《真核菌概述》課件

第三講真核菌概述真菌界、色藻界、原生動物界中的菌類第三講真核菌概述真菌界、色藻界、原生動物界中的菌類1肉眼難以見到的一類生物的總稱包括：真菌、藻物、原生動物、古細菌、細菌、病毒、類病毒微生物microbe肉眼難以見到的一類生物的總稱微生物microbe2真菌Eumycota真菌Eumycota3色藻Chromistan色藻Chromistan4原生動物Protozoa原生動物Protozoa5古菌Archie古菌Archie6細菌Bacteria細菌Bacteria7病毒Virus病毒Virus8類病毒Viroid類病毒Viroid9真核菌要點1.真核菌簡介2.真核菌的生物學和生長3.藻物4.真菌–接合菌Zygomycetes5,6.真菌-子囊菌Ascomycetes7,8.地衣Lichens.

8,9.酵母Yeasts真核菌要點1.真核菌簡介1010-12.真菌–擔子菌Basidiomycetes13.腐敗和分解Decayanddecomposition14,15.真核菌的遺傳FungalGenetics16.菌根真菌Mycorrhizae17.真核菌和食物FungiandFood18,19.植物病原真核菌PlantPathogenicFungi20,21真核菌的生態(tài)FungalEcology22,23真核菌與健康FungiandHealth10-12.真菌–擔子菌Basidiomycetes11真菌界Eumycota真核生物Eukaryotes真細菌界Eubacteria古細菌界Archaebacteria原生動物界Protozoa原核生物Prokaryotes植物界Plantae動物界Animalia藻物界ChromistaProtoctista

(單細胞生物)真核菌類多細胞二倍體multicellulardiploids多細胞單倍體(multicellularhaploids)細胞生物七界真菌界Eumycota真核生物Eukaryotes真細菌界E121.色藻界Chromista.1)非真核菌包括褐藻brownalgae(kelps),綠藻greenalgae,黃綠藻yellow-greenalgae,金藻goldenalgae,diatoms2)真核菌卵菌OomycetesDistinguishedbyflagellatype(onewhiplash尾鞭andonetinsel茸鞭),oftenhavechlorophyll葉綠素candwallsmadeofcellulose纖維素andothermaterials(butnotchitin).Manyareunicellular單細胞的.2.真菌界EumycotaOnlycontainsfungi.Wallsofchitin（幾丁質(zhì)）,mostlynoflagellae（鞭毛）Vastmajorityoffungiarehere.DifferinDNAsequence真核菌的兩個界1.色藻界Chromista.Distinguished13TheImportanceofFungi1.Dofungiattackhumans?Example?2.Canyouname3fungaldiseasesofplants3.Canyounameafungal'disease'ofabuilding.4.WhatfunguscausedsomanyIrishpeopleto

emigratetoBoston,NewYorketc?5.Namesomefood/beverageswhichinvolve

fungi.TheImportanceofFungi1.Do14Answers1.Namesomefungaldiseasesofhumansathletesfoot,jockitch,ringwormAnswers1.Namesomefungaldis15Answers2.Namesomefungaldiseasesofplantsapplescab,chestnutblight,cornsmut,potatoblight,wilts,mildews,rustsetc.Answers2.Namesomefungaldis16Answers3.Namesomefungal'diseases'ofbuildingswetrot,dryrot,bathroommildewBrownrot-fungusproducesonlycellulases.Whiterot-fungusproducesligninasesANDcellulasesAnswers3.Namesomefungal'di17Answers4.WhyaretheresomanyIrishpeopleinBoston,NewYorketc?PotatoanditsparasitePhytophthorainfestansbothoriginatedinPeru.-reachedbalance.PotatointroducedtoEurope1500’sOvernext250yrsbredfortasteetcbutnotresistance.Dependentonpotato.Solefoodforseveralmillionpeople.

Bymid-1800’spotatoblightatlastappearedandin1844/45warmhumidweatherleadtoitwipingoutcrop-disaster.

