安全心理學英文專題知識

ThePsychologyofSafety

Presentedby:

DanHannan,CSP,CHMM

SafetyDirector

AssociatedGeneralContractorsofMN第1頁WhatThisPresentationisNOT!Althoughwearetalkingabouthowthemindworks,NOhypnosiswillbeperformed.ItisNOTagrouptherapysessiontouncoversomehorribleaspectofyourchildhood.ItisNOTgoingtoinvolveanIQtestorotherwisemeasureyoursafetyintelligenceoraptitude.第2頁PresentationObjectiveINTRODUCEtheprinciplesthatshapeoursafetybehaviorORWhydowethinkandthendo(ornotdo)whatwearesuppose(ornotsuppose)todotostaysafe?Iwantyoutostartthinkingabouthowpeoplethink(aboutsafety)第3頁Ifyouhaveanyquestionspleaseholdthemuntiltheend第4頁InformationSourcesTheanalysisofsafetybehavioror“BehaviorBasedSafety”isnotanewconcept.Ithasbeenstudiedforquiteafewyearsbymanyfolks.Certainsafetyprofessionalsfeelittobeworthwhilewhilesomedonot.Articlesandphoneinterviewsby:RobertPaterRonBowlesScottGellerPeterCholakisAndrewKappandPraveenParboteeahNationalSafetyCouncil第5頁Doyouconsideryourselfasafeperson?第6頁Doyouobservethesafetymanagementprogramsthatyourcompanyhaspreparedforitsemployees?第7頁Doyouutilizeyourtraining,experienceandsafetyequipmentandproceduresforprotectingyourselfandothersonjobsites?

Forinstancedoyouusefallprotection,safetyglasses,hearingprotectionandotherwiserecognizeandabatehazardsthatexistonthejob?第8頁DoYou……climbintoadeerstand,workonyourroofathomeorotherwiseworkatheightsonoroffthejobwithoutfallprotection?…mowthegrass,operateachainsaworweedwhiporotherpowertoolsathomeorworkwithoutsafetyglasses,hearingprotectionorsteeltoedboots?…useasolventbasedpaintorstainorsandsheetrockinapoorlyventilatedareaorwithouttheuseofarespirator?…utilizeelectricaldeviceswithouttheuseofGFCIorflippingthebreaker?第9頁DoYou……workinlocationsthatwouldbeconsideredaconfinedspacewherehazardousatmospheresmayexist(i.e.usingcleaningchemicalsintheshower)?…digonthejoborinyouryardathomewithoutclearingburiedutilities?…driveavehiclewithoutusingaseatbeltorwhileapplyingmakeup?…ensurethatthetraileryouaretowing(boat)isworkingproperly,itsnotoverloadedandtheloadisproperlysecured.Nomatterhowmuchsafetytraininghasbeenprovidedwhyareunsafeactsstillbeingcommitted(onandoffthejob?)第10頁QUIZ:

Unsafeacts(behavior)accountfor__%ofaccidentsandinjuries?20-4040-6060-75>75Answeris>75第11頁AnOunceofPreventionisWorth…Employeeandcompanysafety-orientedprogramsdesignedtopromotesafebehaviorandmakeourjobsitesasafer:CraftlaborapprenticeshiptrainingprogramsOSHA10/30OutreachtrainingVolunteerProtectionProgram(VPP)StateOSHAsafetypartnershipprogramsToolboxtalks/bestpracticesSafetyseminarsandworkshopsOSHAconsultationvisitsPre-taskplanningHealthandsafetyplans…第12頁Whydowestillplacesomuchtimeandmoneyintocorrectingunsafeconditionswhenmoretimesthannottherootcauseishumanbehavior—abilitytorecognizeahazardandmaketheproperdecision?Thecompanysafetyprofessionalisanarmyofone—whynotcreateanarmyofdozensbymodifyingfront-lineemployeebehavior!第13頁AnAGCConstructionLearningTool第14頁AnAGCConstructionLearningTool第15頁AnAGCConstructionLearningTool第16頁第17頁WHY?Whydowecommitunsafeactswhenweknowbetter?第18頁DoesChangingOne’sBehaviorTowardSafetyReallyWork?AbsolutelyResultsfromallsectorsofmanufacturingandconstructionhaveshown…40-75percentreductioninaccidentratesandaccidentcostsGreaterworkforceinvolvementinsafetyBettercommunicationsbetweenmanagementandtheworkforceGreater'ownership'ofsafetybytheworkforceMorepositiveattitudestowardssafetyGreaterindividualacceptanceofresponsibilityforsafety第19頁Howmanyofyouworkwithunsafecoworkers?

