersfromtheNorth,andmanyothers.ArchaeologicalremainsandotherevidenceshowthatitwasalsoanimportantcenterofBuddhism."Itonlystoodtoreasonthatthere'dbealiterarycomponentofthatculture,"saysMr.Salomon."Someofthepieceswereinplace,andnowtheliterarylanguagefallsrightintoplace,too."Mr.Salomon,whosecurlyhairandheavyspectaclesmakehimappearrathermorebookishthanswashbuckling,visiblywincesashetakesstockofhowlongithastakenforthetraditiontoemerge."ManyGandharimanuscriptsweredestroyed,lost,thrownout,"hesays."Believeitornot,theywerenotrecognizedasvaluableobjects,evenbyscholarsshouldhaveknownbetter."certainarchaeologistswhoTheBritishLibrarycollectionhasgrownfrom29to57fragments,andtotripleitsoriginalvolume,withtheadditionofothergroupsofmanuscriptsthatweresittingunidenti?edinprivatecollections.Theyincludesermons,tales,andcommentaries,manyofwhicharewellknownfromotherBuddhistliterarytraditions.Onesuch?ndeightsmall,contiguousfragments,makingapieceaboutthesizeofapagefromastandardpaperback,fromalargecommentaryonthebene?tsofmeditationhasjustbeenacquiredbytheUniversityofWashingtonLibraries,whiletheothermanuscriptsareattheBritishLibrary.Becausethedocumentsaresofragile,theWashingtonresearchersstudydigitalandphotographicimagesofthem.Todatethemanuscripts,researchershaveusedsuchtechniquesascomparingtheircontentswithinscriptionsoncoins,andnamesoreventsmentionedinothertexts.SimilarsleuthingsuggeststhattheKharosthiscrollscamefromthelibraryofaGandharanmonasteryoftheDharmaguptakasectofBuddhists;thattheydatefromthe?rstcenturyAD;andthattheywerefoundinmoderndaynorthernPakistanoreasternAfghanistan.Interlinearnotationssuchas"copied"indicatethatthemanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones.Apparently,saysMr.Salomon,themonasterieshadwellorganizedscriptoriumsandlargelibrariesevenatthatearlystage.Thatleadshimandhiscolleaguestobelievethatthetextshaveenormoussigni?cancebecausetheysupportthe"Gandharihypothesis"Thatleadshimandhiscolleaguestobelievethatthetextshaveenormoussigni?cancebecausetheysupportthe"Gandharihypothesis"thatMr.Broughandsomeotherscholarslongagoproposed:thatsomeearlyratherthanSanskritoriginals.translationsofBuddhisttextswerepreparedfromGandhariGreetedwithskepticismat?rst,thatpossibilitynowappearscertain.Thenewdiscoveriesreveal"amissinglinkbetweenthebirthofBuddhismanditslaterformsandelsewhereinAsia,"saysMichaelWitzel,aprofessorofSanskritandIndianstudiesatHarvardUniversity.Thelinkisquitecomplicated,Mr.Witzelsays.Thenewlyfoundmanuscriptsare"notfromtheformativestagesofBuddhism."Thereligion'soriginallanguagewasprobablyalosteasternIndiandialect,aslaterPalitextsfromwesternIndiasuggest.Butsincethattraditionwasprobablyneverwrittendown,saysMr.Salomon,"thisbringsusascloseaswe'reevergoingtogettotheearliestwrittenformoftheBuddha'swords."EventhoughtheGandharan?ndspredateallotherBuddhistholdings,thetraditionlinksupwiththeotherstrainsofBuddhismin"verycomplicated,messyways"thatdonottellanystraightforwardhistoricaltale,Mr.Salomonexplains."Inaway,that’sdisappointing.Butthat'sasuper?cialreaction.Thenit'sdaunting.Andthenit'sexciting.Itreallydoesshakethingsup."Intryingtoidentifyexactlywhattherelationshipsare,heandhiscolleagues,includingCollettD.Cox,anassociateprofessorofBuddhiststudieshere,andMarkAllon,anAustralianResearchCouncilfellowattheUniversityofSydney,areminutelycomparingthemwithparallelsinPali,Sanskrit,and,andareeven?ndingafewparallelsintheantradition,whichdevelopedlater,butfromadifferentstream.Forexample,amongthetextsinthecollectionistheAnavatapatagatha,acollectionofsermonsonthenatureofperceptionthattheBuddhaissaidtohavedeliveredonthebanksofLakeAnavatapata.ThoseareknownfromlaterversionsinSanskrit,,andan.AlsofoundwasaversionoftheversecompilationknowninPaliastheKhaggavisanasuttaoftheSuttanipata,theBuddha'ssermonsonthehornoftherhinoceros(suttanipata).InboththePaliandGandhari"RhinocerosSutra,"therhinoceros,asananimalthatwandersalone,symbolizesdetachmentfrommaterialthings.Manytextsinthecollection,however,donothavesuchanalogues."Alargeproportionofthisliterature,"saysMr.Salomon,"existedonlyinthatregion,andisnotpartofpanBuddhistliterature.Thatisagaindaunting"wonderful."becauseitmakestranslationevenharder "andyetWonderful,agreesMr.ShawoftheBritishLibrary,becausethewritingsintheuscriptsareprovingtobeclosertothoseinBuddhistversionsthantothoseinthePalicanon,whichhasgenerallybeenregardedasthestandard."TherewereobviouslyvariousBuddhistcanonscirculatinginearlydaysindifferentdialects,"hesays.ThemanuscriptsalsothrowlightonthewaythatBuddhisttraditionwastransmitted."Oraltransmissionhadbeenthepreferredornormalwaymemorization,recitation,andsoforth,"saysMr.Salomon.“Whatwe'renow?ndingoutisthat,inthe?rstandsecondcenturyAD,thenotionofwritingthingsdowntookoffinabigway."Forthosereasonsthemanuscriptsare,saysMr.WitzelofHarvard,"theQumranmanuscriptsofBuddhism."HisallusionistotheDeadSeaScrolls,andtheirimportanceinunderstandingearlyChristiaanditsJudaicroots.Scholarsinthebroad?eldofIndicstudiesgenerallyagreethatthecomparisonofthetwowritings,whichdatefromthesametime,isapt.Mr.Salomonconcurs,butheadds,referringtothefamoussquabblesthatChristiaanditsJudaicroots.Scholarsinthebroad?eldofIndicstudiesgenerallyagreethatthecomparisonofthetwowritings,whichdatefromthesametime,isapt.Mr.Salomonconcurs,butheadds,referringtothefamoussquabblesthathaveboggeddownthepublicationoftheDeadSeaScrolls:"Fromthebeginning,I'vestructuredthisproject'sstrategiestobetheexactoppositetotheDeadSeaScrolls.Thatentailsactuallydoingresearchandpublishingit,ratherthaneringaroundfor40years,orwhatevertheyweredoing."Settingabriskpacebyacademicpublishingstandards,theprojecthasreleasedonemajorvolumeayearsince1999inaseriesfromtheUniversityofWashingtonPress.Achievingthatef?ciencyevenpublishingthetextsatall isamatterofoldfashioned"philologicalslogging,"saysMr.Salomon."Technologyhelps,butthebottomlineisknowingthewordsandthelettersandthelanguagesandthecultures."Heknows12ancientandmodernlanguages5.鳥類遷徙判定方向的方式【第?段】關(guān)于鳥類遷徙方向的識別，有很多爭議，有的說鳥是通過地形的，有的說通過看太陽k的科學家研究說，某種鳥是通過太陽導航的，可以利用太陽的方向來識別k于是做了個籠子實驗，籠子里的鳥都是無規(guī)律的亂跳動，但是當太陽照就子的方向飛過去了，所以說太陽是這種鳥導航的要素，但是一個問題是，太陽的位置似是考古里面的因為（randomly），但春秋天（反正是遷徙的季mirror反射陽光，鳥會反定向?！镜诙un角度的不同的呢，這個可能是鳥自身的生物起作用?！綫1】主旨題：phenomenon那個選項【V42】備注：典型現(xiàn)象解釋?章，并且確實如課上所說出現(xiàn)駁論類型的?擾選項：提出一種觀點flaw?！綫2】如果遮住所有陽光鳥會怎樣?：選根據(jù)干擾選項1：ceasetoflutter備注：確選項有提到陽光【Q3】為什sunlight：給出一個rhythmic現(xiàn)象的例子?！綱42】【Q4】通過鏡子的實驗證明了什 ？其他：候鳥飛??向受?些CLUE的影響【Q5】第?段的作?第?段提出了第?段沒有考慮到的?個情況或者問題6黑人平權(quán)【第?段】?戰(zhàn)的時候，美國??的civilrights有所。因為導致城市?需要?量的Industrialworkers，所以??從suburban地區(qū)?量來到城市，并且最終得到了?定的政治權(quán)?，隨之?來的這些??的voting participation增加了（“one, one vote”），且北邊??投票率是以前的2倍,南邊是以前4倍。[此處有題]【第?段】organizedlabor對??civilrights的提升也有所幫助。沒有加?公會的美國??受到civil rights提?的?舞加?了NAAPC.[此處還是有題：問有哪些關(guān)于NAAPC的說法是正確的]。