北京東城區(qū)2022屆高三英語一模試卷及答案

北京市東城區(qū)2021—2022學年度第二學期高三綜合練習（一）英語2022.4本試卷共9頁，共100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘?？忌鷦毡貙⒋鸢复鹪诖痤}卡上，在試卷上作答無效?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分：知識運用（共兩節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)完形填空（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。Everyyear,around20,000Americanteenagersageoutoffostercare(寄養(yǎng))at18,andhavetostarttheirlivesbythemselves.Ellafirstbecameawareoffostercarewhenherparentswereconsideringadoptingachild.Althoughthe1didn’tworkout,Ellaoftenfoundherselfthinkingaboutthatchild.“I’mreallyclosewithmyfamily,andjustcouldn’timaginebeing2onmyownat18,”shesays.Later,EllavisitedChildrenServices,withalistofquestions,tryingto3whatagingoutlookedlike.Onequestionwas“What’snotbeing4fortheseyoungpeople?”Nearthetopofthelistwasfurniture.“Theideaofmovingintoanapartmentandnothavingabedtosleeponpulledatmyheartstrings,”saysElla.Ellacontactedherparents’friends,askingiftheyhadsparefurnitureto5.Andalocalfurniturestoreofferedfreespaceanddeliverytruck.Then,sheformedChair-ity,anonprofitprovidingfurnitureforyoungadultswhohave6fostercare.Watchingthoseinneedreceiveabed,atable—whatever—wastransformational.EllaremembersHannah,aformerfostercaregirlwhocouldn’taffordanyfurniture.WhenHannah7toChair-ity,Ellaaskedwhatsheneeded.“Everything,”shereplied.Whenshefoundheronce8apartmentstoodafullkitchenset,abed,andatable,shesaid,“Itreallyrelievedmypressure.”“Tothinkwhathadn’tbeenthoughtaboutinyearscouldbringsomuchhappinesstosomebodywas9,”Ellasays.Today,Chair-ityhasgivenfurnituretonearly200youngadults.Aswordhasgotout,Ellahasreceiveddonationsfrommoreandmorepeople.She’sconvincedthesecontributionsgivethoseyoungpeople10andconfidence.1.A.plan B.job C.way D.task2.A.occasionally B.completely C.frequently D.slightly3.A.explain B.understand C.expect D.recall4.A.met B.built C.meant D.kept5.A.arrange B.sell C.fix D.donate6.A.left B.found C.improved D.thanked7.A.lookedup B.reachedout C.heldon D.gavein8.A.quiet B.cold C.small D.empty9.A.promising B.puzzling C.amazing D.pressing10.A.purpose B.freedom C.hope D.guidance第二節(jié)語法填空（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。AAfewweeksago,Iaccidentallydroppedaplateanditbrokeintoabillionpieces!I’dhaditforabout40years.Thismorning,wehadaparcel11(deliver)tomyson.Heopeneditand12(proud)handedanewplatetome,whichhehadboughtwithhisownsavings,sayingthatheknew13upsetIwasandwantedtosurpriseme!BOn15May,2021,Chinabecamethesecondcountry14(land)aspacecraftonMars.Therover,Zhurong,15(carry)toMarsonboardtheTianwen1spacecraft,whichwaslaunchedinJuly2020.Equippedwithcamerasandaradar,Zhurong’staskwastosearchforsignsoflife.It16(work)onMarssurfaceforovertenmonthsandisingoodshape.CCOP26,knownas“ConferencesoftheParties”,wasthelatestinaseriesof17(meeting)bringingtogethergovernmentstoprotecttheenvironment.Itsmaingoalwastotakemeasures18climatechange—long-termchangesinworldweatherpatternsthatarelinkedtohumanactivitiesincludingfarming,industryandtransport.Gasessuchascarbondioxide,19areproducedbytheseactivities,trapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcausetemperaturestorise,20(lead)toextremefloods,heatwavesandstorms.第二部分：閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。