OrHavechildren?Whatdotheyhaveincommon?第20頁Theyjustdon’tgetit!

(theydon’tdowhatthey’vebeentold,listentowarnings,thinkthingsthroughorlearnfromtheirmistakes)WHY?第21頁ThePsychologyofSafeBehavior

Thereappearstobethreecriticalelementsthatshapeourthoughtandreasoningprocessesandhowwedisplaythatintheformofsafetybehavior(ouractions)

HowWeLearn(educatedandtrained)HowweareMotivatedandInfluenced

(todosafety)AbilitytoFocusandpayAttention(tothetaskathand)First—setthestagewithsomecurrentsafetypsychologyprinciples.第22頁TheMentalSideofSafetyAnaccident,injuryorillnessistheresultofoneorbothofthefollowingUnsafeacts(behavior)OrUnsafeconditionsItisthepopularbeliefthatbehavioraccountsfor75-90%ofallincidents第23頁BasisforUnsafeBehavior

Theconsequenceofbehavingunsafelywillnearlyalwaysdeterminefutureunsafebehavior,simplybecausereinforcedbehaviortendstoberepeated.ORIfIdosomething(knowinglyorunknowingly)unsafeanddon’tgethurt(andIgetthejobdonefasterorcheaper),Iwilllikelydoitagain(untilIdogethurtoramaskedtocorrecttostop[behavior]).第24頁Consequenceversusoutcome…iftheysucceedwilltheydoitagain?LESSON2第25頁Asidefromyoursafetybehaviorintheworkplace,shouldyouremployercareaboutyoursafetyoffthejob?Whyisitimportanttoyouremployerthatgoodsafetyhabitscarryoverintoyourhomelife?第26頁LESSON1“WorkingSafe:Howtohelppeopleactivelycareforhealthandsafety”byE.ScottGeller,Ph.D.第27頁WhyisGoodSafetyBehaviorImportantatWorkANDAwayFromWork?

FortheUSpopulation,thetwoleadingcausesofaccidentaldeatharemotorvehicleaccidentsandfalls(alsothetwobiggestaccident/deathconstructionexposures).Ninetimesmoreworkersdieaccidentallyoffthejobthanatwork.Thereareapproximately12,000deathsand2.9milliondisablinginjuriesthatoccurinthehomeeachyear.第28頁WhyisSafetyImportantatWorkANDAwayFromWork?

Thefourmostcommoninjuriesandfatalitiesonthejob—falls,electrocution,struck-byandcaught-in.Thefirsttwocausesarealsomajorfactorsforinjuriesandfatalitiesathome.Manyhazardsthatexistintheworkplacealsoexistawayfromwork.Engrainedsafetybehaviorenablesrecognitionandavoidanceofthesehazardsregardlessofwheretheyexist第29頁第30頁WhyisSafetyImportantatWorkANDAwayFromWork?

Thementalstraincausedbythelossoflifeorseriousinjurytoaco-worker.Costs—Whetheronthejoborathome,unsafebehaviorequatestolargefinancialconsequencesforboththeemployerandemployee.第31頁COSTS128millionemployeesreceivingworkerscompensationbenefitsin2023atacostof55billiondollarsoranaverageof$21,000perclaim.(NationalSafetyCouncilInjuryFacts2023)Accordingtocommonlyacceptedsafetymanagementconceptsforevery$1inmedicalorinsurancecompensationcosts("directcosts")foraworkerinjury,$5-50morearelikelytobespenton"indirectcosts"torepairbuilding,toolorequipmentdamage;toreplacedamageproductsormaterials;andtomakeupforlossesfromproductiondelaysandinterruptions.Anadditional$1-3inindirectcostswillbespentforhiringandtrainingreplacementsandfortimetoinvestigatetheincident.第32頁Developingan“all-the-time”safetymindsettochangebehaviorandcreateasafetyculture第33頁Howmanyofyoupersonallyhave…

Workedatleast5yearswithoutalostworkdayincident?10years?15years?20yearsormore?Congratulations!!!Youareallveryluckytonothavebeeninjuredonthejob,correct?第34頁NO!!Luckhasonlyalittletodowithit.Alargepartofyoursuccesshaslikelybeendeterminedbythepriorityyou,yourco-workersandyouremployerplaceonyoursafetyandthesafetyofothers.Thisisexpressedinyoursafetybehavior.第35頁ThreePrimarySafetyBehaviorComponentsHowwelearn(trainingandeducationprograms)HowwearemotivatedorinfluencedtobehavesafelyHowwefocusorpayattentiontoinstructionsandtasks第36頁

#1

LearningProcesses第37頁CharacteristicsofAdultLearnersAdultslearnandretaininformationatdifferentspeeds.Adultsaremostreceptivetotrainingiftheyhaveanimmediateuseorneedfortheskillorknowledgebeingtaught.Adultsbringagreatdealoflifeexperiencetoatrainingsituation.Itisimportanttoallowadultstosharetheirknowledgeandexpertise.第38頁CharacteristicsofAdultLearnersAdultshaveexpectationsaboutwhattheyarebeingtaught.Inthecaseofsafetyitwouldbethattheyarebeingtaughtthecorrectwayofdoingthingstobesafeandproductive.

