跨文化交際論文Inter

InterculturalCommunicationForeword:CultureShock,aphrasewhichisdiscussedfrequentlythese years,bringsaboutpeople'sthinkingaboutinter-culturalcommunication.Consideringmyinterestsonit,thissemesterImajoredinanEnglishcoursenamedInterculturalCommunication.Thisisasubjecttalkingaboutsomedifferencesbetweencountriesaroundtheworld.Itconsistsofvariousaspects,suchasfood,dress,laws,etc.Investigatingitsreasons,inbrief,theyallresultfromdifferentcultures.Atthesametime,wediscussedwhatweshoulddotofaceitandhowtobehavetointerculturally communicatesmoothlyandpolitely.Then,we'lltalkaboutitfromsomeaspects.Thesisstatement:ThispaperisintendedtomakeacomparisonbetweenChineseandWestfoodsystems,tablemanners,receivinggiftsandkinshiptermstoseetheirdifferencesandsimilarities.Outline:FoodculturedifferencesTablemannersTablewareSeatingorderTimeToastandothersReceivinggiftsKinshiptermsWorkscitedFoodCultureDifferencesFoodisnecessityforeveryone.Butwhatpeopleeatandhowtheyeataredifferent.Chinaisalargeagriculturalcountry,withgrain-baseddiet,plant-dominated,mostlyvegetablesandgrains.Chineselikeeatinghotfood,theythinkthatifthedishbecomescool,thetastebecomesbad.Anydietcannotdowithoutfood.Accordingtoasurvey,Chinesefoodhasmorethan600kindsofvegetables,sixtimesmorethaninthewest.InChinesecuisine,thevegetarianfoodisnormal,civiliansgenerallyeatmainlyvegetables.Inancienttimes,fishandmeatcanbeeatenonlyintheworship.Chinaisoflonghistorywithavastterritory.Duetothediversityoftheclimate,productsandcustoms,therearewidelydifferentfoodstylesandtasteinlocalregions.Throughcreationbypastdynasties,thelongstandingcookingarthasformedrichandcolorfullocaldishes.Amongthem,“theeightmajordishes”enjoytheupperreputation,whichconsistsofShandong,Chekiang,Sichuan,Jiangshu,Guangdong,Hunan,FujianandAnhui.AcommonsayinginChinesecuisinehasbeenaroundinChinesecultureforsometime.Itsexactoriginisunknown,thoughitattemptstosummarizetheentirecuisineinonesentence.Theorderofthedirectionscanvarywithinlocalculture.ItshouldbenotedChinesecuisinehavegonethroughnumeroustransformationsthroughthedifferentdynastiesallthewayuptomoderntimes.Manydifferentversionsofthequoteexistontheinternettoday.OneofthemostcommonversionunderGoogle'ssearchsuggestsanoverwhelminglydifferentversionsinmainlandSimplifiedChinese.InChinese,it's“南甜，北咸，東淡，西北酸，西南辣”，whileinEnglish,it's“Southissweet,Northissalty,Eastismild,WestNorthissour,WestSouthisspicy.”Astowesterncuisine,ithasahistoryof3000years.Becauseoftheanimalhusbandryandfishery,westerncuisineisbasedonanimalproducts,suchasmeat,eggs,milk,etc.Beefishighproportionofmeatware.Andwesternersarefondofblackbread,marinefish,chocolate,cheese,coffee,colddrink.French? ? ? T ? ? p- ? T T? ? ? ?cuisineisthecenterofwesterncuisine.ItisastyleofcookingoriginatingfromFrance,havingdevelopedfromcenturiesofsocialandpoliticalchange.Ingredientsanddishesvarybyregion.Therearemanysignificantregionaldishesthathavebecomebothnationalandregional.Chineseandwineareamajorpartofthecuisine,playingdifferentrolesregionallywithmanyvariationsandappellationlaws.Therearemanydishesthatareconsideredpartofthenationsnationalcuisinetoday.Manycomefromclassiccuisineinthefine-diningrealm,butothersareregionaldishesthathavebecomeanormacrossthecountry.AndFoiegras,Fishsauce,etc.aremostfamousdishes.TablemannersTablewareInChina,weusechopsticks.Chopsticksshouldalwaysbeheldcorrectly,betweenthethumbandfirsttwofingersoftherighthand.TherearesomeNEVERSwhenyouusethem.Neverpointthechopsticksatanotherperson.Thisamountstoinsultingthatpersonandisamajorfauxpas.Neverwaveyourchopsticksaroundasiftheywereanextensionofyourhandgestures.Neverbangchopstickslikedrumsticks.Thisisakintotellingothersatthetable