Result-starvation,manydeaths-over1millionemigratedtoUSA.Answers4.Whyaretheresoman18Answers5.Namesomefood/beverageswhichinvolvefungi.Beer&WineCheeseMushroomsBreadAnswers5.Namesomefood/bever19TheImportanceofFungi6.Namesomefungiwhichspoilfood7.Whatorganismsarepartfungus,partalga?8.Whatcausesblackstainsinbathrooms?9.Namesomebeneficialdrugsderivedfromfungi10.NamesomehallucinogenicdrugsordangeroustoxinsderivedfromfungiTheImportanceofFungi6.Nam20Answers6.NamesomefungiwhichspoilfoodGreymouldofstrawberriesBluemouldofcheese(Left)andOranges(below)"Youknowthatgreen,fuzzythingonthetopshelfattheback?Ithinkitjustbecameamother!"Answers6.Namesomefungiwhic217.Whatorganismsarepartfungus,partalga地衣Answerslichens8.Whatcausesblackstainsinbathrooms?BlackMildew-

9.Namesomebeneficialdrugsderivedfromfungi-penicillin,cyclosporin,griseofulvin10.Namesomehallucinogenicdrugsandtoxinsderivedfromfungi-LSD,psilocybin-drugs;amanitin,aflatoxin-toxins7.Whatorganismsarepartfu22TheImportanceofFungi11.WhatisergotismorSt.Anthony’sfire?12.Whatconnectionistherebetweenpeanutsandcancer?13.Whatisthelargestorganismonearth?14.WhydoforestsNEEDfungi?15.Whatfungusishuntedbypigsanddogs?TheImportanceofFungi11.Wha23Answers11.WhatisergotismorStAnthony'sFire?ManyepidemicsofergotisminMiddleAges

-wipedoutwholevillages-usedtoappealtoSt.Anthony

-duetoeatinggraincontainingergots(Clavicepspurpurea)

causedgangrenousergotism-Limbsonfire,thennumb,

witheredandfalloff

-alsocausedconvulsiveergotism-CNSproblems,twitching,convulsions,madness

NowknowthatC.purpureacontainsLSD,ergotaminetartrate

andmore.Answers11.Whatisergotismor24食入麥角的中毒癥狀1、急性中毒，出現(xiàn)急性胃腸炎癥狀，并有皮膚刺癢、頭暈、感覺遲鈍、語言不清、痙攣、昏迷，嚴重者可死于心力衰竭2、體端壞疽、精神錯亂、記憶欠如、產(chǎn)生幻覚（日本）食入麥角的中毒癥狀1、急性中毒，出現(xiàn)急性胃腸炎癥狀，25麥角病癥狀麥角病癥狀26Answers12.Whatconnectionistherebetweenpeanutsandcancer?黃曲菌素和曲霉菌Peanutscanbeinfectedwithamould,Aspergillusflavus,whichproducesaflatoxins-carcinogenic.Answers12.Whatconnectionis27黃曲霉黃曲霉28Answers13.Whatisthelargestorganismonearth?FungusArmillariasp.蜜環(huán)菌

formsgiganticundergroundclonesinforests14.WhydoforestsNEEDfungi?trees(andmostotherplants)form

associationswithfungi(mycorrhizae菌根真菌)

fornutritionalpurposes.15.Whatfungusishuntedbypigsanddogs?Truffles-averyexpensivedelicacy.($1000/kg)Answers13.Whatisthelargest29蜜環(huán)菌蜜環(huán)菌30菌根真菌菌根真菌31TheImportanceofFungi16.Namesomefungiimportantforgeneticsresearch?17.Dofungihavesex?18.WhatotheranimalsbesideMancultivatefungi?19.Whatistheconnectionbetweencoppersulphate,aphidsandtheFrenchWineindustry?20.Howcanfungireplacepesticides?TheImportanceofFungi16.Nam32Answers16.Namesomefungiimportantforgeneticsresearch?yeast(Saccharomyces),Neurospora,Aspergillus)17.Dofungihavesex?Yes-manyfungihavesexualreproduction(manyothershavenoknownsexualstage)18.WhatotheranimalsbesideMancultivatefungi?Someinsects,termiteantsAnswers16.Namesomefungiim33酵母菌酵母菌34真菌的有性生殖真菌的有性生殖35白僵菌白僵菌36Answers19.Whatistheconnectionbetweencoppersulphate,aphidsandtheFrenchWineindustry?FrenchvineyardsattackedbyAmericanrootaphid.ControlledbyusingresistantAmericanrootstock-butthisintroducedAmericangrapeblight.FirstchemicalfungicideusedCuSo4tocontrolgrapeblight-savedFrenchvineyards20.Howcanfungireplacepesticides?Bio-control-usefungitocontrolotherpestsAnswers19.Whatistheconnect37葡萄霜霉病葡萄霜霉病38波爾多液BordeauxmixturewasoriginallydevelopedinFranceinthe1860stocontrolgrapediseases.InOctober1882Millardetnoticedthatthismixturealsocontrolledthedownymildew,suggesteditsapplicationasafungicide波爾多液Bordeauxmixturewasorigi39真菌性生防菌真菌性生防菌40第一節(jié)要點真菌的重要性細胞生物分七界即古細菌界、細菌界、原生動物界、色藻界、真菌界、植物界、動物界第一節(jié)要點真菌的重要性41第二節(jié)真菌的生物學第二節(jié)真菌的生物學42Fungidevoidofchlorophyll-somustbesaprophytic,parasiticorsymbiotic無葉綠素，只能是腐生、寄生或共生Chromistanfungi-manyareunicellularwithmotileforms藻物界真菌許多是單細胞的，有鞭毛