Informationretentionandlearningisbasedonwhatisalreadyknown.Learningprogressesfromthesimpletothecomplex.Peoplelearnbestifyoubreakaprocessorskillintofairlysimplepiecesforlearningretention.Askillmustbeusedtoberemembered.第39頁ItisEstimated...thattheaveragepersonretainsabout7itemsinhisorhershort-termmemory.thatittakesbetween10and15contacttimeswithahands-onskillbeforeweretainitinourlong-termmemory第40頁AdultsWillRemember…10%ofwhatweHear15%ofwhatweSee20%ofwhatweBothHear&See40%ofwhatweDiscusswithothers80%ofwhatweExperienceDirectlyorPractice90%ofwhatweattempttoTeachOthersThe%increasesaswe“use”andtakeownershipofourknowledge(trainingandexperience).第41頁EffectiveTrainingandLearningTechniquesofteninvolvethefollowingsequence…Youreadthedirections(procedure),Itellyouhowtodoitandthenshowyou(demonstrate).Youtellme,showmeandthenwritedowntheprocessorsteps,thenI’mgoingtoreadwhatyouwrotetoseeifitmakessense.Researchindicatesthatweloose95%ofwhatwe’velearnedinatrainingsessionin2weeks!第42頁So…HowDoestheLearningAspectofmyTrainingImpactMySafetyBehaviorThequalityofinstructionandlearningneedstobeevaluatedtoensureeffectiveness—DONOTassumeeveryonewillcomprehendandretainequally.Aqualityeffectivetrainingprogramsaystheemployervaluesandiscommittedtothesafetyoftheemployee.Solidtrainingprogramsthatbuildasenseofpersonalresponsibilityareconsideredsuccessfulandespeciallyifsafebehavioriscarriedawayfromthejobsite—backtoyourhome!第43頁

#2

Motivation

and

Influence第44頁Nothingsaysmotivationlike…第45頁Motivation

Motivation=”…theforcesinfluencingpeoplesoastocontrolthemakingoftheirdecisions…”Whatarethefactorsthatmotivateusandinfluenceourlevelofeffortwithregardtosafety(outputofmindandbody)?Keepingyourselfsaferequiresbothyourmindandbody.Whenyourlifeisonthelineitonlytakesalapseofeithertoyielddisastrousresults.第46頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationGOALSTheestablishmentofclearattainablegoals,thattheemployeehashelpedset,coupledwithareward(recognition,$’s,etc.)stimulatestheneedtodowell.Establishedsafetygoalsandmeaningfulrewardsusuallyequatestoasaferworkeffortandbehavior.Thetrendforsafetyrecognitionisbehaviorbased—rewardforsafebehaviorratherthanzeroinjuries.Instillapersonalresponsibilitytorecognizeunsafeactions/nearmissesbypromotingownershipofsafetytochangebehavior.第47頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationNeeds,WantsandBeliefsGenerallyspeaking,ifaworker’sneedsandwantsaresatisfied(hazard-freeworkenvironment,correcttoolstogetthejobdone,etc.)theyaremorecontentandwillbemotivatedtoperformwellanddowhatisaskedofthem—like

observing

safetyrequirementsPeopletendtobemotivatedifwhattheybelievetheyaredoing(safety)makesadifferenceforthemandothers.第48頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationRisk

Risk=thelikelihoodofanoutcome(probability)andtheseverityoftheconsequence(howbad).Everyoneevaluatesandperceivesriskdifferently—whydosomepeoplelikeskydivingandsomedonot—rewardoutweighstheprobabilityofcost?

