美國(guó)文學(xué)史考試復(fù)習(xí)資料

1美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)（ colonialism)第一部分 殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)一、時(shí)期綜述1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁： a、narratives日記b、journals游記2、清教徒在美國(guó)的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容：1）theirvoyagetothenewlandAdaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndiansGuidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices2)WishtorestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.3lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他們的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William 的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGo6、英國(guó)最早移民到美國(guó)的詩(shī)人： AnneBradstreet7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩(shī)人： thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans? 關(guān)于美國(guó)清教徒的描繪LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothe"purity"ofthefirstcenturychurch·asestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreachedwasthiskindofItreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.TheretheymeaanttoprovethatwereGod'schosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinHeaven.2，，Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4．TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese.美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 2（reasoningandrevolution))一、美國(guó)的性質(zhì)：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica. 聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和國(guó) --美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)。二、代表作家 ：1、BenjaminFranklin 本杰明 ·富蘭克林 1706-17901）"PoorRichard'sAlmanac" 窮人查理德的年鑒 annualcollectionofproverbs 流行諺語(yǔ)Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputationFoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.4.firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.7）TheWaytoWealth 致富之道 TheAutobiography2、ThomasPaine 托馬斯·佩因1737-1809"GreatCommonofMankind" 最平凡的人1）famouspamphlet"CommonSense" 著名的政治小冊(cè)子《常識(shí)》 itboldlyadvocateda"DeclarationforIndependence",andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis. 擁護(hù)獨(dú)立宣言，是分裂活動(dòng)發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。2）"AmericanCrisis" 《美國(guó)危機(jī)》， signed"CommonSense"(p31, 第一段）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise 稅務(wù)員問(wèn)題； CommonSense 常識(shí)；AmericanCrisis 美國(guó)危機(jī)；RightsofMan 人的權(quán)利： DownfallofDespotism 專制體制的崩潰；TheAgeofReason 理性時(shí)代3、ThomasJefferson 托馬斯·杰弗遜1）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence. 起草了獨(dú)立宣言2）與清教徒不同，主張追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness. 人人生而平等， 他們都從“造物主 ”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利， 其中包括生命權(quán)、 自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。4、PhilipFreneau 菲利普·費(fèi)瑞諾 poetandpoliticaljournalist 詩(shī)人和政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾?）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry" 美國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父TheRisingGloryofAmerica 蒸蒸日上的美洲； TheBritishPrisonShip 英國(guó)囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans 紀(jì)念美國(guó)勇士 同類詩(shī)中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金銀花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殯葬地學(xué)習(xí)指南：1.TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 3（Romanticisms)一、文學(xué)特征：1、Environment:1)shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment 美洲大陸新環(huán)境2）arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope 歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國(guó)文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：pluralistic多元化 manifestationsvaried 表現(xiàn)形式多樣 Individualistic 個(gè)人主義 conflicting 矛盾3、Romanticism 的特點(diǎn)：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.4、Transcendentalism 超驗(yàn)主義1,asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.2)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.3）theybelieveinthetranscendenceof"oversoul",anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.4itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind. “Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou ’becomellspirituallywholeagain. ”5）代表人物： Emerson 愛(ài)默生 ，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood 。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocenceof”nature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無(wú)瑕”5、Literaryforms 文學(xué)形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica ’sprincipalliteraryforms.6、Imaginativeliterature 想象類文學(xué)7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw. 戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則。