A TheGreatWallMarathonisdesignedtobemorethanjustarace.Wewantyoutobeabletoruninamazingplaces,surroundedbyfriendlypeople,andexposedtonewculturalexperiences.It’snotjustabouttherace—it’saboutenjoyingtimetogetherwithfamily,friends,andotherrunning-mindedspirits.Itinerary17May2023 WelcometoJizhou,Tianjin18May2023 RouteInspectionDay19May2023 RelaxationinJizhouwithtouroption20May2023 RaceDay21May2023 ExploreBeijing&EveningCelebrationParty22May2023 FarewellChinaOnRouteInspectionDay,theRaceOfficialswillprovideyouwithaRaceBriefing,whichwillcovereverythingfromaweatherforecasttoabriefpresentationofthestart/finishprocedures.Allrunnersareexpectedtowalkthe3.5kmsectionofthewallthatispartofthemarathon,half-marathonand8.5kmFunRuncourse.RaceOfficialsandMedicalStaffwillbepresenttoansweranyquestionsyoumayhave.Rules&Regulations Fullmarathonrunnersmustbeatleast18yearsoldonRaceDay.Half-marathonrunnersmustbeatleast16yearsold.FunRunparticipantsmustbeatleast12yearsold.FunRunparticipantsundertheageof12arealsowelcome,solongastheyareaccompaniedbyarunneraged16orabove. Thecut-offtimeforalldistanceeventsis8hours.Allrunnerswithanetfinishingtimeslowerthan8hourswillreceiveaFNT(FinishedNoTime)ontheresultlist. Ifyoudecidetochangedistancesduringtherace,i.e.ifahalf-marathonrunnerdecidestofollowthemarathonroute,heorshewillreceiveacertificatebutnotanofficialtime.TheraceresultwillreadFNT.Thesameappliestoamarathonrunnerwhochangesdistancesduringtherace.AllrunnerswhochangedistancesbeforeRaceDaywillberegisteredaccordinglyandreceiveanofficialtime.VisaInformation6-8weekspriortotheraceyouwillreceivetheservicevoucherwhichyoucanuseforacquiringavisa.Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineat.21.WhatwillparticipantsdoonRouteInspectionDay? A.EnjoytheFunRun. B.Joinina3.5kmwalk. C.Getmedicalinsurance. D.Attendatrainingcourse.22.Accordingtotherules,fullmarathonparticipants_________. A.willreceiveaFNTontheresultlist B.canchangedistancesonRaceDay C.shouldbeatleast12yearsold D.willbeawardedmedals23.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage? A.Toadvertiseasportevent. B.Topromoteaculturaltour. C.Tointroduceamarathoncamp. D.Topublicizeaplaceofinterest.BReneCompeanwasnostrangertoAngelesNationalForest.He’dhikedtheparknumeroustimes.Butwhenhikingalonganewpath,the45-year-oldwaslost.Asthedayfadedintodarkness,hisconcernturnedtofear.Withonlyalittlewaterinhisbackpackand10%batteryremainingonhiscellphone,Compeanwasunpreparedforanythingmorethanthetwo-hourtriphe’dplanned.Compeanclimbedtoaspotwherehefoundonebarofsignal.“SOS.Myphoneisgoingtodie.I’mlost,”hetextedafriend,attachingaphotoshowingwherehewas.Theshotshowedhislegshangingoverarockface.AllCompeancoulddothenwaswait.Thetemperaturewasdroppingfast.Dressedonlyinshorts,andasweatshirt,thehikerwaschilledtothebone.Hehuggedhimselfintoatightball.Andafterspottingtwomountainlions,hespentthenightonhighalert.Sixtymilesaway,BenKuowasworkingathomewhenhereadapostingfromthepolice,showinganimageofaman’slegs.Thesearch-and-rescueteamshadspentthepreviousnightunsuccessfullylookingforCompean,sotheyreleasedthephoto,hopingsomeonemightrecognizethelocation.“I’vealwayslovedlookingforwherephotosaretaken,”Kuosays.Hefrequentlytriestoidentifywheremoviescenesorcommercialswerefilmed.He’softensuccessful.Whenhesawtheimage,heautomaticallypulledupasatellitemaponhislaptop.“There’sanamazingamountofinformationyoucangetfromsatellites,”hesays.ThefirstthinghenoticedinCompean’sphotowasplentyofgreenery.Aftercomparingittothesatellitemap,Kuorealizedsomething:“He’sgottobeonthesouthsidebecausethere’renotanygreenvalleysonthenorthside.”Thatfindingledhimtoanareathatlookedliketheterritoryintheimage.Thefinalstepwascross-referencingtheoriginalphotowith3-Dimagesofthearea.Thelocationsmatched!Afterspending27hoursinthewilderness,Compeanwasfound.Compean’sstoryprobablywouldhaveendeddifferentlyhaditnotbeenforthemanwithstrongsatelliteskillsandasharpeyefordetail.24.WhatcausedCompeantogetlostonthehike? A.Thethickforest. B.Theunfamiliarroute. C.Thecomingofnightfall. D.Lowbatteryonthephone.25.Kuowasabletoofferhelpbecauseof_____.A.hisphotoreadingability B.hissenseofresponsibility C.hisprofessionalexperience D.hisfamiliaritywiththearea26.Whatcanwelearnfromthisstory? A.Onegoodturndeservesanother. B.Chancefavorsthepreparedmind. C.Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart. D.There’snosuchthingasuselessknowledge. C Lastyearscientistsreportedusinganeuralimplant(神經(jīng)植入物)inaman’sbraintorestorehisabilitytocommunicate.Themanhasbeenpartiallyparalyzedandunabletoproducecomprehensiblespeechsincesufferingaseverestroke.Itisthelatestadvanceintheexplodingfieldofbrain-computerinterfaces(接口),orBCIs,whichallowcomputerstoreadinformationoutofalivingbrain.Brain-computerinterfacesarepossiblebecauseoftwofacts.Thefirstisthatyourbraincontainshundredsoftinymaps.Eachrepresentsspecificfeaturesofyourphysicalfeelingsandintendedactions.Andcrucially,thebasicsetofbrainmapsandtheirlocationswithinthebrainareverysimilaracrossindividuals.Thankstotheirspecializedfunctionsanduniversallocations,brainmapsareidealentrypointsforBCItechnologies.PickingupsignalsfromabrainmapisonlythefirststepinmakingausefulBCI.Althoughthelocationofabrainmapisthesameacrossindividuals,thedetails—whatpatternsofactivitywithinthemapmean—differfrompersontoperson.Inasense,theuniquefeaturesofyourspecificbrainmapsserveasakindofencryption(加密),safeguardingyourspecificthoughtsandfeelingsfromwould-bespies.ThatbringsustothesecondfactthatmakesBCIspossible.Thankstoadvancesinmachinelearning,scientistshavedevelopedprogramsthatcanlearntorecognizekeypatternsinavastseaofnumbers.Theytraintheseprogramstodecode(解碼)brainsignalsbyfeedingthemtonsofexamples.ResearchersdevelopingBCIsoftencreatesuchexamplesbyinstructinganindividualtothinkspecificthoughtsatspecifictimes,creatinganeuralcurriculumfortheprogramtolearnfrom.WhiletheuniversalfeaturesandlocationsofbrainmapsmakethemobviousentrancesforBCIs,theuniquefeaturesofyourbrainmapstendtoprotectthemfromspyingeyes.IncaseswhereBCIshavesuccessfullyreadspecificthoughtsorintentionsfromabrain,ithasbeenwiththepermissionoftheindividualwhosebrainwasbeingread.Buttherearesurreptitiouswaystotraindecodersonyourbrainwithoutyourknowledge.Thiscanhappenifyourneuraldatafallsintothehandsofcompanieswithdetailedinformationaboutyouractivities.Likealltechnologies,brain-computerinterfacesarenotnecessarilygoodorbad.YetwhileharvestingthebenefitsofBCIs,weneedtoensurethatwehavethemeanstoprotectourselvesfromcorporationswitheverymotivetotakeadvantageofthistechnologyfortheirfinancialgain.27.Whatcanwelearnaboutbrainmaps? A.Theycarryuniquemessages. B.Theycanprocessencryptedsignals. C.Theirfunctionsvaryfrompersontoperson. D.Theirlocationsreveal

humanthinkingpatterns. 28.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage? A.BCIscanboostbrainsignalsdramatically. B.BCIscouldhelprecoverfrombraininjuries. C.MachinelearningenablesBCIstoreadmind. D.ThedecodingofbrainmaybeaffectedbyBCIs.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“surreptitious”inParagraph5probablymean? A.Secure.B.Stable.C.Standard.D.Secret.30.