橡膠物理機(jī)械性能測試

橡膠物理機(jī)械性能測試翁國文-1

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聶恒凱主編內(nèi)容提要本教材結(jié)合我國橡膠檢測主要儀器設(shè)備現(xiàn)狀和我國有關(guān)橡膠檢驗(yàn)的最新國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編寫。主要包括試樣制備、未硫化膠性能測定、硫化膠基本性能測定和力學(xué)性能測定等部份，突出簡潔、規(guī)范、實(shí)用。本教材主要作為高職高專高分子材料應(yīng)用技術(shù)專業(yè)（橡膠）學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)橡膠物理機(jī)械性能測定教材，也適用橡膠企業(yè)相關(guān)人員和其他相關(guān)專業(yè)學(xué)生參考使用。目錄緒論......................................................................................................................................................................8

第

1

章硫化試樣的制備.............................................................................................................................11

1.1

原材料配合........................................................................................................................................11

1.1.1

原材料的儲(chǔ)備和保管.............................................................................................................11

1.1.2

配合.........................................................................................................................................11

1.2

塑混煉................................................................................................................................................11

1.2.1

使用設(shè)備................................................................................................................................12

1.2.2

塑煉........................................................................................................................................14

1.2.3

混煉........................................................................................................................................14

1.3

硫化...................................................................................................................................................16

1.3.1

硫化設(shè)備................................................................................................................................16

1.3.2

硫化條件................................................................................................................................17

1.3.3

操作要點(diǎn)................................................................................................................................17

第

2

章未硫化膠塑性試驗(yàn)............................................................................................................................20

2.1

門尼粘度試驗(yàn)...................................................................................................................................20

2.1.1

試驗(yàn)原理................................................................................................................................20

2.1.2

門尼粘度儀............................................................................................................................21

2.1.3

試樣........................................................................................................................................23

2.1.4

試驗(yàn)條件................................................................................................................................24

2.1.5

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................24

2.1.6

操作注意事項(xiàng)........................................................................................................................28

2.1.7

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果................................................................................................................................28

2.1.8

試驗(yàn)的影響因素....................................................................................................................29

2.2

威廉氏可塑度的試驗(yàn).......................................................................................................................31

2.2.1

基本原理................................................................................................................................31

2.2.2

試驗(yàn)條件................................................................................................................................32

2.2.3

儀器設(shè)備................................................................................................................................32

2.2.4

試樣........................................................................................................................................34

2.2.5

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................34

2.2.6

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果................................................................................................................................34

2.2.7

影響因素................................................................................................................................35

2.3

華萊氏快速塑性計(jì)的應(yīng)用...............................................................................................................35

2.3.1

華萊氏可塑度的測定............................................................................................................36-2

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第

3

章3.1

3.2

第

4

章4.1

4.2

4.3

第

5

章5.1

5.2

2.3.2

生膠塑性保持指數(shù)的測定....................................................................................................36

橡膠硫化特性的測試......................................................................................................................36

橡膠門尼焦燒試驗(yàn)...........................................................................................................................37

3.1.1

門尼焦燒的試驗(yàn)原理............................................................................................................37

3.1.2

試驗(yàn)條件................................................................................................................................38

3.1.3

試樣........................................................................................................................................38

3.1.4

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................38

3.1.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果................................................................................................................................39

3.1.6

影響因秦................................................................................................................................40

橡膠硫化特性測定...........................................................................................................................40

3.2.1

試驗(yàn)原理................................................................................................................................40

3.2.2

硫化儀的結(jié)構(gòu)........................................................................................................................42

3.2.3

試樣........................................................................................................................................45

3.2.4

試驗(yàn)條件................................................................................................................................45

3.2.5

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................45

3.2.6

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果................................................................................................................................57

3.2.7

測試影響因素........................................................................................................................58

橡膠基本性能試驗(yàn)..........................................................................................................................60

沖擊彈性試驗(yàn)...................................................................................................................................60

4.1.1

測試原理................................................................................................................................61

4.1.2

儀器........................................................................................................................................61

4.1.3

試驗(yàn)條件................................................................................................................................61

4.1.4

試樣........................................................................................................................................61

4.1.5

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................62

4.1.6

影響因素................................................................................................................................62

