中英文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的體現(xiàn)

中英文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的體現(xiàn)中英文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的體現(xiàn)中英文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的體現(xiàn)xxx公司中英文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的體現(xiàn)文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設(shè)計，管理制度題目：論中英文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的體現(xiàn)Abstract IIIIntroduction 11.CuturalDifferencesinBusinessTranslation 31.1CultureDifferences 31.1.1DefinitionofCulture 31.1.2UnderstandingofCulturalDifference 51.2CulturalDifferencesRepresentationinBusinessTranslation 61.2.1DifferentUnderstandingoftheSameAnimal 51.2.2DifferentUnderstandingoftheSameColor 51.2.3DifferentUnderstandingoftheSameNumber 52.CausesofCulturalDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese 152.1DifferentReligiousBeliefsBetweenEnglishandChinese 152.1.1CultureInfluencedbyConfucianisminChinese 32.1.2CultureInfluencedbyChristianityinEnglish 52.2DifferentModesofThingkingbetweenEnglishandChinese 162.3DifferentGeographicalLocationbetweenEnglishandChinese 172.4DifferentValuesbetweenEnglishandChinese 63.InfluencesofCulturalDifferencesonBusinessTranslation 193.1RepresentationofInfluencesofCulturalDifferencesinBusinessTranslation 193.1.1RepresentationintheTrademarkTranslation 193.1.2RepresentationintheDenominationTranslation 203.1.3RepresentationintheAdvertisingDesignTranslation 203.2StrengtheningCulturalSenseinBusinessTraslation 203.2.1EnhancingInterculturalCommunicationandBusinessEnglishTranslation 193.2.2ExploringUnequalInformationCausedbyCulturalDifferences 194.Conclusion 23WorksCited 24論中英文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的體現(xiàn)摘要：國際商務英語是人們從事國際商務活動時經(jīng)常使用的英語。它是以國際商務為語言背景的應用性英語學科。不同的民族有著不同的宗教信仰，地理位置，思維方式和價值觀念，因此，從事國際商務英語翻譯的人員必須掌握本國與異國的民族文化差異。本文側(cè)重分析文化差異在商務英語翻譯中的表現(xiàn)。首先從對宗教信仰，思維方式，地理位置及價值觀念的不同所導致的文化差異分析入手，然后從動物，色彩，數(shù)字三個方面深入探究，從而闡述了文化差異在商務翻譯中的具體體現(xiàn),進而探索了文化差異對商務翻譯的影響。關(guān)鍵詞：文化，文化差異，商務翻譯，文化意識ReflectionofCulturalDifferencesbetweenChinaandEnglandinBusinessEnglishTranslationAbstract:InternationalbusinessEnglishisacommonlanguageusedinengagementininternationalbusinessactivitiesforthetranslators.ItservesasanapplicableEnglishdiscipline,whichtakesinternationalbusinessaslanguagebackground.Differentnationshavedifferentreligiousbeliefs,thinkingmodes,geographicallocationandculturalvalues.Whereupon,thetranslatorsengagedinbusinessEnglishshouldmastertheculturaldifferencesbetweennativecountriesandforeigncountries.ThispapermainlyanalyzestheembodimentofculturaldifferencesintheinternationalBusinessEnglishtranslation.ThispaperfirstlystartswithculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseresultingfromthedifferentreligiousbeliefs,modesofthinking,geographicallocationandvalues,thenelaboratesthereflectionofculturaldifferencesintheinternationalBusinessEnglishtranslationfromthethreeaspects(animals,colors,andnumbers).Finallyitdiscussesabouttheinfluencesofculturaldifferencesonbusinesstranslation.KeyWords:culture,culturedifference,culturalsense,businesstranslationIntroductionWhenthehumanbeingemergedintheancienttime,culturealsoemerged.Atthesametime,sincethehistoricdevelopmentpaceofthehumanbeingbeguntobeaccelerated,therewerealotofscholarsdevotedtostudyingtheconceptofculture.theBritishanthropologistTaylorinhisbookPrimitiveculture(1992)mentioned:“cultureorcivilization,intermsofitscomprehensivenationalmeaning,isacertaincomplexintegrationincludingknowledge,belief,art,moral,law,customsaswellastheotherabilitiesandhabitsacquiredasasocialmember.”O(jiān)ntheanalysisofculturedefinition,Claire(2001)believedthatsociologistsandanthropologistshaveadefinitionincommonthatcultureistheachievementssharedbyhumangrouporsociety,whichnotonlyincludevalue,languageandknowledge,butalsodotheobjectofmaterial.Withtheglobalizationoftheworldeconomy,thecommunicationandexchangesamongcountrieshavebeenencouragedandstrengthened.Therefore,morefrequentinterculturalcommunicationhasbeenwidespread.However,lackofcorrectandabundantmasteringofculturaldifferenceswillhinderfromgoodunderstandingofbusinessEnglish.Forpeopleengagedinbusinesstranslation,theymusthaveagoodcommandofknowledgeofculturaldifferencestoaccomplisheffectiveandsuccessfulbusinesstranslation.ThispaperfocusesonanalyzingtheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesereflectedmainlyinbusinesstranslation,whichcanbepresentedbysuchconcretedifferencesintheunderstandingofanimals,colorsandnumbers.Afterthat,theauthortriestocomeupwithsomespecificfactors,whichresultinculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.OnlywhenwehaveanadequateunderstandingandagoodcommandoftheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecanweachieveaneffectiveandsuccessfulbusinesstranslation.Lastbutnotleast,theauthormakesabriefdiscussionontheconcretepresentationofinfluencesofculturaldifferencesinbusinesstranslation.Sothepaperisdividedintofiveparts:Partoneistheintroductionofthepaper.Parttwomainlydiscussessuchattributesasdifferentreligiousbeliefs,thinkingmodes,geographicallocationandculturalvalues.Partthreemainlyanalyzestheculturedifferencesrepresentationinbusinesstranslation.Itinvolvesdifferentunderstandingofcolors,animalsandnumbersbetweenChineseandEnglish.Partfourpointsouttheinfluencesofculturaldifferencesinbusinesstranslation.Itwillbeexploredatsuchspecificaspectsastrademark,denominationandadvertisingdesigntranslation.Finally,theauthorappealstothetranslatorsforthenecessitytheyshouldstrengthenculturalsenseinbusinesstranslation.Partfiveistheconclusionofthepaper.1.CulturalDifferencesinBusinessTranslationFromtheancienttimestillnow,culturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWesthavealreadybeenacknowledgedbymanypeople.Inthesecondchapter,embarkingonthedefinitionofcultureandculturaldifferences,IwillmainlydiscussaboutculturaldifferencesreflectedbetweenChineseandEnglish,whichinvolvedifferentunderstandingofcolors,animals,andnumbersasfollows.1.1CultureDifferencesInthenextchapter,Iwillanalyzethedefinitionofculturetomakefortheunderstandingofcultureandculturaldifferences,pavingthewayforthenextchapters.1.1.1DefinitionofCultureWhenthehumanbeingemergedintheancienttime,culturealsoemerged.Atthesametime,sincethehistoricdevelopmentpaceofthehumanbeingbeguntobeaccelerated,therewerealotofscholarsdevotedtostudyingtheconceptofculture.Previousresearcheswereconcludedonwhatculturemeans(梁啟超,1922),allofwhichcametoacommonconclusionthat:Cultureisthesumtotalofuniquebeliefs,customs,systems,objectivesandtechnologythatacertainsocietyformpossesses.Withregardtothedefinitionoftheculture,itisademandingproblem,whichisreflectedattheaspectsofthevariousopinionsaboutitanditscolorfulcontent.Asaresult,asforthedefinitionofthecultureinculturalstudy,itisitsclarificationandanalysisthatisgreatlyindispensable.Weshouldnotneglectthephenomenonofthedefinitionofcultureformedbytheproblemofit.Thephenomenonofculturaldefinitionismanifestedonmanyopinionsofit.Atpresent,theacknowledgedopinionfromtheacademicfieldisthattheBritishanthropologist,Taylor,whoiscalled“theFatherofAnthropology”,isthefirstonetohavethepossessionofgreatinfluenceondefiningculture.Heproducedacertainclassicaldefinitionoftheculture.OnthechapterabouttheScienceofCultureinhisbookPrimitiveculture(Taylor,1992)hementioned:“cultureorcivilization,intermsofitscomprehensivenationalmeaning,isacertaincomplexintegrationincludingknowledge,belief,art,moral,law,customsaswellastheotherabilitiesandhabitsacquiredasasocialmember.”Apparently,thedefinitionconveystheexplanationthatcultureisthetotalofhumancreationintheprocessofsocialdevelopment,whichincludesmaterialtechnology,socialrulesandthespiritofideas.Fromthenon,thedefinitionofculturegivenbyTaylorhasbecometheoriginofthephenomenonofculturedefinition.Inaddition,latergenerationshaveapprovalanddisapprovalofit;atthesametime,somenewideashavebeenputforward.Asforwhattheculturemeans,uptillnow,therehavebeenmorethan200kindsofdefinitions.Undoubtedly,culturedefinitionitselfhasbecomeacertaininterestingacademicphenomenonunderfrequentdebate.Besides,onthephenomenonofculturedefinition,thereexistssomekindoftypicalconditionwhichisthedifferentdefinitionofcultureamongallthedisciplines.Forexample,withregardtothedefinitionsofculturemadebyanthropologists,theAmericananthropologistClyde(1985)reachedsomeconclusionsinhisbookcultureandindividual(Clyde,1985)(1)Culturecanbeunderstoodbylearning.(2)Culturederivesfromthesumofcomponentssuchasbiology,environment,psychologyandhistory.(3)Culturehasstructure.(4)Culturecanbedividedintoeveryaspect.(5)Cultureisdynamic.(6)Culturecanbechanged.(7)Culturemanifeststheregularityandcanbefurtheranalyzedbywayofscientificmethods.(8)Cultureisthetoolofadaptingtheindividualtotheentireenvironmentandthemeansofexpressingthecreativity.Hebelieved:“Anthropologistcancomparethedescriptionofculturewiththemap.”However,itisclearthatmapisn’taspecificpatchbuttheabstractdescriptionofparticularareas.Ifmaphasbeenchartedprecisely,peoplewillnotgetlostonwatchingit;onthecontrary,ifculturegetsthecorrectdescription,peoplewillrecognizetheexistenceofacertainkindoflifestylewithparticularnaturesandgetacquaintedwiththemutualrelationshipbetweenthem.Attheaspectofthedefinitionofculture,opinionsfromsociologistsarebyfarmostsimilartothosefromanthropologists.Ontheanalysisofculturedefinition,Claire(2001)believedthatsociologistsandanthropologistshaveadefinitionincommonthatcultureistheachievementssharedbyhumangrouporsociety,whichnotonlyincludevalue,languageandknowledge,butalsodotheobjectofmaterial.Besides,onthedefinitionofculture,thereisacertainphenomenoncloselyrelatedtoit.Thisphenomenoniswhencultureisbeingdifferentiatedandclassifiedvariousdifferentopinionswillbeproduced.Intermsofthedifferentiationofculture,themostcommonpairisgeneralizedcultureandspecializedculture,whichiscalledmacro-cultureandmicro-culture.Atthispoint,theJapanesefamoussociologistFuYongjian(2004)believed:asweclassifysocietyintosocietywithbroadsenseandsocietywithnarrowsense,itisessentialtodividecultureintogeneralizedcultureandspecializedculture.Generalizedsocietyisthecategoryinoppositiontonature;likewise,generalizedcultureisalsousedasthecategoryoppositetonature.Inthiscase,technology,economy,politics,lawandreligionetccanbeconsideredasthecontentinthefieldofculture.Thatistosay,generalizedcultureisequaltothemeaningofgeneralizedsociety.However,ontheotherside,specializedculturehascontentdifferentfromthecontentofspecializedsociety.Thelatteristhesystemofsocialrelationshipformedbycontinuousmutualrelationship.Nevertheless,aswehavediscussedabove,theformer(specializedculture)isthesystemofsymbolexistingobjectively,whichdevelopsfromhumanactionbutisindependentofit.1.1.2UnderstandingofCulturalDifferenceInthebroadsense,cultureisthenaturecreatedbypeople.Generallyspeaking,everythingaffectedbyhumanraceisculture.Cultureisthenationalspecificideologyandsystemofvalue,whichconstitutesthelivingandworkingactivitiesamongpeople.Itisbecauseofspecifichistoryandareasthateverynationallovertheworldhasformedthespecificculturaltraditionandmodelofitsown.Asaresultofthedifferencesoftraditionalhabits,values,religiousbeliefs,thinkingstylesetc,numerousdifferenceshavebeenmanifestedintheculturebetweenthewestandeast.Therearesomanyreasonscontributingtothevarietyofworldculture,someculturalinfluencesarehardtoexpect,forexample,anAmericanmerchantoncegaveagiftofawatchtohisfellow’sdaughterwhenshewasholdingaweddingcelebration.Becausehedidn’tknowthatthewatchisnotrightgiftinChina.ItistraditionallyacknowledgedinChinathatwatchisassociatedwithdeath.Subsequently,hisrudenessresultsintheendofbusinessrelationship.1.2CulturalDifferencesRepresentationinBusinessTranslationSomespecificrepresentationsofculturaldifferenceswillbereflectedinthenextpassageincludingdifferentunderstandingofthesameanimal,differentunderstandingofthesamecoloranddifferentunderstandingofthesamenumber.1.2.1DifferentUnderstandingoftheSameAnimala.DragonTheChinesenationhasbeenproudofitsidentityastheChinesegenerationsandthedescendantofthedragon.However,inwesternmythlegend,thedragonisnotluckyanimalbutthehorriblemonsterstandingfortheevil.IntheBritishfamousepicBeowulf,theviledragonistakenastherepresentationofthesinisterinfluence.InthestoriesofBible,thedemonSatanisregardedasthegreatdragon.Inaddition,theword“dragon”indictionaryhasanothermeaningofshrew.FromwhatIhavediscussedabove,associationsgeneratedamongtheEnglish-speakingcountriesarecompletelydifferentfromthoseamongtheChinese.Asfarastranslationisconcerned,itisnecessarytoapplytheprincipleof“dynamicequivalence”soastofindoutthebalancepointintheprocessofunderstandingthedifferentcultures.Forinstance,fourhighlydevelopedeconomiccountriesandregionsofEasternAsia,especiallyforthoseofHongKong,Singapore,Taiwan,andSouthKoreaareentitledas“FourAsianTigers”bythewestern.However,ifitistranslatedinto“FourAsianDragons”inEnglish,itissomehowinappropriate.Onesuggestedthatitshouldbetranslatedinto“FourAsianTigers”,whichisabetterequivalenceofcultureinformation.Becausetigerisaspeciesofintrepidanimalinthewesternsubconsciousness,atleastitwillnotmakepeoplethinkofitassociatedwithacertainhorribleanimal.Orrather,theword“tiger”(Hornby,1993)isparaphrasedas“AnicknameforanyoneofthemoresuccessfulsmallereconomiesofEastAsia,esp.thoseofHongKong,Singapore,Taiwan,andSouthKorea.”