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout? A.ThefuturetrendofBCIs. B.ThepotentialrisksofBCIs. C.TheworkingprincipleofBCIs. D.ThegeneralapplicationsofBCIs.DJournal-basedpeerreview—theprocessofsubjectingascientificresearchpapertotheinspectionofotherswhoareexpertsinthesamefield—isgenerallyheldupasthequalityassurancemechanismforresearch.Itclaimstobeanessentialmeasurewhichpreventspublishingfaultypapers.Reviewingapapercandelayitspublicationbyuptoayear;isthatapriceworthpayingtoensurethetrustworthinessofthepublishedliterature?Well,yesandno.I’mnotyetreadytoabandonjournal-basedpeerreview.I’dstillliketoseeallpaperspasssomesortofcheckingstagebeforeformalpublication,butIfeelthegroundmoving.Thegrowinguseofpreprints,draftsofpaperswhicharepostedonlinewithouthavingbeenpeerreviewed,isacrucialpartofthatshiftbecausetheybringacademicsbacktowhatresearchpublicationisallabout:therapidcirculationofnewresultssotheycanberead,analyzedandbuiltupon.Publicationinjournalshasbecomemoreaboutfameandthishasaffectedboththemotivationsofauthorsandthejobofreviewers.Competitionforprizedspotsinjournalsdrivesscientiststodosomeoftheirbestwork.Buttheexcessive(過多的)rewardsforpublishingintopjournalsareencouragementstocorner-cutting,asstoriespolishedbyleavingoutinconvenientdataaremorelikelytobetakenup.Andthejoboftherevieweralsobecomesdistorted:itismoreoftennowtodecidenotwhetherapaperisanygood,butwhetheritisgoodenoughforthejournalconsideringpublication.Fortopjournals,thatcandependasmuchonnewsworthinessasscientificquality.Theseproblemsarewellknown,butthetragedyforscienceisthatfewpeoplearewillingtobreakawayfromthepresentsystem.However,asbiologistRonValearguedrecently—fittingly,inapreprint—preprintsmaybeawayoutbecausetheydon’tinvolveamajorshiftawayfromthenorm.Thatmayseemanoddclaimgiventhatpreprintshavebeeninexistencefortwentyyears,yethavenotbeenadopteduniversally.Thisslowuptakeisnotonlyareflectionofthebuilt-inconservatismofscientists,butalsoaresultofthewidespreadmisunderstandingthatjournalswon’tacceptmanuscriptswhichhavebeenpostedonlineaspreprints.Thereisalsoafearthatpublicationofpaperswithoutpeerreviewrisksopeningthefloodgatesto'junkscience’—somethingwhich,sofaratleast,hasyettooccur. Preprintsenabletheinformalscientificdiscussionsoncerestrictedtocorrespondencebetweenindividuals.Theycouldalsobecomeaneffectiveoutletfornegativeresults—avitalaspectofthescientificprocessoftenignoredbythejournals’excessivepreoccupation(關(guān)注)withnewdiscoveries.Furthermore,preprintssignificantlyincreasethenumberoftimespapersarereadandcitedbyothers.Bytakingadvantageoftheweb’scultureofopennessandaccessibility,preprintsshouldhelptorefocusattentionwhereitmatters—ontheworkitself,notwhereitispublished.31.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatisthepopularopiniononpeerreview? A.Itlimitsthenumberofresearchworks. B.Itensuresthequalityofscientificpapers. C.Itremovespublicdoubtsaboutpublication. D.Itchangestheprocessofscientificpublishing.32.Theauthormayagreethatscientificjournals_____. A.urgescientiststopursueintegrityintheirwork B.relyonreviewerstorevisefaultyresearchpapersC.choosearticlesfortheirappealoverscientificvalue D.trytocutcoststomaintaintheirpositioninthefield33.What’stheauthor’sopiniononthegrowinguseofpreprints? A.Itwillcontributetojunkscience. B.Itmayendthepracticeofpeerreview. C.Itpromotesthespreadofresearchfindings. D.Itimprovesthequalityofscientificpublication.34.Thisisbasicallyapassageto________.A.makecomparison B.confirmaconceptC.encourageinnovation D.proposeapractice第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Whenyou’rebehindthewheel,distractions(分心)costlives.Nevertheless,driverstakeselfies,andrespondtotextmessages.35Smartphonesareoftenattherootofthesetragedies.AsBigTechsetsitssightsonmodernvehicles,it’sappropriatetoaskifit’stimetolimitattention-stealingtechnologythatdistractsthedriver.BigTechwantstotakeontheautomotiveindustry.Anditisgoodatgrabbingbothattentionandinformationfromusers.Atfirst,thegoalofthesetechnologycompanieswastogiveawayservicesatnocost,simplytoattractacustomerbase.36Theirincreasingthirstforvaluableuserinformationhasledthemtotheautomotiveindustry,whereawholenewworldofdataawaits.Locationdata,frequentdestinations,passengerpreferences—suchdataisfoundinfamilycars.37Mobiletechiswalledofffromvehicleoperatingsystemsbysoftwarethatkeepsinfotainment(informationandentertainment)featuresawayfromthemission-criticaldrivingelectronics.Ifautomakersgiveuptheircoreoperatingsystemtotechpowerhouses,theywillessentiallybecomehardwaresupplierstoSiliconValley.38Theirresponsibilityistokeepattentionontheroad,providingvehicleinformationandasmallamountofentertainmentoptionswhilegettingpassengersfromplacetoplaceassafelyaspossible.Smartphonemakersanddigital-mediaprovidersdon’thavethispriority.Theywanteyesontheirproducts,notontheroad.Withelectricvehiclestransformingtheautoindustry,andartificialintelligencemorecommonthanever,we’reatadangerousmoment.39Becausetheirhardwareiswrappedaroundfamilies,theyhaveadutytokeepthemsafe.Theonlywaytheycandothatistomaintaincontrolofthedriver’sseat.Thequality,safetyandsecuritywillmakeorbreaktrustinautomakers.Withoutit,carswillbesimplyonemoreintrusiveandriskymobiledevice.A.CarcompanieshaveprioritiesopposedtothoseofBigTech.B.Nowtheyexisttosellinformationabouttheiruserstoadvertisers.C.Theyenjoytheconvenienceandfunbroughtbymoderntechnology.D.Carmakersare,andshouldbe,themosttrustedtechnologycompaniesintheworld.E.Currentlyvideo-streamingservicesarestartingtobebuiltintocaroperatingsystems.F.Andoperatingsystemsandautonomous-drivingsoftwareareallgatewaysforthisinformation.G.Statisticsshowthatanaverageofeightpeopleadaydieinaccidentscausedbydistracteddriving.第三部分：書面表達（共兩節(jié)，32分）第一節(jié)（共4小題；第40、41題各2分，第42題3分，第43題5分,共12分） 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。It’saftermidnightandyou’vebeenstudyingallday.Emptyenergydrinkslinethetableandyousigh,“Tomorrow,I’mgettingicecream.Ideservetotreatmyself.”Thisyear,theso-called“treatyourselfculture”hasexpandedfarbeyondwhatwasonceareward-basedmindset.Now,“treatingyourself”hasbecomemoreaboutstress-causedindulgence(放縱).Itrepresentsthemoredeep-seatedissueswiththestressweregularlyputourselvesunder.Therootoftheproblemliesinourbeliefthatiftheworkisn’thardenough,weshouldbedoingmore.Especiallyatatopuniversity,Iconstantlyfindmyselfwantingtodomore.Iwantmorecredits,ahigher-gradepointaverage,andmoreresponsibilitiesI’lllateruseasconversationtopicsininterviews.Thisdriveisbynomeansabadthing.Weallaretryingtoeventuallylandinaplacewherewecanrelaxandliveamoreenjoyablelife.However,therearealotofproblemswiththislogic.Withoutsoundingcompletelyhopelessandpessimistic,itispossiblethatthefutureweimagineinourtwentieswillnotbecomereality.Therefore,itisimportanttointegratethingsthatmakeushappywithwork,schoolorlife-inducedstress.Psychologycertainlysupportsthisbelief.Whilehavinggoodself-controlwaspositivelyassociatedwithhappiness,beingabletoenjoylife’slittlepleasureswithoutfeelingashamedofdoingsoisjustasimportant.Forexample,evenifyouhaveabusyscheduleofwork,maketimetostopbyyourfavoritecoffeeshoporspendtenminutestogoonawalkoutdoors.Icannoturgeyoutogiveupyourlatenightsofstudying,energydrinksandall.Icannottellyoutoalwayschoosetodosomethingthatmakesyouhappyoversomethingyouhaveorshoulddo.Frankly,thisisjustnotthewaylifeworks.Wehavetoputupwiththehardworkandputinthetime.Withoutpain,we’dalsolosehappinessandjoy.It’sallaboutbalance.So,insteadoflookingateverythingasawaytohandlethestressandsomethingto“treatmyself”,let’strytomaketreatingourselvesafarmorecommonpracticeinthebusyliveswelead.40.Whatcausestheso-called“treatyourselfculture”?41.Whatdoes