Eumycotanfungi-mostarefilamentousandmulticellular真菌界真菌大多數(shù)是絲狀的，多細胞 -someunicellular(yeasts)一些是單細胞的如酵母 mostnon-motile大多數(shù)不能運動Fungidevoidofchlorophyll-43菌絲、游動孢子和酵母菌絲、游動孢子和酵母44Nutrition營養(yǎng)Saprobicobligate（專性）Parasitic

腐生facultative（兼性）寄生Symbiotic共生e.g.endophytes（植物內(nèi)生菌）-livewithinplantswithoutvisibleeffectmycorrhizae（菌根真菌）-associatewithplantrootstomutualbenefitLichens（地衣）-intimateassociationofalgaandfungusasintegratedorganismNutrition營養(yǎng)Saprobico45菌根真菌地衣菌根真菌地衣46Nutrition/physiology生理Preferacidenvironments（喜酸性環(huán)境）cantoleratecold,lowwateravailability(耐冷耐旱)Fungicanmakemostoftheirownrequirementsdirectlyfromsimpleorcomplexsources=prototroph（原養(yǎng)型）Somestrains/mutantshavelostabilitytomakeagrowthfactor(egvit.B1)=auxotrophic（營養(yǎng)缺陷型）

mutant-soneedthisfactorasafoodsourceNutrition/physiology生理Prefera47Nutrition/physiology生理2Saprophytes（腐生菌）,particularlyBasidiomycetes（擔子菌）,havedevelopedawiderangeofextracellularenzymeswhichcandecomposemanycomplexsubstancese.g.Lignin木質(zhì)素(wood)Keratin角蛋白(hair,skin,nails)Suberin木栓質(zhì)(cork)Melanin黑色素(highlyresistantblackpigments)chitin幾丁質(zhì)(arthropodexoskeleton,otherfungi)Cellulose纖維素(plants)Hencefungiaremajorrecyclers-Nutrition/physiology生理2Saproph48Motileforms有鞭毛的菌

(Chromista色藻+Chytrids壺菌)

Flagellae（鞭毛）

typical9+2structure2typesofflagellaewhiplash

尾鞭-posteriorandsmoothtinsel茸鞭-anteriorand‘hairy’-hasmanyfinelateralmastigonemes鞭茸Motileforms有鞭毛的菌

(Chromista色49Yeasts(unicellularEumycotanfungi)

酵母：單細胞的真菌manyspecies-notallcloselyrelated(polyphyletic多源的)mostlydividebybudding出芽orfission裂殖somecanhavehyphal菌絲phasesmanyhavenoteleomorph有性階段somenormallyhyphalfungihaveyeast-likestagesYeasts(unicellularEumycotan50Filamentousfungi絲狀菌Filamentsarecalledhyphae-massedtogethertheymakeamycelium菌絲體hyphaemaybeaseptate(無隔的)-soformmultinuclearcoenocytes（多核體）-inthiscasehyphaeoftenwideandfastgrowingorhyphaemaybeseptate(有隔的，隔上有孔)-soformingcellswith1,2ormanynucleipercell.Herehyphaeusuallynarrowersometimeswithspecialmechanismstocontrolnuclearcontent.hyphaegrowattips,usuallywithfrequentbranching.