硬度試驗(yàn)...........................................................................................................................................62

4.2.1

測試原理................................................................................................................................63

4.2.2

儀器........................................................................................................................................63

4.2.3

試樣........................................................................................................................................63

4.2.4

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................64

4.2.5

影響因素................................................................................................................................64

密度的測定.......................................................................................................................................65

4.3.1

浮力法....................................................................................................................................65

4.3.2

分析天平法............................................................................................................................66

4.3.3

電腦密度天平........................................................................................................................67

橡膠力學(xué)性能試驗(yàn)............................................................................................................................69

硫化膠拉伸性能測試.......................................................................................................................69

5.1.1

測定儀器................................................................................................................................70

5.1.2

試驗(yàn)條件................................................................................................................................71

5.1.3

試樣........................................................................................................................................71

5.1.4

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................73

5.1.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果處理........................................................................................................................91

5.1.6

試驗(yàn)的影響因素....................................................................................................................93

硫化膠撕裂強(qiáng)度測定.......................................................................................................................94

5.2.1

測試設(shè)備和測定條件...............................................................................................................95

5.2.2

試樣........................................................................................................................................95-3

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5.3

第

6

章6.1

6.2

第

7

章7.1

7.2

第

8

章8.1

5.2.3

試驗(yàn)步驟................................................................................................................................96

5.2.4

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果................................................................................................................................97

5.2.5

影響因素................................................................................................................................98

橡膠壓縮永久變形的測定.............................................................................................................100

5.3.1

裝置......................................................................................................................................100

5.3.2

試樣......................................................................................................................................102

5.3.3

試驗(yàn)條件..............................................................................................................................103

5.3.4

試驗(yàn)步驟..............................................................................................................................103

5.3.5

結(jié)果處理..............................................................................................................................104

5.3.6

影響因素..............................................................................................................................104

橡膠磨耗試驗(yàn)..................................................................................................................................105

橡膠阿克隆磨耗試驗(yàn).....................................................................................................................105

6.1.1

阿克隆磨耗機(jī)......................................................................................................................105

6.1.2

試驗(yàn)條件..............................................................................................................................106

6.1.3

試樣......................................................................................................................................106

6.1.4

試驗(yàn)步驟..............................................................................................................................107

6.1.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果..............................................................................................................................107

6.1.6

影響因素..............................................................................................................................108

橡膠輥筒式磨耗試驗(yàn).....................................................................................................................109

6.2.1

儀器結(jié)構(gòu)..............................................................................................................................109

6.2.2

試驗(yàn)前的準(zhǔn)備工作...............................................................................................................112

6.2.3

砂布鑒定...............................................................................................................................112

6.2.4

試驗(yàn)步驟...............................................................................................................................113

6.2.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的計(jì)算及表示方法...............................................................................................113

6.2.6

影響因素...............................................................................................................................115

硫化橡膠疲勞試驗(yàn).........................................................................................................................115

屈撓龜裂試驗(yàn)..................................................................................................................................115

7.1.1

測定原理...............................................................................................................................115

7.1.2

儀器設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu).......................................................................................................................116

7.1.3

測試條件...............................................................................................................................116

7.1.4

試樣.......................................................................................................................................117

7.1.5

試驗(yàn)步驟...............................................................................................................................118

7.1.6

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果...............................................................................................................................118

7.1.7

影響因素...............................................................................................................................118

壓縮屈撓試驗(yàn).................................................................................................................................120

7.2.1

試驗(yàn)原理..............................................................................................................................120

7.2.2

試驗(yàn)儀器..............................................................................................................................120

7.2.3

試樣......................................................................................................................................121

7.2.4

試驗(yàn)條件..............................................................................................................................121

7.2.5

試驗(yàn)步驟..............................................................................................................................122

7.2.6

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果..............................................................................................................................122

7.2.7

儀器校驗(yàn)..............................................................................................................................123

7.2.8

影響因素..............................................................................................................................124

橡膠老化試驗(yàn)................................................................................................................................124

熱空氣老化試驗(yàn).............................................................................................................................125

8.1.1

儀器設(shè)備..............................................................................................................................125-4

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8.1.2

試樣......................................................................................................................................126

8.1.3

試驗(yàn)條件..............................................................................................................................126

8.1.4

試驗(yàn)步驟..............................................................................................................................126