與此同時，它了包括racialdiscriminationatwork6黑人平權(quán)【第?段】?戰(zhàn)的時候，美國??的civilrights有所。因為導致城市?需要?量的Industrialworkers，所以??從suburban地區(qū)?量來到城市，并且最終得到了?定的政治權(quán)?，隨之?來的這些??的voting participation增加了（“one, one vote”），且北邊??投票率是以前的2倍,南邊是以前4倍。[此處有題]【第?段】organizedlabor對??civilrights的提升也有所幫助。沒有加?公會的美國??受到civil rights提?的?舞加?了NAAPC.[此處還是有題：問有哪些關(guān)于NAAPC的說法是正確的]。與此同時，它了包括racialdiscriminationatworkplace，especially在北?的?業(yè)城市??和??之間的wagedifference等?系列情況。[有題]【第三段】However，這種civil rights提?的好時光在結(jié)束前就被打破了。civilrightsprogress遇到各種sandtensions。其中包括1.???資，住房等?系列問題和??形成競爭。2.??內(nèi)部有了和妥協(xié).所以有了?些civilrights的活動。因此，后來laborunion就不再leadcivilrightsmovement,?變成church來。【?章整體框架】【?段】?期??進程，??的民權(quán)有，是導致????的需求量增加，最后導致民權(quán)上升?！镜?段】勞?組織NAAPC 幫助??提升民權(quán)，最終使???資差距減少，減少?！镜谌巍咳?前?變數(shù)又起，公會不管??了。??與??競爭產(chǎn)??盾，??內(nèi)部也存在【Q1】哪項說明了?和妥協(xié)。期??civilrights的改變？：?個農(nóng)村來的??找到了defendfactory的job，得到unionwag【700】強?擾選項：???資達到了?平【Q2】第?段的NAAPC組織可以infer出什？為什，該組織的?數(shù)?下?增多了E:ThehugeamountofblackworkerjoiningNAAPCwanttohavefurtherearningbecausethepastexperiencesshowithasimprovedblack'scivilrelations“下?哪些可以體現(xiàn)??的地位變化”選項有：??和??的?資區(qū)別?了【Q4】下?behavior哪個屬于aninstance“下?哪些可以體現(xiàn)??的地位變化”選項有：??和??的?資區(qū)別?了【Q4】下?behavior哪個屬于aninstanceoftheconditionsmentionedinP1.,參考選項：industrialjob的機會，然后gotthejobandjoinedunionpay.理由這個選項符合P1?說的migratedtocitieswherelotsofindustrialworkersneeded】【Q5】主旨題選項：雖然???中有民權(quán)，但始終有限..civilrights...but…limited【Q6】問哪個不是?章中舉的例?？備選：是法令什的；【740】【Q7】還有問哪個是civilright的表現(xiàn)？答題?向：感覺應(yīng)該要結(jié)合全?看吧，選項1：有個選項說?資?樣的提?740得主沒選那個，因為這?只說了北?地區(qū)【背景資料】DuringWorldWarII,blackscomposedaboutone-eighthoftheU.S.armedforces,which matched their presence in the general population.Although disproportionatelyhighnumberofblackswereputinnoncombat,supportpositionsinthemilitary,manydid.TheArmyAirCorpstrainedblacksaspilotsinacontroversialsegregatedarrangementinTuskegee,Alabama.Duringthewar,allthearmedservicesmovedtowardequaltreatmentofblacks,thoughnoneflatlyrejectedsegregation.Intheearlywaryears,hundredsofthousandsofblacksleftSouthernfarmsforwarjobsinNorthernandWesterncities.InfactmoreblacksmigratedtotheNorthandtheWestduringWorldWarIIthanhadleftduringthepreviouswar.Althoughtherewasracialtensionandintheirnewhomes,blackswerefreeoftheworstracialoppression,andtheyenjoyedmuchlargerincomes.AfterthewarblacksintheNorthandWestusedtheireconomicandpoliticalinfluencetosupportcivilrightsforSouthernblacks.Blackscontinuedtoworkagainstdiscriminationduringthewar,challengingvotingregistrarsinSoutherncourthousesandsuingschoolboardsforequaleducationalprovisions.ThemembershipoftheNAACPgrewfrom50,000toabout500,000.In1944theNAACPwonamajorvictoryinSmithv.Allwright,whichoutlawedthewhiteprimary.Aneworganization,theCongressofRacialEquality(CORE),wasfoundedin1942tochallengesegregationinpublicaccommodationsintheNorth.7doll的實驗【第一段】找這個玩具，小朋友就找不到了。試驗人員說這是由于這些孩子太小（2歲以下），不能分辨實體和模型之間的一個represent的作用。【第二段】解釋說是因為幼兒能夠分別識別實物和微縮模型，但是不能夠辨別兩者之間的?！镜谌巍康谌握f又作了一個試驗，讓小朋友們先看到沙發(fā)后的娃娃，然后把他們帶出這間房子，并告訴他們試驗人員可以用什東把房子縮小，希望他們在縮小后的房子里再找到玩具。接著研究人員把房子的微縮模型拿來了，小朋友們很輕松的就找到了微縮玩具娃娃?！綫1】第二段的作用是什麼(function)，：給予第一段描述的實驗一個理論化說明?！綫2】實驗說明2歲的小孩子不能做什麼？說幼兒不能從照片中認出縮小版模型玩具，找這個玩具，小朋友就找不到了。試驗人員說這是由于這些孩子太?。?歲以下），不能分辨實體和模型之間的一個represent的作用?！镜诙巍拷忉屨f是因為幼兒能夠分別識別實物和微縮模型，但是不能夠辨別兩者之間的?！镜谌巍康谌握f又作了一個試驗，讓小朋友們先看到沙發(fā)后的娃娃，然后把他們帶出這間房子，并告訴他們試驗人員可以用什東把房子縮小，希望他們在縮小后的房子里再找到玩具。接著研究人員把房子的微縮模型拿來了，小朋友們很輕松的就找到了微縮玩具娃娃?！綫1】第二段的作用是什麼(fu