Colonies菌落mostlygrowingatedge-youngestcells.Filamentousfungi絲狀菌Filaments51鎖狀聯(lián)合和菌絲鎖狀聯(lián)合和菌絲52Filamentousfungihyphaecanformmanykindsofspecializedstructures:菌絲的變態(tài)infectionpegs（侵入絲）,haustoria（吸器）duringinfectionasexualandsexualspore-bearingstructures產(chǎn)孢機構(gòu)-stroma子座,sporangiophores孢囊梗,gametangia配子囊etc‘rooting’structures根狀結(jié)構(gòu)-rhizoids假根andrhizomorphs根狀菌索overwinteringstructures越冬機構(gòu)–sclerotia菌核Filamentousfungihyphaecanfo53侵入絲和吸器侵入絲和吸器54子座子座55孢子囊和孢囊梗孢子囊和孢囊梗56根狀菌索根狀菌索57假根、孢囊梗和孢子囊假根、孢囊梗和孢子囊58Cellstructure細胞結(jié)構(gòu)Walls細胞壁-onetoseverallayered,complex,containchitins(Eumycota),cellulose(Chromista),othercarbohydrates,proteinsvarietyoftypesofseptalpores隔膜孔fairlytypicaleukaryotecellsexceptthatmitosis有絲分裂isoftennon-standard.Cellstructure細胞結(jié)構(gòu)Walls細胞壁-59Reproduction生殖Mostfungiarehaploid（單倍體）

formostoflifecycle(iemitoticdivisions)-transientdiploid（二倍體）stagegoesthroughanimmediatemeiosis.somespecieshavebothasexual(anamorph無性)andsexual(teleomorph有性)meansofreproducingmanyspeciesonlyasexualstagesknown(‘Deuteromycetes’半知菌).Oftendifficulttocorrelateknownsexualstagewithknownasexualstage.Samespecies?Parasexualcycle（準性循環(huán)）-occasionallydiploidnucleiformedinvegetativecells-recombinationcantakeplacebyrarecrossing-overorchromosomeloss.Reproduction生殖Mostfungiareh60AnamorphicStages

無性階段methodsofasexualreprod.無性生殖的方法providesmeansofrapidreproductionwithoutmuchvariation快速生殖且無多大變異fragmentationofhyphae斷裂–oidia粉孢子,arthrospores節(jié)孢子sporeformation產(chǎn)孢-viasporangiophores孢囊梗-containsporangiosporesINSIDEasporangium孢子囊Spores（孢子）canbeonetomanynucleate（核）.sporeformation產(chǎn)孢-viaconidiophores分生孢子梗-bearconidia

分生孢子ontheOUTSIDEsomespeciesproducethick-walled厚壁sclerotia菌核

tooverwinterAnamorphicStages

無性階段methods61無性孢子無性孢子62Teleomorphicstages

有性階段fungicanbeHomothallic同宗配合-sex.reprod.canbeginonasinglestrain(thallus營養(yǎng)體)Heterothallic異宗配合-twostrainsmustcometogetherforsexualreproductionsomefungisecondarilyhomothallic（次生同宗配合）(sporesstartoutwith2kindsofnucleisoonestrainsufficientforsex.reprod.)mating-types交配型determinesexualcompatibility.Bipolar雙極的andtetrapolar四極的systemssomespeciesarehermaphrodite雌雄同體,somedioecious雌雄異體Teleomorphicstages

有性階段fungi63Teleomorphicstagesinsomefungi,unspecialized未分化的cellsfuse融合tobeginsexualreproductioninothersspecializedgametangia配子囊produced-eitheridenticalinbothsexes,orspecializedmale(antheridia雄器)

andfemale(oogonia藏卵器)organsTeleomorphicstagesinsomefun64有性孢子有性孢子65Teleomorphicstagessexualreproductioninvolves:-Plasmogamy質(zhì)配-cellfusionbetweenhaploids-viaconjugation結(jié)合,anastomosis接合ofhyphaeorfusionofgametangia-canleadtolong-liveddikaryons二核體