youareabeggar.Neverusechopstickstomovebowlsorplates.Neversuckthechopsticks.Decidewhattopickupbeforereachingwithchopsticks,insteadofhoveringthemoverorrummagingthroughdishes.Tokeepchopsticksoffthetable,theycanberestedhorizontallyonone'splateorbowl;achopstickrestcanbeused.Inwesterncountries,whenserving,servefromtheleftandpick-upthedishfromtheright.Beverages,however,aretobebothservedaswellasremovedfromtheright-handside.Dipyoursoupspoonawayfromyouintothesoup.Eatsoupnoiselessly,fromthesideofthespoon.Whenthereisasmallamountleft,youmayliftthefrontendofthedishslightlywithyourfreehandtoenablecollectionofmoresoupwithyourspoon.Ifyouarehavingdifficultygettingfoodontoyourfork,useasmallpieceofbreadoryourknifetoassist.Neveruseyourfingersorthumb.Youmaythankorconversewiththestaff,butitisnotnecessary,especiallyifengagedinconversationwithothers.Donot“playwith”yourfoodorutensils.Neverwaveorpoints ilverware.Youmayrestforearmsorhandsonthetable,butnotelbows.SeatingorderForabanquet,theseatingorderisimportant.InChina,hostwillfacethedoor,andmoreimportantguestwillseatnearertothehost.Inwesterncountries,becauseoftheshapeoftableisdifferent,theseatingorderbecomesdifferent.Butwhatisthesamewithisthatthehonoredguestwillbenearerforhost.TimeInChina,whenyougotoabanquetoraparty,youshouldreachthereearlier.Whileinwesterncountries,you'dbetterarrivetherelate.ToastandothersChineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay'no',weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores'no',weshouldacceptit.Chineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitality.Whilewesternersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon'ttopress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.ReceivinggiftsIntheWest,itisregardedaspolitetoopengiftsassoonastheyaregiventoexpressappreciation.InChina,thesituationisquitethereverse.NormallyweChinesefeelthatifyouopenthegiftassoonasitisgiven,youmightembarrassthepersonwhogivesthegiftandyoumightbethoughtgreedy.Therefore,Chinesepeopletendtoopenthegiftsafterthevisitorshaveleft.InChina,manypeoplesendgiftswithoutwrappingthem,andiftheywrapthem,theyusuallytellthereceiverwhatisinside,andthereceiverwillthankthesenderandputthegiftasidewithoutunwrappingthemsincetheyalreadyknowwhatisinside.Englishreceiversopenthegiftsinfrontofthesendersofthegifts.KinshiptermsInChineseculture,peoplerefertopeoplestrictlyaccordingtothekinshipterms.Itiscompletelyunacceptabletorefertoone'sparentsbyusingthenames.Whenchildrenaddressrelatives,Chinesekinshiptermstellwhethertheyareolderoryoungerthantheirfatherormother.Chinesekinshiptermstellwhethertherelativesarefromthemother'orfather'ssideandwhetherone'sbrother,sisterorcousinisolderoryoungerthanheorshe.Chinesekinshiptermsarealsotootherpeoplewhoarenotone'srelatives;kinshiptermsarewidelyusedtoaddressknownorunknownpeopleWhileinEnglishculture,insomefamiliesinWesterncountries,somechildrenaddresstheirparentsdirectlybytheirfirstnames.InBritain,childrenareexpectedtoaddresstheparents'brotherandsisterswiththetitleofUncleorAuntplustheirnamesandsometimessimplyaddressthembyfirstnamewithoutatitle.Englishkinshiptermsdon'ttellwhethertherelativesarefrom