8.1.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果..............................................................................................................................126

8.1.6

影響因素..............................................................................................................................127

8.2

橡膠臭氧老化試驗(yàn).........................................................................................................................128

8.2.1

試樣......................................................................................................................................128

8.2.2

儀器結(jié)構(gòu)..............................................................................................................................129

8.2.3

試驗(yàn)條件..............................................................................................................................131

8.2.4

試驗(yàn)步驟..............................................................................................................................131

8.2.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果..............................................................................................................................132

8.2.6

影響因素..............................................................................................................................132

8.2.7

臭氧的毒害..........................................................................................................................133

第

9

章硫化膠耐介質(zhì)性能試驗(yàn)................................................................................................................134

9.1

硫化膠耐液體性能試驗(yàn).................................................................................................................134

9.1.1

試樣......................................................................................................................................134

9.1.2

試驗(yàn)條件..............................................................................................................................134

9.1.3

試驗(yàn)裝置和儀器..................................................................................................................136

9.1.4

試驗(yàn)步驟..............................................................................................................................136

9.1.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果..............................................................................................................................137

9.1.6

影響因素..............................................................................................................................141

第

10

章橡膠低溫性能測定........................................................................................................................142

10.1

硫化膠的脆性溫度的測定...........................................................................................................142

10.1.1

實(shí)驗(yàn)原理............................................................................................................................142

10.1.2

多試樣法測定硫化橡膠脆性溫度....................................................................................142

10.1.3

單試樣法測定硫化橡膠脆性溫度....................................................................................143

10.1.4

影響因素............................................................................................................................144

10.2

耐寒系數(shù)測定...............................................................................................................................145

10.2.1

測試原理............................................................................................................................145

10.2.2

試驗(yàn)條件............................................................................................................................145

10.2.3

儀器設(shè)備............................................................................................................................145

10.2.4

試樣....................................................................................................................................146

10.2.5

試驗(yàn)步驟............................................................................................................................146

10.2.6

數(shù)據(jù)處理............................................................................................................................147

10.2.7

影響因素............................................................................................................................148

第

11

章橡膠燃燒性能試驗(yàn)........................................................................................................................149

11.1

垂直燃燒試驗(yàn)...............................................................................................................................149

11.1.1

試驗(yàn)原理............................................................................................................................149

11.1.2

試驗(yàn)裝置和材料................................................................................................................149

11.1.3

試樣....................................................................................................................................150

11.1.4

試驗(yàn)步驟............................................................................................................................150

11.1.5

結(jié)果表示............................................................................................................................151

11.1.6

主要影響因素....................................................................................................................152

11.2

橡膠涂覆織物燃燒性能測定.......................................................................................................153

11.2.1

垂直向試樣小火焰試驗(yàn)方法............................................................................................153

11.2.2

垂直向試樣酒精噴燈試驗(yàn)方法........................................................................................155-5

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11.3

橡膠氧指數(shù)的測定.......................................................................................................................157

11.3.1

方法原理............................................................................................................................157

11.3.2

試驗(yàn)裝置............................................................................................................................157

11.3.3

試樣....................................................................................................................................158

11.3.4

試驗(yàn)程序............................................................................................................................158

11.3.5

結(jié)果的計(jì)算........................................................................................................................159

11.3.6

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果計(jì)算示例............................................................................................................161

11.3.7

影響因素............................................................................................................................162

11.3.8

氧濃度與氧氣，氮?dú)饬髁康年P(guān)系表................................................................................164

第

12

章橡膠電性能測定............................................................................................................................167

12.1

介電強(qiáng)度的測定...........................................................................................................................167

12.1.1

試樣....................................................................................................................................167

12.1.2

試驗(yàn)儀器............................................................................................................................167

12.1.3

試驗(yàn)條件............................................................................................................................169

12.1.4

試驗(yàn)步驟............................................................................................................................169

12.1.5

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果............................................................................................................................169

12.1.6

影響因素............................................................................................................................169

12.2

絕緣電阻率的測定.......................................................................................................................170

12.2.1

基本概念............................................................................................................................170

12.2.2

試驗(yàn)原理............................................................................................................................170

12.2.3

電極....................................................................................................................................171

12.2.4

試樣................................................................................