orheterokaryons異核體Karyogamy核配-nuclearfusiontomakeadiploidMeiosis減數(shù)分裂-

producing4(usually)haploidnuclei(maylaterform8or16nucleibymitosis)sporeformation產(chǎn)孢-packagingnucleiintosporesTeleomorphicstagessexualrepr66TeleomorphicstagesPrincipaltypesofsexualspores有性孢子主要類型anoospore卵孢子-thickwalledsporefoundinsideanoogonium-germinatestogivemultinucleatehyphaeorsporangia.azygosporangium接合孢子-thickwalled,multinucleatespore-germinatedirectlytogivemultinucleatehyphaeorsporangiophoresanascus子囊-thin-walledsacINSIDEofwhich4(sometimes2or8,16)ascospores子囊孢子

form.abasidium擔子

-thinwalledcellwhichEXTRUDES4(usually)basidiospores擔孢子InmostoftheseatsomepointthenucleifusetomakeadiploidandlaterdividebymeiosistoproducehaploidsagainTeleomorphicstagesPrincipalt67有性孢子有性孢子68HeterokaryonsandDikaryons異核體和二核體Afterplasmogamy質(zhì)配后,insomegroupsthereisalonggapbeforekaryogamy核配Heterokaryons異核體

containmixturesofgeneticallydifferentnucleiDikaryons二核體-eachcellcontains2nuclei-oneofeachgenetictypeinsomegroupsmaintainedbyclampconnections鎖狀聯(lián)合.Homokaryons同核體-cellswithnucleiallofsametype.Heterokaryoncompatibilitygenes親合性基因determineabilityofdifferenthomokaryotichyphaetoanastomose接合andformheterokaryonsHeterokaryonsandDikaryons異核體69要點營養(yǎng)體及變態(tài)無性生殖及孢子（游動孢子、孢囊孢子和分生孢子；節(jié)孢子和芽孢子）有性生殖及孢子（卵孢子、接合孢子、子囊孢子和擔孢子）同宗配合和異宗配合異核體和準性生殖鎖狀聯(lián)合要點營養(yǎng)體及變態(tài)70第三講真核菌概述真菌界、色藻界、原生動物界中的菌類第三講真核菌概述真菌界、色藻界、原生動物界中的菌類71肉眼難以見到的一類生物的總稱包括：真菌、藻物、原生動物、古細菌、細菌、病毒、類病毒微生物microbe肉眼難以見到的一類生物的總稱微生物microbe72真菌Eumycota真菌Eumycota73色藻Chromistan色藻Chromistan74原生動物Protozoa原生動物Protozoa75古菌Archie古菌Archie76細菌Bacteria細菌Bacteria77病毒Virus病毒Virus78類病毒Viroid類病毒Viroid79真核菌要點1.真核菌簡介2.真核菌的生物學和生長3.藻物4.真菌–接合菌Zygomycetes5,6.真菌-子囊菌Ascomycetes7,8.地衣Lichens.

8,9.酵母Yeasts真核菌要點1.真核菌簡介8010-12.真菌–擔子菌Basidiomycetes13.腐敗和分解Decayanddecomposition14,15.真核菌的遺傳FungalGenetics16.菌根真菌Mycorrhizae17.真核菌和食物FungiandFood18,19.植物病原真核菌PlantPathogenicFungi20,21真核菌的生態(tài)FungalEcology22,23真核菌與健康FungiandHealth10-12.真菌–擔子菌Basidiomycetes81真菌界Eumycota真核生物Eukaryotes真細菌界Eubacteria古細菌界Archaebacteria原生動物界Protozoa原核生物Prokaryotes植物界Plantae動物界Animalia藻物界ChromistaProtoctista

(單細胞生物)真核菌類多細胞二倍體multicellulardiploids多細胞單倍體(multicellularhaploids)細胞生物七界真菌界Eumycota真核生物Eukaryotes真細菌界E821.色藻界Chromista.1)非真核菌包括褐藻brownalgae(kelps),綠藻greenalgae,黃綠藻yellow-greenalgae,金藻goldenalgae,diatoms2)真核菌卵菌OomycetesDistinguishedbyflagellatype(onewhiplash尾鞭andonetinsel茸鞭),oftenhavechlorophyll葉綠素candwallsmadeofcellulose纖維素andothermaterials(butnotchitin).Manyareunicellular單細胞的.2.真菌界EumycotaOnlycontainsfungi.Wallsofchitin（幾丁質(zhì)）,mostlynoflagellae（鞭毛）Vastmajorityoffungiarehere.DifferinDNAsequence真核菌的兩個界1.色藻界Chromista.Distinguished83TheImportanceofFungi1.Dofungiattackhumans?Example?2.Canyouname3fungaldiseasesofplants3.Canyounameafungal'disease'ofabuilding.4.WhatfunguscausedsomanyIrishpeopleto

emigratetoBoston,NewYorketc?5.Namesomefood/beverageswhichinvolve

fungi.TheImportanceofFungi1.Do84Answers1.Namesomefungaldiseasesofhumansathletesfoot,jockitch,ringwormAnswers1.Namesomefungaldis85Answers2.Namesomefungaldiseasesofplantsapplescab,chestnutblight,cornsmut,potatoblight,wilts,mildews,rustsetc.Answers2.Namesomefungaldis86Answers3.Namesomefungal'diseases'ofbuildingswetrot,dryrot,bathroommildewBrownrot-fungusproducesonlycellulases.Whiterot-fungusproducesligninasesANDcellulasesAnswers3.Namesomefungal'di87Answers4.WhyaretheresomanyIrishpeopleinBoston,NewYorketc?PotatoanditsparasitePhytophthorainfestansbothoriginatedinPeru.-reachedbalance.PotatointroducedtoEurope1500’sOvernext250yrsbredfortasteetcbutnotresistance.Dependentonpotato.Solefoodforseveralmillionpeople.

Bymid-1800’spotatoblightatlastappearedandin1844/45warmhumidweatherleadtoitwipingoutcrop-disaster.

Result-starvation,manydeaths-over1millionemigratedtoUSA.Answers4.Whyaretheresoman88Answers5.Namesomefood/beverageswhichinvolvefungi.Beer&WineCheeseMushroomsBreadAnswers5.Namesomefood/bever89TheImportanceofFungi6.Namesomefungiwhichspoilfood7.Whatorganismsarepartfungus,partalga?8.Whatcausesblackstainsinbathrooms?9.Namesomebeneficialdrugsderivedfromfungi10.NamesomehallucinogenicdrugsordangeroustoxinsderivedfromfungiTheImportanceofFungi6.Nam90Answers6.NamesomefungiwhichspoilfoodGreymouldofstrawberriesBluemouldofcheese(Left)andOranges(below)"Youknowthatgreen,fuzzythingonthetopshelfattheback?Ithinkitjustbecameamother!"Answers6.Namesomefungiwhic917.Whatorganismsarepartfungus,partalga地衣Answerslichens8.Whatcausesblackstainsinbathrooms?BlackMildew-

9.Namesomebeneficialdrugsderivedfromfungi-penicillin,cyclosporin,griseofulvin10.Namesomehallucinogenicdrugsandtoxinsderivedfromfungi-LSD,psilocybin-drugs;amanitin,aflatoxin-toxins7.Whatorganismsarepartfu92TheImportanceofFungi11.WhatisergotismorSt.Anthony’sfire?12.Whatconnectionistherebetweenpeanutsandcancer?13.Whatisthelargestorganismonearth?14.WhydoforestsNEEDfungi?15.Whatfungusishuntedbypigsanddogs?TheImportanceofFungi11.Wha93Answers11.WhatisergotismorStAnthony'sFire?ManyepidemicsofergotisminMiddleAges

-wipedoutwholevillages-usedtoappealtoSt.Anthony

-duetoeatinggraincontainingergots(Clavicepspurpurea)

causedgangrenousergotism-Limbsonfire,thennumb,

witheredandfalloff

-alsocausedconvulsiveergotism-CNSproblems,twitching,convulsions,madness

NowknowthatC.purpureacontainsLSD,ergotaminetartrate

andmore.Answers11.Whatisergotismor94食入麥角的中毒癥狀1、急性中毒，出現(xiàn)急性胃腸炎癥狀，并有皮膚刺癢、頭暈、感覺遲鈍、語言不清、痙攣、昏迷，嚴重者可死于心力衰竭2、體端壞疽、精神錯亂、記憶欠如、產(chǎn)生幻覚（日本）食入麥角的中毒癥狀1、急性中毒，出現(xiàn)急性胃腸炎癥狀，95麥角病癥狀麥角病癥狀96Answers12.Whatconnectionistherebetweenpeanutsandcancer?黃曲菌素和曲霉菌Peanutscanbeinfectedwithamould,Aspergillusflavus,whichproducesaflatoxins-carcinogenic.Answers12.Whatconnectionis97黃曲霉黃曲霉98Answers13.Whatisthelargestorganismonearth?FungusArmillariasp.蜜環(huán)菌

formsgiganticundergroundclonesinforests14.WhydoforestsNEEDfungi?trees(andmostotherplants)form

associationswithfungi(mycorrhizae菌根真菌)

fornutritionalpurposes.15.Whatfungusishuntedbypigsanddogs?Truffles-averyexpensivedelicacy.($1000/kg)Answers13.Whatisthelargest99蜜環(huán)菌蜜環(huán)菌100菌根真菌菌根真菌101TheImportanceofFungi16.Namesomefungiimportantforgeneticsresearch?17.Dofungihavesex?18.WhatotheranimalsbesideMancultivatefungi?19.Whatistheconnectionbetweencoppersulphate,aphidsandtheFrenchWineindustry?20.Howcanfungireplacepesticides?TheImportanceofFungi16.Nam102Answers16.Namesomefungiimportantforgeneticsresearch?yeast(Saccharomyces),Neurospora,Aspergillus)17.Dofungihavesex?Yes-manyfungihavesexualreproduction(manyothershavenoknownsexualstage)18.WhatotheranimalsbesideMancultivatefungi?Someinsects,termiteantsAnswers16.Namesomefungiim103酵母菌酵母菌104真菌的有性生殖真菌的有性生殖105白僵菌白僵菌106Answers19.Whatistheconnectionbetweencoppersulphate,aphidsandtheFrenchWineindustry?FrenchvineyardsattackedbyAmericanrootaphid.ControlledbyusingresistantAmericanrootstock-butthisintroducedAmericangrapeblight.FirstchemicalfungicideusedCuSo4tocontrolgrapeblight-savedFrenchvineyards20.Howcanfungireplacepesticides?Bio-control-usefungitocontrolotherpestsAnswers19.Whatistheconnect107葡萄霜霉病葡萄霜霉病108波爾多液BordeauxmixturewasoriginallydevelopedinFranceinthe1860stocontrolgrapediseases.InOctober1882Millardetnoticedthatthismixturealsocontrolledthedownymildew,suggesteditsapplicationasafungicide波爾多液Bordeauxmixturewasorigi109真菌性生防菌真菌性生防菌110第一節(jié)要點真菌的重要性細胞生物分七界即古細菌界、細菌界、原生動物界、色藻界、真菌界、植物界、動物界第一節(jié)要點真菌的重要性111第二節(jié)真菌的生物學第二節(jié)真菌的生物學112Fungidevoidofchlorophyll-somustbesaprophytic,parasiticorsymbiotic無葉綠素，只能是腐生、寄生或共生Chromistanfungi-manyareunicellularwithmotileforms藻物界真菌許多是單細胞的，有鞭毛

Eumycotanfungi-mostarefilamentousandmulticellular真菌界真菌大多數(shù)是絲狀的，多細胞 -someunicellular(yeasts)一些是單細胞的如酵母 mostnon-motile大多數(shù)不能運動Fungidevoidofchlorophyll-113菌絲、游動孢子和酵母菌絲、游動孢子和酵母114Nutrition營養(yǎng)Saprobicobligate（專性）Parasitic

腐生facultative（兼性）寄生Symbiotic共生e.g.endophytes（植物內(nèi)生菌）-livewithinplantswithoutvisibleeffectmycorrhizae（菌根真菌）-associatewithplantrootstomutualbenefitLichens（地衣）-intimateassociationofalgaandfungusasintegratedorganismNutrition營養(yǎng)Saprobico115菌根真菌地衣菌根真菌地衣116Nutrition/physiology生理Preferacidenvironments（喜酸性環(huán)境）cantoleratecold,lowwateravailability(耐冷耐旱)Fungicanmakemostoftheirownrequirementsdirectlyfromsimpleorcomplexsources=prototroph（原養(yǎng)型）Somestrains/mutantshavelostabilitytomakeagrowthfactor(egvit.B1)=auxotrophic（營養(yǎng)缺陷型）

mutant-soneedthisfactorasafoodsourceNutrition/physiology生理Prefera117Nutrition/physiology生理2Saprophytes（腐生菌）,particularlyBasidiomycetes（擔子菌）,havedevelopedawiderangeofextracellularenzymeswhichcandecomposemanycomplexsubstancese.g.Lignin木質(zhì)素(wood)Keratin角蛋白(hair,skin,nails)Suberin木栓質(zhì)(cork)Melanin黑色素(highlyresistantblackpigments)chitin幾丁質(zhì)(arthropodexoskeleton,otherfungi)Cellulose纖維素(plants)Hencefungiaremajorrecyclers-Nutrition/physiology生理2Saproph118Motileforms有鞭毛的菌