(任何一個在經(jīng)濟上較為成功的東亞小國或地區(qū)，尤其指香港，新加坡，臺灣和韓國）Therefore,itiscertainthatthetranslationoftheChinesephrase“亞洲四小龍”into“FourAsianTigers”hasbasicallyachievedequivalenceincultureinformation.b.SheepThecashmereproductsfromourcountryhavebeenmaintaininggreatprestigeininternationalmarket.However,afactoryinthenorthofChinaonceexportedacertainslap-upcashmerequiltwithChinesebrandof“好羊”,whichwasdirectlytranslatedinto“Goats”,atlast,ithaddrasticallyterribleselling.WhatcausedthisliesinthefactthatinadditiontoitsoriginalChinesemeaning“山羊”,theword“goat”hasanotherconnotationof“l(fā)ovelace”.Consequently,withsuchanEnglishtrademark,nomatterhowgoodthequalityofthiscashmerequiltisandhowcomfortableitistouse,thoseyounggirlsaswellashousewifewillneverbewillingtoputitoverthebed.c.ElephantAlthoughitisplausibleinsemanticinformationthatourChinesefamousbatterywithChinesebrand“白象”istranslatedintoEnglishbrand“WhiteElephant”,intermsofcultureinformation,thisisambiguoustranslationbecausethemeaningofwhiteelephantinthewesterncountriesrefersto“thingswithoutuseevenneedingcumbersomedealing”.Thisconnotationoriginatesfromalegendstory:onceuponatime,therewasaking,whotookaversiontoaministersubjectedtohim.Topunishtheminister,thekinggaveapresentofonewhiteelephant;subsequently,theministerfoundthatthiselephantwasverytroublesome;nevertheless,itwasjustbecauseofthegiftfromhiskingthathedidnotdaretotransferittoanotherpersonandevenbutcherit;instead,hehadtoattendonitcarefully.Eventually,astheelephanthadanexceedinglystrongappetite,theministerhadbeenthrownintoapoorsituationbyfeedingontheelephant.Inconclusion,theEnglish-speakingnativeswillneverbeallowingthemselvestobuythebatterywithEnglishtrademark“WhiteElephant”,fortheconsumersarereluctanttobuy“thingswithoutuseevenneedingcumbersomedealing”.Then,whatshouldthetrademarkbetranslatedintoaccordingtotheprincipleofdynamicequivalenceWeshouldconsiderchoosingananimal“l(fā)ion”representingmightandpowertodisplacetheoriginalimpropertranslationinthewaythatthefinaltranslationis“BrownLion”.Imagingthatthebatteryboughtissomuchpowerful,thecustomersmustbeverysatisfying.Fromthespecificexamplesabove,wecanarriveataconclusionthattheequivalenceofliterarymeaninginthepracticeoftranslatinghasalreadyfailedtomeettheneedofdailycommunication;therefore,dynamicequivalencecanguaranteethesuccessofcommunicationmessage.Sometranslatorsareafraidtoencounterthephenomenonofculturaldifferencesintranslation.Therefore,theconceptof“Zero-Translation”proposedbyprofessorQiuMaoru(1991)hasbeenadaptedtosomelanguagesbythechoiceofrealizationofthetransliterationmethod,whichisatranslationmethodoftranslatingthevocabularyoforiginallanguageintothatoftargetlanguageonthebasisofpronunciationinthehopeoffailuretomakinganymistaketoescapeavoidingtheignoranceofculture.Nevertheless,culturaldiversityiswidespread,thus,itishardtoreachtheexpectationofmakingnomistake.Forexample,oncetherewasgreatlypopularlipstickcalled“芳芳”inChineseamongthewomen,whichhadbeentranslatedinto“FangFang”inEnglish,yetithadnotbeenexpectedthattheword“fang”inLongmanDictionaryofcontemporaryEnglish(EdisonWesley,2001)denotesalongsharptoothofananimal,suchasadogorapo