8,ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃離社會(huì)，回到自然成為了美國(guó)文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica ’slanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished “AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國(guó)本土的語(yǔ)言，具有美國(guó)特征的本土方言開(kāi)始在詩(shī)歌和小說(shuō)中大量涌現(xiàn)。10,Atmidcenturyaculturalreawakeningbroughta “floweringofNewEngland. ”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEngland→Transcendentalism,從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗(yàn)主義二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving華盛頓.歐文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個(gè)主要contribution①thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism. 美國(guó)第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家②“SketchBook”《見(jiàn)聞札記》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.③IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了沒(méi)落的哥特式浪漫主義小說(shuō)，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識(shí)融入了這種體裁。④“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain ”《西班牙征服記》AHistoryofNewYork 紐約的歷史 美國(guó)人寫(xiě)的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；TheSketchBook 見(jiàn)聞札記 TheLegendofSleepyHollow 睡谷的傳說(shuō) 使之成為美國(guó)第一個(gè)獲得國(guó)際聲譽(yù)的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田莊；TalksofTravellers旅客談；TheAlhambra阿爾罕伯拉2、JamesFenimoreCooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫(kù)珀①contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories →theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga 開(kāi)創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說(shuō)體裁， 邊疆傳奇小說(shuō)和海上傳奇小說(shuō)。 ②“LeatherstockingTales ”《皮襪子故事集》 ，包括“TheDeerslayer”《殺鹿者》、“TheLastoftheMohicans ”《最后的莫希干人》 、“ThePathfinder ”《探路人》“、 ThePioneers”《拓荒者》、“ ThePrairie”《大草原》,regardas “thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic. ”被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國(guó)最接近史詩(shī)的作品。③thecentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo. 小說(shuō)的中心人物，納蒂 .班波JudgeTemple:manremainsavagewithoutlawandorderTheSpy間諜 ThePilot領(lǐng)航者 TheLittlepageManuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿3、WilliamCullenBryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特 poet詩(shī)人①asIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadconeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention. 當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國(guó)散文時(shí)代的到來(lái)時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實(shí)了美國(guó)的詩(shī)歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。②HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一個(gè)獲得美國(guó)主要詩(shī)人稱號(hào)的作家。③“ToaWaterfowl ”《致水鳥(niǎo)》 themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage. 用美國(guó)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的最完美的短詩(shī)。4、EdgarAllanPoe 埃德加.阿倫.坡①showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic. 編輯、詩(shī)人、文學(xué)評(píng)論家。Graham’sMagazine格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場(chǎng)所）③“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《鄂謝府崩潰記》、“TheRaven”《烏鴉》thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque ”《述異集》 firstcollectionofshortstories. 第一部短篇小說(shuō)集。④oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents. 擅長(zhǎng)描寫(xiě)哥特式和幻想類的小說(shuō)。5、RalphWaldoEmersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛(ài)默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland, 是把超驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism 個(gè)人主義,independenceofmind 思想獨(dú)立,andself-reliance 自強(qiáng).③作品：“Nature”《論自然》、“Essays”《隨筆錄》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美國(guó)學(xué)者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言。hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英國(guó)人》、“Poems”《詩(shī)集》⑤摘自《論自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball. 人形的約束沒(méi)有了。6、HenryDavidThoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson ’stheories愛(ài)默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛(ài)默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。②“InWalden”《沃爾登》成名作?！癈ivilDisobedience”《平民反抗》essay隨筆。非暴力不合作③教義：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor ’sorhisparents. 我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的?！?、NathanielHawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑①background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson. 曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人。②“TheHouseoftheSevenGables ”七尖角閣房， 是霍桑著名神秘小說(shuō)中的一個(gè)房屋名稱。③herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.對(duì)清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過(guò)于森嚴(yán)，對(duì)不同信仰人的迫害過(guò)于殘酷。④“MossesfromanOldManse ”《古廈青苔》 、“TheMarbleFaun ”《玉石神像》 ⑤特點(diǎn)⑴uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature. 獨(dú)特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過(guò)一些極具象征意義的故事來(lái)觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories. 短篇小說(shuō)里，通過(guò)活生生、 極具有象征意義的想象來(lái)體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問(wèn)題。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol. 杰出之處在于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來(lái)講述， 他書(shū)中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道德參考。⑥（課堂筆記提及的） “TheScarletLetter ”《紅字》⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault 誠(chéng)實(shí)，坦然的面對(duì)罪過(guò)。⑵弗洛伊德人格理論： Id本我→欲望，只要快樂(lè) →Roger 女主角的丈夫 Ego自我→分辨對(duì)錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí) →Hester女主角Superego超我→→Dim女主角的情人，牧師⑶女主角的自我成長(zhǎng)和自我救贖的過(guò)程。 Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess⑦“TheScarletLetter ”analysis 分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adulterybut”thenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellow villagersch ’angesitto “AbleLater”.inthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying “AngelThere”.isreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof “originalsin,Dimmesdale, ”ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone ’sworsttotheoutsideworld.★8、HermanMelville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾①“MobyDick ”《白鯨》，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要講述了一個(gè)為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長(zhǎng)海上故事。②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism. 本書(shū)達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。 ③主人公： Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。④在書(shū)中說(shuō)： towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme. 寫(xiě)一部宏大的著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。⑤故事人物： CaptainAhab. 船長(zhǎng)阿哈比； Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格， wasafriendlyperson ；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比艦長(zhǎng)和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng)，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開(kāi)斗爭(zhēng)，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí)還冷酷無(wú)情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。⑦“MobyDick”：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor “searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.He ”hadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費(fèi)羅 poet詩(shī)人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology “ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope ”.Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern. 《歐洲詩(shī)人及詩(shī)》 不能把這部作品估計(jì)過(guò)高。 他自己的詩(shī)歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料， 在書(shū)中他講述了詩(shī)的主題和一些寫(xiě)作技巧。 從古代的， 中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩(shī)歌， 他都一一作了闡述。②殊榮：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet ’scornerofWestminsterAbbey. 朗費(fèi)羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩(shī)人之角， 他也是美國(guó)惟一獲此殊榮的詩(shī)人。③Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime. 他的詩(shī)歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。④hewasconsistentlyhighmindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒(méi)有受到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)、宗教和各種政治斗爭(zhēng)的影響。⑤特點(diǎn)：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetotheU.S.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidelytranslated.在引進(jìn)歐洲文化上起巨大推動(dòng)作用，也把美國(guó)民間文化傳播到國(guó)外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評(píng)美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)4（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization機(jī)器化2）Urbanization城市化3）Industrialization工業(yè)化4）Federalgovernment(race種族平等進(jìn)入憲法）標(biāo)志著馬克·吐溫的《鍍金時(shí)代》開(kāi)始5）Railwaysystem工業(yè)化的一大標(biāo)志，電力和石油的應(yīng)用二、文化特征：1）女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多2）開(kāi)始關(guān)注Midclass3）現(xiàn)實(shí)主義（realism）-->NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation'sliterarycenter.紐約成為新的文化中心。一、時(shí)期綜述：1、鍍金時(shí)代TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.無(wú)節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時(shí)代。2、AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmericanromanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.新英格蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開(kāi)始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫(huà)方法：世紀(jì)末theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed. 反對(duì)在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。4、Realism：（現(xiàn)實(shí)主義）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.主義有濃厚的美國(guó)本土特色， 是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描寫(xiě)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：味的方言、風(fēng)俗、各種觀點(diǎn)

現(xiàn)實(shí)美國(guó)風(fēng)5、Naturalism：自然主義anewandharsherrealism,新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派，產(chǎn)生于theendofthecentury十九世紀(jì)末，因?yàn)镻erceptionofsocietysdisorders 對(duì)社會(huì)無(wú)序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity. 設(shè)法盡力客觀真實(shí)地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟(jì)階層人物的真正生活。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious “truthswere”illusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath. 強(qiáng)調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒(méi)有意志的自由， 宗教上的真理是虛幻的， 現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 決定論，宿命的，代表作家 ：StephenCrane 史蒂芬.克萊恩, FrankNorris 弗朗克.諾里斯, JackLondon 杰克.倫敦, TheodoreDreiser 西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism: 達(dá)爾文主義:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution. 對(duì)自然主義影響極大，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的動(dòng)物性，意味著人的命運(yùn)受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來(lái)決定的。7、WilliamDeanHowells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，①Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世紀(jì)美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家②Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫(xiě)現(xiàn)實(shí)。③中央視角： anobjectivepointofview二、代表作家：1、WaltWhitman 沃爾特 .惠特曼①★freeverse(自由詩(shī)體)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme. 無(wú)固定節(jié)奏， 無(wú)有規(guī)律的韻腳②“LeavesofGrass”草葉集1870thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美國(guó)歷史上第一部真正的史詩(shī)Poem’s特點(diǎn)：mostofthepoemsin “LeavesofGr6ass ”areaboutmanandnature.③關(guān)注點(diǎn)：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual④詩(shī)人職責(zé)：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth. 表達(dá)真理的前提下，引導(dǎo)社會(huì)發(fā)展。2、EmilyDickinson 愛(ài)米麗.狄金森①作品： “IdiedforBeauty ”我為美而死（詩(shī)歌） Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate( 終極)thesame“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath ”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是實(shí)現(xiàn)永恒Immortality 的途徑②特點(diǎn)：herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.3、HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗雅特.比徹.斯托小說(shuō)家onlyonefemaleprosewriter(散文作家)in19thcentury代表作：“ UncleTom’sCabin”湯姆叔叔的小屋 關(guān)注農(nóng)奴制度Payattentiontoserf'ssystem4、MarkTwain馬克.吐溫①美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的代表作 “AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn ”哈克貝里.費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記(馬最有名的作品 )②特點(diǎn)：localcolorist 地方特色:auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism,itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.③contribution 貢獻(xiàn)： colloquialspeechacceptedasliterarymedium 口語(yǔ)化被文學(xué)界接④代表作：“ TheGildedAge”70-90年代，鍍金時(shí)代，貧富分化，財(cái)富積累。 “TheAdventuresofTomSawyer ”用詞簡(jiǎn)單、幽默、使用當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言編寫(xiě) “LifeontheMississippi ”★6、HenryJames 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小說(shuō)家； Literaturetheoretician 文學(xué)理論家，從小受歐洲教育①心理現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者 ：thefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Theliterarycareerofhimisgenerallydividedintothreeperiods,inthefirstperiods,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationaltheme;exemplifythematureandformidablestyleofathirdliteraryperiod,whichcriticshavecometopraiseas“TheMajorPhase”.②特點(diǎn)：(1)deeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience. 深刻探討人物人性心理，用深厚、復(fù)雜的寫(xiě)作方式對(duì)復(fù)雜的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行揣摩(2)1stpersonand3rdpersonnarration ，第一和第三人稱的敘述 (3)omniscient 全視角是不真實(shí)的 ;③家庭背景： father:philosopher 哲學(xué)家,富有； brother:psychologist,philosopher 心理學(xué)家,哲學(xué)家；④創(chuàng)作原則： TheartofFiction 小說(shuō)的藝術(shù) ;artvs.life,bringsthemeaningoflife; ⑤貢獻(xiàn)contribution：inhiscriticalcommentaries,hemademajorcontributionstotheartoffictionitself,helpingtotransformthenovelfromitsalliancewithjournalismandromanticstory-tellingintoanartfromofpenetratinganalysisofindividualsconfrontingsociety,chroniclesofthepsychologicalperceptionsthatJameshimselfdefinedasthehighestfromofexperience. 