英語語言學(xué)習(xí)題與答案

精選文檔精選文檔Chapter1 IntroductionstoLinguisticsChoosethebestanswer.(20%)LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanA.contact B.communication C.relation D.communityWhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bangThefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is .interrogative B.directive C.informative performativeInChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplearelikelytosay“碎碎（歲歲）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative RecreationalWhichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement ArbitrarinessStudythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s oftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.ParoleWhenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.indicatesthedesignfeatureof .culturaltransmission B.productivity C.displacement duality answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.Psycholinguistics B.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.Linguistictheory B.PracticallinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thewayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansdetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleinearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.

stimeisanSpeechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.Fillintheblanks.(10%)Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof communication.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed .Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.functionis .Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe theory.Linguisticsisthe studyoflanguage.Modernlinguisticsis inthesensethatthelinguisttriesdiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof overwriting.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa study.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts. referstoabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s .Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)DesignfeatureDisplacementCompetenceSynchroniclinguisticsAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（大學(xué)，2004）Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外國語大學(xué)，2004）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）Key:[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]I.1~5BACCC 6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF 16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal 22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction 24.yo-he-ho25.scientific 26.descriptive27.speech 28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue 30.competenceIV.Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagetellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentcommunication.Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodofV.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichincancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.Chapter2 SpeechSoundsChoosethebestanswer.(20%)Pitchvariationisknownas whenitspatternsareimposedonation B. tone C.pronunciation D.voiceConventionallya isputinslashes(//).allophone B.phone C.phoneme D.morphemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare ofpphoneme.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophonesTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas .glottis B. vocal cavity pharynx D.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas diphthongs.wide B.closing C.narrow D.centeringAphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled .minimalpairs B.allomorphs C.phones D.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?Acousticphonetics B.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.Auditoryphonetics D.NoneoftheaboveWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?[n] B. [m] [b] D.[p]Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtotheofvowels?A.[i:] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottalstop D.ConsonantDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanandacoda.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidesplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscandividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastotoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.Fillintheblanks.(20%)Consonantsoundscanbeeither or ,whileallsoundsare .Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe andlips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe towhichthatofthetongueisraised.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout .Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablebecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating .InEnglishthereareanumberof ,whichareproducedbyfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28. influenceoftheirneighbors.

referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowthe isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternssound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe comingfromthelungs.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SoundassimilationSuprasegmentalfeatureComplementarydistributionDistinctivefeaturesAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatisacousticphonetics?（中國人民大學(xué)，2003）Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundstermsofarticulation?（南開大學(xué)，2004）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstoplowfrontvowellateralliquidvelarnasalvoicedinterdentalfricative答案I.1~5ACDAA6~10DBABBII.11~15TTTFF16~20TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced22.friction23.tongue24.height25.obstruction26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs 28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes 30.airstreamIV.Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovetheofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeoccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishphonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromlungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.VI.Omit.Chapter3LexiconChoosethebestanswer.(20%)Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas .lexicalwords B.grammaticalwordsC.functionwords D.formwordsMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled morpheme.inflectional B.free C.bound D.derivational3.Thereare morphemesintheworddenationalization.fiveA.threeD.sixB.fourC.InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled .prefixes B. suffixes infixes D.stemsThethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand .derivationalaffix B.inflectionalaffix C.infix back-formation isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.affixation B. back-formation insertion D.addition7.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof .initialismA.acronymyD.blendingB. clippingC.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby .blending B. clipping C.back-formation D.acronymyThestemofdisagreementsis .agreement B.agree C. disagree D.disagreementAllofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor .lexeme B.phoneme C.morpheme D.allomorphDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallaffixesareremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereaschangetheword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayonomatopoeia.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstotheofmorphemes.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.Fillintheblanks.(20%)An ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean pronouncedasaword.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith .Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways: , and .Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto class. isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening. isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe level.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda ,andawordformedcompoundingiscalleda .Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes: and .Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)BlendingAllomorphClosed-classwordMorphologicalruleAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatthey?（廈門大學(xué)，2003）WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢大學(xué)，2004）IIIacronymfoefreemorpheme b. subconsciousderivationalmorpheme c. UNESCOinflectionalmorpheme d. overwhelmedprefixe. calculationKey:I.1~5 AACBB6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT 16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym 22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open 24.morpheme25.close,open 26.back-formation27.conversion 28.morpheme29.derivative,compound 30.affix,boundIV.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedpositionoradjoiningsounds.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbetowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3)e (4)d (5)bChapter4 SyntaxI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Thesentencestructureis .A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchicalThesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare innumber.large B.small C.finite D.infiniteThe rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.lexical B.morphological C.linguistic combinationalAsentenceisconsidered whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati?calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.right B.wrong C.grammatical ungrammaticalA intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.coordinator B.particle C.preposition subordinatorPhrasestructureruleshave properties.recursive B.grammatical C.social D.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand .howwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesalloftheabove.Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is .thecity B.Rome C.city thecityRomeThephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto construction.endocentric B.exocentric C.subordinate D.coordinateThesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposea sentence.simple B.coordinate C.compound D.complexDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareaslinguisticcompetence.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimitthenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizeddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectfollowstheverb.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompleteofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.Fillintheblanks.(20%)A sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandpredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.A isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.A maybeanounnounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled .A sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisintotheother.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclausean clause.Majorlexicalcategoriesare categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsconstantlyadded. conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandarecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother. aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateoneway oranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnatural languages.Thetheoryof conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearinsubjectandobjectpositions.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SyntaxICanalysisHierarchicalstructureTracetheoryAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?（武漢大學(xué)，2004）Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofanalysis.（北京第二外國語大學(xué)，2004）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofsentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.Key:I.1~5DCDDD 6~10ADDBAII.11~15TTTTF 16~20FTFTTIII.21.simple 22.sentence23.subject 24.plex 26.embedded27.open 28.Adjacency29.Parameters 30.CaseIV.Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtosentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.Hierarchicalstructure:ItisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralsuchasNP,VPandPP.Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbealeftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationcomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsaretbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.V.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.exocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.more|beautifulflowersmorebeautiful|Chapter5Meaning[Mainlytakenfromlxm1000w’sexercises.–icywarmtea]Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby .Plato B.Bloomfield C.GeoffreyLeech D.Firth“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents .theconceptualistview B.contexutalismC. the namingtheory D.behaviorismWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.“CanIborrowyourbike?” “Youhaveabike.”issynonymouswith B.isinconsistentwithC.entails D.presupposes isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Predicationanalysis B.ComponentialanalysisC.Phonemicanalysis D.Grammaticalanalysis“Alive”and“dead”are .gradableantonyms B.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonyms D.Noneoftheabove7.

dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference B.Concept C.Semantics D.Sense referstothephenomenonhavingdifferentmeaningshavesameform.Polysemy B.Synonymy C.Homonymy D.HyponymyWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled .homonyms B.polysemies C.hyponyms D.synonymsThegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby .grammaticalrules B.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrules D.semanticfeaturesDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningthelinguisticform.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.“Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Fillintheblanks.(20%) canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisno linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto. meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldexperience.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled .Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,arecalled . oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems. analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.A(n) isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalthenominalelement(s)inasentence.Accordingtothe theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalan?guagearetobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)EntailmentPropositionComponentialanalysisReferenceAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?（武漢大學(xué)，2004）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiessharedby