知識分類與管理課件

KnowledgeOrganisationKnowledgeOrganisation1Today′sprogrammeOuraimistopresentideasanddiscussconceptssothatwewillhaveacommonunderstandingoftermssuchasdata,information,knowledge,classification,knowledgemanagement,etc.Today′sprogrammeOuraimisto2Presentationisdividedinthreeparts:1st: Basicconceptsanddefinitionofterms2nd: Simpleintroductionofclassification3rd: KnowledgeManagementPresentationisdividedinthr3InformationDifferentdefinitionsaregivenbydifferentpeople(asseeninthehistoryofinformation):InformationisaclueInformationreducesuncertaintyInformationissomethingonedidnotknowbeforeInformationDifferentdefinitio4DataAnotherimportanttermusedinterchangeablywithinformationbutwiththeinformationprofessionthereisabasicdifference:DataaresimplyfactsandfiguresgeneratedDataarenotactuallyevaluatedandhencetheydonothelpustomakedecisionsDataAnotherimportanttermuse5ExamplesIFUcollectsdataaboutallthewomenparticipantsname,age,qualification,country,etc.IFUcollectsdataaboutallthepaperspresentedduringthisthreemonthstitle,mainsubject,presenter,etc.Thesearesimplyfacts&figures>DataExamplesIFUcollectsdataabou6InformationOntheotherhand,whenweprocessdataitbecomesinformationInformationisprocesseddataInformationisevaluateddataInformationOntheotherhand,7ExamplesIfIFUwantstocompilethewomendatabycountry,itisgeneratinginformationbyagegroupbysubjectofpresentationTheninformationisgeneratedinallaspectsExamplesIfIFUwantstocompil8Information(continued)Onceinformationisgenerated,IFUmaydecidefromwhichcountriestotakemoreforthenexttimeonwhichofthesubjectstoconcentratemoreforthenexttimeThereforewecanconcludethatInformationisdataofvaluefordecisionmakingData>Processed>Information>DecisionInformation(continued)Oncein9Data-Information-DataOnethingworthnotinghereiswhatoncehasbeeninformationcanbedataforanotherpurposeData-Information-DataOnet10KnowledgeKnowledgeisanothertermusedinterchangeablywithinformationWesimplymakedistinctionbysaying:Knowledgeisinformationstoredforfutureuse>storedinformationKnowledgeKnowledgeisanother11KnowledgeClassificationWecan′tshareknowledge,ifwedon′tspeakacommonlanguage(ThomasH.Davenport)KnowledgeClassificationWecan12ClassificationInearlierdaysaccumulatedknowledgeofhumanbeingshasbeenrecordedintheformofbooksIntheinitialstages,thequantityofknowledgewererelativelysmall.Soaccess/searchingwaseasyLittleattentionwaspaidtothearrangement/organisationofknowledgeClassificationInearlierdays13WhyClassification?Inlaterstages,theamountofknowledge/informationincreasedandarrangement/organisationwasnecessaryinordertohaveeasysearchandaccess.Accordinglytheideaofclassificationwasdeveloped(seepage22:HistoryofInformation)WhyClassification?Inlaterst14ClassificationDefinitionThegroupingtogetheroflikethingsaccordingtosomecommonqualityorcharacteristicsLibraryclassification:arrangeitemsinalogicalorderonlibraryshelvesClassificationDefinitionTheg15WhyClassification?Classificationisareductionofinformation/knowledgeSubjectorderisthemostusefulwaytoarrangeintellectualmaterialsTothisend,therearedifferentclassificationschemesdevelopedbydifferentpeople,sothatmaterialscanbeaccessedbysubjectTraditionalclassificationschemes/methodsWhyClassification?Classificat1620thcenturyNewInformation’stechnologiesspreadtheinformationindifferentcountriesveryfastInformationcandiminishthegapbetweenculturesoremphasisethedifferenceswithinsmallsocialgroupsAlotofpeoplehaveinformationaccess,othersremaintechnologicallyilliterateorignorantaboutknowledgeLibraryandinformationservicesarepartofasocialstructureofcommunicatinginformationandmustbeadaptedtotoday′scontextDocumentsingeneral,booksinparticularly,areveryimportantforthecommunicationofknowledgeandinformation20thcenturyNewInformation’s17Investigationonscientificcommunicationshowsthatscientistsandresearchesprefertogettheirinformationfromothersources,likescientificjournals,electronicpapersandsoon.Soweneedtothinkhowtoorganizeinformationindifferentlevels,inademocraticwaythatcouldbeusedasasocialresourcetosatisfyhumanneedsinallkindofcommunityProfessionalsneedtotakeattentiontoboth,thetraditionalusersofinformationandthetypeofresearchesthatareatthesametimeaconsumer’sandpublisherofinformation.Investigationonscientificco18HistoryofClassificationThetraditionalway:organizationofknowledgeinprintdocuments,mainlybooksonthelibrariesKnowledgeheremaybeunderstoodlikeastructureoffactsorideasinwhicheachelementisrelatedtotheothersBasicallytheknowledgeistransferredortaughttothenewgenerationtroughDisciplines.ThereforedisciplinesusuallydeterminethewayusersapproachestoinformationInformationisusuallyintheformofprintedrecordsorinavisualwaythatwillbereadoraccessedbytheinformationusersinalibraryorinaterminalcomputer.HistoryofClassificationThet19KnowledgeClassificationSchemesWecan′tshareknowledge,ifwedon′tspeakacommonlanguage(ThomasH.Davenport)KnowledgeClassificationSchem20ClassicallibraryclassificationschemesTRADICTIONALCLASSIFICATIONS-KnowledgeisbasedontheuniversalscientificdisciplinesstructuresThereareothertypesofclassification,morephilosophicalormorepracticalschemesDecimalsystemofBibliographyClassification,usethedecimalnumberssymboltorepresenttheinformationthroughtenClassesofsubjectingThosesystemsareusedallovertheworld,asDeweyDecimalClassification–DDCandUniversalDecimalClassification–UDCClassicallibraryclassificati21BriefIntroductioninUDCThefirstpublicationofUDCwasin1905,whenPaulOtletandHenryMarieLafountaine,adaptedtheDeweysystemasabasisformuchmoredetailedwhichwasschemesuitableusedinavastcardindexofbooksandperiodicalsarticlesonclassifiedorder–”Auniversalbibliographyofrecordsknowledge”.LikeDeweytheUDChasbeentranslatedintomanydifferentlanguages,anditisusedinmanyEuropean,AsianandSouthAmericancountries,especiallybytechnical-scientificanduniversitylibraries.BriefIntroductioninUDCThef22TheUDChasthebasicgenerichierarchiesoftheuniversalknowledgeusedbytenclassesofDewey,andaddsometechniqueofsynthesis,andtheoryoftheRanganathanClassification,byprovidingaseriesofsingsandauxiliarytablesThetenclassesofknowledgearerepresentedbyadecimalnumberdividedbythedecimalpoint{.}foreachthreenumbersTheUDChasthebasicgeneric23TheUDCmainclasses0 Generalsubjects,toencloseLibraryScienceand Computerscience1 PhilosophyandEthics2 Religioussubjects3 SocialSciences4 isinblank5 Purescience6 Practicalsciences7 Arts8 Languageandliterature9 Biography,GeographyandHistorysubjectsTheUDCmainclasses0 General24UDCSIGNSThecolon{:}thatindicatestherelationshipbetweenanypartsofsubjectsandtheapostrophe{’}arethemoreusedsignsofsynthesis.Thereareotherssignstojointsubjectslike{+},{/},{[]}.Theauxiliarytablesareusedtogivedetailsofthesubject,usingalotofsign,like,Place(1/9),Time””,Form(0),Language=...Forinstance:FeminisminGermanyinthecenturyXX,aperiodicalwritteninPortugueselanguage369(430)”19”(05)=869.0UDCSIGNSThecolon{:}thatin25UDCEDITIONSThisschemestrydobeasmorecompleteaspossible.Butit’salmostimpossibleapproachalltheknowledgeandthenewinformationthatrisesminutebyminutefromallovertheworldMoreoversometimesthisschemeemphasizessomeaspectsmorethanothersdo,dependonthecontextorthetimethatthatthisschemewasdevelopedandeventhetypeofeditionTheUDChasdifferentsizesandspecialization’sschemeseditionsUDCEDITIONSThisschemestryd26WomenintheUDCcontextThereisalittlereferencetowomenandmostofitisrelatedtomarginalwomanbehaviorintheclassesMoral,LaysandCostumes.Forinstance:Prostitution176.5Slaverywomen’straffic3.261Criminality,dangerouswomen343.914Nearlynothingisfoundaboutthewoman’sactivememberofsociety.Feminism396andwomanvote342.83.Wecanfindanumberaboutwomenvote,butthereisn’tanymentionaboutwomeninthepoliticallife.WomenintheUDCcontextThere27UDCUP-DATESomeaspectsofthefaultsofthisschemethathasahierarchystructurenorinvalidyourimportancelikeaninstrumentofknowledgeorganizationThisschemetriestobemoreuptodateandmoreflexibleso,adoptedsomeRanganathantheoriesItcanbeuptodatebysuggestionsofDocumentationandInformationScienceofficefromthecountriesthatusesUDCThegeneralrevisionoftheUDChasbecamearesponsibilityoftheInternationalFederationforInformationandDocumentation(FédérationInternationaledínformationetdeDocumentatio;FID)UDCUP-DATESomeaspectsofthe28ThesubjectsinaclassificationsystemThesubjectsinaframeschemeofclassificationcanappearinArrayandChain.InArraythereisacoordinateofindependentclasses,likethetenclassesofDeweyandUDCInthechainthereareahierarchicalsubordinationofthesmallsubjectstothebiggerclasses.ForinstanceintheUDCwehaveclass3SocialScience,34Law,343Criminalityand343.914dangerouswomen.AmathematicalIndian,headofthelibraryofMadras,createstheColonClassification,averyphilosophicalsystemofbibliographyclassificationusingthetechnicalofsubjectsynthesis.Thesubjectsinaclassificati29COLONCLASSIFICATIONRanganthanintroducedtheuseofthesignstomakethesynthesisofthesubjectsinhisclassificationsystemThecolon{.}isthemostusedsign.TheColonNotation,e.g.themarknumbers,usessignandletterstospecifiedthesubject’snumbers.ForRanganathanonesubjectcanappearinoneormorefacetsandcategories.ThefivecategoriesofRanganathanarePMST:Personality,Matter,Energy,SpaceandTime.ThisisatypeofFACETDsystem,verycomplex,notverywellused,buttheRanganathantheory,itwasadaptedtosupporttheclassificationstheoriesstudies.COLONCLASSIFICATIONRanganthan30LibraryofCongresssystem(LC)TheLibraryofCongress,thebiggestlibraryintheword,adoptedaveryparadigmaticsystemapproachbasedonthewarrantliterature,andontheawayinwhichthebookswerearrangedintheirsubjectsontheshelves.Thisisaverypracticalsystemcombininglettersandnumbers,leavingblanksspaceswheretheyexpectnewsubjectstodevelop.Soit’satypeorEXPANSIVEsystem.ThesesystemsareusedinsomeAmericanlibraries,andlibrariesuseitasSubjectHeadings–LCSHaroundtheworld.ThegreatadvantageofthelibraryofCongressnotationisthatitappearonthelibrary’scatalogcardsandcomputertapesproducedbytheMARC,MachineReadableCatalogproject.LibraryofCongresssystem(LC31CONCLUSIONofthethreesystemsInformationcanbeorganizedusingstructuraldecimalclassification;Colon,expansiveschemes,andsoon.Thissystemsareefficientdependingonthecontextwheretheyareused.Nowadays,withthe“InformationExplosion”weneedalmostthetraditionalwayofKnowledgeorganization,fasterwaysororganizingandretrievalinformation.Changesininformationaccessmakemoreeasier,usurersare,atthesametime,consumerandinformationpublishers.Soweneedmorethantraditionalsystemstoorganizebitsofinformationincomputer,databasesandInternet.CONCLUSIONofthethreesystem32BriefIntroductionofDDCClassificationsystemsarecreatedtofacilitateaccessintotheknowledge.Aslibrariansresponsibilityistogettherightinformationtotherightpersonattimeitisnecessarytouseaclassificationsystemtosupportuseraccess.TheDeweyDecimalClassification(DDC)wasproducedbyMelwilDeweyin1876.OriginallyproducedforasmallNorthAmericanCollegeLibrary.BriefIntroductionofDDCClass33Edition:Ithasbeencontinuouslyrevisedandupdatedtomeetevolvinginformationaccessneeds.The21stedition,thelatestpublished,appearedinfourvolumesin1996Usage:DDCiswidelyusedthroughouttheworld.Currentlyusedin135countriesandhasbeentranslatedinto30languages.DDCisalsousedintheNationalBibliographiesoftheUK,Canada,Australia,Italyandothercountries.Edition:Ithasbeencontinuou34MainclassesofDeweyDecimalClassificationScheme000 