(Chromista色藻+Chytrids壺菌)

Flagellae（鞭毛）

typical9+2structure2typesofflagellaewhiplash

尾鞭-posteriorandsmoothtinsel茸鞭-anteriorand‘hairy’-hasmanyfinelateralmastigonemes鞭茸Motileforms有鞭毛的菌

(Chromista色119Yeasts(unicellularEumycotanfungi)

酵母：單細胞的真菌manyspecies-notallcloselyrelated(polyphyletic多源的)mostlydividebybudding出芽orfission裂殖somecanhavehyphal菌絲phasesmanyhavenoteleomorph有性階段somenormallyhyphalfungihaveyeast-likestagesYeasts(unicellularEumycotan120Filamentousfungi絲狀菌Filamentsarecalledhyphae-massedtogethertheymakeamycelium菌絲體hyphaemaybeaseptate(無隔的)-soformmultinuclearcoenocytes（多核體）-inthiscasehyphaeoftenwideandfastgrowingorhyphaemaybeseptate(有隔的，隔上有孔)-soformingcellswith1,2ormanynucleipercell.Herehyphaeusuallynarrowersometimeswithspecialmechanismstocontrolnuclearcontent.hyphaegrowattips,usuallywithfrequentbranching.

Colonies菌落mostlygrowingatedge-youngestcells.Filamentousfungi絲狀菌Filaments121鎖狀聯(lián)合和菌絲鎖狀聯(lián)合和菌絲122Filamentousfungihyphaecanformmanykindsofspecializedstructures:菌絲的變態(tài)infectionpegs（侵入絲）,haustoria（吸器）duringinfectionasexualandsexualspore-bearingstructures產(chǎn)孢機構(gòu)-stroma子座,sporangiophores孢囊梗,gametangia配子囊etc‘rooting’structures根狀結(jié)構(gòu)-rhizoids假根andrhizomorphs根狀菌索overwinteringstructures越冬機構(gòu)–sclerotia菌核Filamentousfungihyphaecanfo123侵入絲和吸器侵入絲和吸器124子座子座125孢子囊和孢囊梗孢子囊和孢囊梗126根狀菌索根狀菌索127假根、孢囊梗和孢子囊假根、孢囊梗和孢子囊128Cellstructure細胞結(jié)構(gòu)Walls細胞壁-onetoseverallayered,complex,containchitins(Eumycota),cellulose(Chromista),othercarbohydrates,proteinsvarietyoftypesofseptalpores隔膜孔fairlytypicaleukaryotecellsexceptthatmitosis有絲分裂isoftennon-standard.Cellstructure細胞結(jié)構(gòu)Walls細胞壁-129Reproduction生殖Mostfungiarehaploid（單倍體）

formostoflifecycle(iemitoticdivisions)-transientdiploid（二倍體）stagegoesthroughanimmediatemeiosis.somespecieshavebothasexual(anamorph無性)andsexual(teleomorph有性)meansofreproducingmanyspeciesonlyasexualstagesknown(‘Deuteromycetes’半知菌).Oftendifficulttocorrelateknownsexualstagewithknownasexualstage.Samespecies?Parasexualcycle（準性循環(huán)）-occasionallydiploidnucleiformedinvegetativecells-recombinationcantakeplacebyrarecrossing-overorchromosomeloss.Reproduction生殖Mostfungiareh130AnamorphicStages

無性階段methodsofasexualreprod.無性生殖的方法providesmeansofrapidreproductionwithoutmuchvariation快速生殖且無多大變異fragmentationofhyphae斷裂–oidia粉孢子,arthrospores節(jié)孢子sporeformation產(chǎn)孢-viasporangiophores孢囊梗-containsporangiospores