第49頁

FactorsthatShapeMotivation

RiskTheconsequenceofbehavingunsafely(RISK)willnearlyalwaysdeterminefutureunsafebehavior,simplybecausereinforcedbehavior(noaccidentorconsequence)tendstoberepeated.第50頁第51頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationRiskForthehome,doyouperceivetherisktobelessthanonajobsite?Athomeweareremovedfromtheconstructionenvironmentwhichmayleadustobelievelesssevereoutcomes.However,afallfrom10feetlikelywouldhavethesameoutcomeonthejoborathomeifyouarenotusingfallprotection.第52頁FactorsthatShapeMotivation

Risk

Riskperceptionexamples:“Walktheline”—ironworkersHearingconservation—”itsonlyonecut”第53頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationAssociationThedegreetowhichthestrengthofthemotivationalprocessaffectsusisafunctionofassociation—goodorbad!Goodpositiveoutcomesmakestrongerassociations(neurologicalconnections)whilepooronesdonot.Themotivationalconnectionisstrongerifforinstanceoneofyourco-workers(closeassociation)wereinjuredorkilledonajobsiteversusseeingorreadingastoryaboutsomeoneonajobsiteinCalifornia.第54頁FactorsthatShapeMotivation

Physical,Emotional,EnvironmentalSleep—thelackofsleepaccountsforthousandsoftrafficandworkrelatedaccidents,injuriesanddeathseachyear.Ifalackofsleepdoesnotkillyouitcanslowyoudownandaffectthequalityofyourwork.Heat/cold—itisademonstratedfactthatheat,cold,humidityandlackofsunlightaffectourmentalandphysicaldesire(motivation)towork.Personalstress—eventsinyourlife(death,divorce,etc.)affectourlevelofeffort.Medication/illegaldruguse—alterationofattitude/behaviorAllofthesecancontributetosomeonehavinga“badattitude”,lowmotivationandlikelyunsafebehavior第55頁FactorsthatShapeMotivation“Git-R-Dun”Factor“Idon’tcarewhatittakesgetthejobdone…noexcuses.”Ifthisisthemessagefromthesuperintendant,projectmanagerormanagement,whatprioritydoesthisplaceonsafety?第56頁第57頁第58頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationComplianceandConsequence”…ifyoudon’tfollowthisprocedureorusethispieceofsafetyequipmentyouwillbefired”.Isthererecourseorconsequenceforrecklessbehavior(notfollowingsafetypolicies,rules,etc.)?Issuchapolicyfairlyenforced,consistentandsupportedbymanagement?Theeffectivenessofpunishmentisdependentuponitsconsistency.Itonlyworksifitisgivenimmediately,fairlyandeverysingletimeanunsafeactoccurs.第59頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationComplianceandConsequencePunishingpeopleforeverydayinfractionsofsafetyrules(e.g.notwearingahardhat)isaverydifficultthingtodoconsistentlyanddoesnotaddresstheunderlyingproblem(whyaretheychoosingnottowearit?--e.g.thehardhatisuncomfortableorgetsinthewayofdoingthejobefficiently).PunishmentisMostEffectiveWhen…Itisreserved:[1]tothosewhodeliberatelyputotherpeopleatrisk;and[2]onlyaftertheorganizationhasdoneeverythinginitspowertocreatethesafestworkingenvironmentandtheemployeestillcommitsunsafeactsthatarewillfulandaimedatfloutingauthority.第60頁FactorsthatShapeMotivationEthics“Theorganizationalethicalclimatereferstothespecificsharedperceptionsoforganizationalpracticesandproceduresthatdefinewhatisconsideredrightorwrong.Thissharedperceptionoftheaccumulatedexpectationsservesasareadyformofreferenceforguidingthebehaviorsofitsemployees”.Studieshaveshownwhereastrongethicalclimateexists,soundemployeebehaviorfollows.Doyourcompany’sguidingethicalprinciplesmotivategoodsafetybehavior?第61頁Motivation…FinalThought“Thereareveryfewthingsthatcanbuildself-esteem(andmotivate)withinanindividual,moreeffectivelythanthe“powersofpositivereinforcement”fordesiredhabitsandbehaviors”.Recognizeandrewardsafebehavior第62頁

#3

Attention

and

Focus第63頁Attention—NighttimeWorkZoneSafety第64頁AttentionandMentalFocus"Aretheschedulesbeingacceleratedsoquicklythatpeoplearebeingsloppyandnotpayingattentiontodetail?"askedLouisColetti,presidentoftheBuildingTradesEmployers'Association,thelargestcontractorgroupinNewYorkCity.OSHAinvestigatorsconcludedHardrockdidn'twatchtheriggingthatmaneuveredthegirdercloselyenough,saidJohnHealy,directoroftheagency'sEnglewoodoffice."Thecompanyreallydidn'thaveastrongpracticeoftrainingtheirpeopleinfollowingupandmonitoringthattheyarepayingattentiontoriggingatalltimes,"Healysaid.第65頁AttentionandMentalFocusENRreportJuly29,2023“Someseetheprojectscheduleasunrealistic.CityCenter($9.4billion,76acres),LasVegas,isbeingbuiltinthesametimeframethatittooktocompl