詹姆斯把小說(shuō)從新聞形式和浪漫故事轉(zhuǎn)變成為了對(duì)個(gè)人在社會(huì)大環(huán)境中面對(duì)種種沖突， 進(jìn)行深刻剖析的文學(xué)形式； 對(duì)人們心理感受進(jìn)行反映的一種文學(xué)形式， 他定義這位感受的最高形式。⑥代表作：“TheAmerican”、“DaisyMiller”、“inthePortraitofaLady ”(早期最好的作品)Lastfull-lengthnovel== “TheWingsoftheDove ”、“TheAmbassadors ”、“TheGoldenBowl”⑦Thenameoftheheroine“inthePortraitofaLady”isIsabelAcher.ThenovelisrepresentativeofthebestofJames’maturework.Theplotconcernsthecourtship,marriage,anddevelopmentofthecharacterofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericangirlwhohasbeenleftpennilessbythedeathofherfather.TheintricatenovelofpsychologicalandmoralinterrelationshipsisinonesenseanothertreatmentoftheJamesianthemeoftheAmericaninconflictwithEuropeancultureandinanothersensethemostpersonalofhisnovels,anintimatepictureofawoman’ssoulpresentedwithmasterlypsychologicalfinesse.美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 5（the20thcentury ）一、Background:①WorldWarI 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)， Americahavegreatprofit.②Jumpintechnology(automobile/radio) 科技方面的跳躍 （汽車(chē)③oldmoralcodebreaks 舊道德體系破碎1、Imagism 意象派：isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.2、LostGeneration ：迷惘的一代，Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea “LostGeneration,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof “expatriates or”exiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.3、Modernism 現(xiàn)代主義： islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallythinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19 centuryandthetheoryofpsychoanalysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.4、現(xiàn)代主義的標(biāo)志： T.S.Eliot’s“TheWasteLand”,themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.5、典型的迷惘一代 ：F.ScottFitzgerald,“TheGreatGatsby”《了不起的蓋茨比》novel“TheSunAlsoRises”《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》ErnestHemingway“AFarwelltoArms ”《告別了，武器》WilliamFaulkner “TheSoundandtheFury ”《喧囂與騷動(dòng)》6、Playwrights戲劇、劇作家：EugeneO’Neill“TheEmperorJones”《瓊斯國(guó)王》、“AnnaChristie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“TheHairyApe”《毛猿》7、TheJazzAge(享樂(lè)時(shí)代)：whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved “uptheriver ”toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYork ’sHarlempulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof “thebeautifulanddamned ”,drowningintheirpleasures.二、代表作家：1、EzraPound 埃茲拉.龐德詩(shī)人①I(mǎi)magism意象派的代表人物。PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument.龐德和愛(ài)略特都是運(yùn)用意象主義作為文學(xué)表現(xiàn)手法的早期詩(shī)人。②majorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled “TheCantos”2、RobertFrost 羅伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主義詩(shī)人 poet①詩(shī)歌特點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容：(1)rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,choosinginstead “theold-fashionedwaytobenew.”HeemployedtheplainspeechofruralNewEnglandersandpreferredtheshort,traditionalformsoflyricandnarrative.(2)Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol.(3)Hisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties,andhispoetry,forallitsapparentsimplicity,oftenprobesmysteriesofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniversewheremenstandalone,unaidedandperplexed.②hebecomeanationalbard 美國(guó)民族詩(shī)人的翹首 ,winfourPulitzerPrizes 獲得了四次普利茲獎(jiǎng).③“TheRoadNotTaken ”、“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening ”向往大自然，想逃避社會(huì)；死亡、迷惑3、WallaceStevens 華萊士.斯蒂文斯 詩(shī)人①Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat “ideasoforder, ”thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence. 作品動(dòng)機(jī)起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然與宇宙天然一致的次序，是人類與個(gè)體發(fā)現(xiàn)這種一致性的特權(quán)。②代表作：“TheManwiththeBlueGuitar ”《帶藍(lán)吉他的人》 ；“NecessaryAngel ”《必要的天使》 ，collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry 詩(shī)歌的評(píng)論 .“AnecdoteoftheJar ”《壇子的軼事》jar–manmade –art,wildness –nature,jarbringorder/meaningtothenature, 藝術(shù)到自然的秩序， integrated 統(tǒng)一體③特點(diǎn)：(1)headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles. 嘗試過(guò)多種實(shí)驗(yàn)性的寫(xiě)作。(2)heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry. 理想和現(xiàn)(3)aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds –betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact, “imaginationandreality ”(想象與現(xiàn)實(shí))4、ThomasStearnsEliot托馬斯.斯特恩斯.愛(ài)略特現(xiàn)代主義代言人①多重身份：poet詩(shī)人,critic評(píng)論家,playwright劇作家②代表作：“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock”poems，holdsitsplaceinthedevelopmentofEliot’spoetryasawhole.“TraditionandtheIndividualTalent”essay,隨筆《傳統(tǒng)和個(gè)人天才》,theearlieststatementofhisae