Generalities100 Philosophy200 Religions300 SocialSciences400 Languages500 PureSciences600 AppliedSciences700 TheArts800 Literature900 History,Geography,BiographiesMainclassesofDeweyDecimal35MainClassesTheworldofknowledgeisdividedinto10mainclassesaccordingtoitssubjectmatterSimilaritemsaregroupedtogetherNewsubjectconceptscanbeaddedtoeachwhennecessary.TherearesomeoptionsandspacesintheschedulesMainClassesTheworldofknowl36NotationThesubjectdivisionsidentifiedaregenerallyassignedacodednotationtorepresentthesubjectcontentsNotationconsistssolelyofdigitsanddecimalpoints.Numbersarepresentedwithaminimumlenghtofthree.ThenumberslongerthanthreehaveadecimalpointafterthefirstthreedigitsWhilealongernumberrepresentsamorespecificconcept,andashorternumberrepresentsamoregeneralconcept.NotationThesubjectdivisions37200Religions210 ChristianReligion220 LiteratureofChristianity230 Christiantheology,Christiandoctrinaltheology240 Christianmoralanddevotionaltheology250 LocalChristianchurchandChristianreligiousorders260 Christiansocialandecclesiasticaltheology270 Historical,geographical,personstreatmentoforganised

Christianchurch280 DenominationsandsectsoftheChristianchurch290 ComparativereligionsotherthanChristianity200Religions210 ChristianR38AuxiliaryTablesTable1 StandardSubdivisionsTable2 AreasTable3 SubdivisionsofIndividualLiteraturesTable4 SubdivisionsofIndividualLanguagesTable5 Racial,Ethnic,NationalGroupsTable6 LanguagesTable7 PersonsAuxiliaryTablesTable1 Standa39AuxiliaryTablesInDDCtherearesevenauxiliarytables:standardsubdivisionsAreassubdivisionsofindividualliteraturessubdivisionsofindividuallanguagesracialethnicnationalgroupslanguagesandpersonsTheseareincludedasgenerallyapplicablecategories,maybeappliedatanypointthroughoutthescheme.AuxiliaryTablesInDDCtherea40Table1:StandardSubdivisionsSummary01 PhilosophyandTheory02 Miscellany03 Dictionaries,Encyclopaedias,Concordances04 Specialtopicsofgeneralapplicability05 SerialPublications06 Organisationsandmanagement07 Studyandteaching08 Historyanddescriptionofthesubjectamonggroups

ofpersons09 HistoricalandgeographicaltreatmentTable1:StandardSubdivisions41ExamplesofthehierarchiesfromtheDeweySchedules000 Generalities005 Computerprogramming,programs,data

005.3 SoftwareExamplesofthehierarchiesfr42Example700 Thearts790 Recreationalandperformingarts791 Publicperformances791.4 Motionpictures,radio,television791.45 Television791.457 ProgramsExample700 Thearts43HierarchicalSystemDDCisahierarchicalclassificationsystemEachconceptisindicatedbyanumberthatidentifiesitandindicatesitspositioninthehierarchyHierarchicalSystemDDCisahi44BiasesTherearesomeinadequanciesandbiasesinthescheme.TheChristianreligionhasbeengiventhemostimportantplaceunder200religionclasseswhile200-290devotedtoChristianity,comparativeandotherallreligionshavebeenplacedinthe290BiasesTherearesomeinadequan45ConclusionThoughtherearesomeinadequanciesandbiases,agreatmanylibrariesintheworlduseDDCforclassifyingtheirbooksThereasonsforitpopularityarethesimplenotation,thepolicyofcontinuosrevision,printedscheduleswiththeirrelativeindexandavailabilityofDDCnumbersinmanybibliographicservicesConclusionThoughtherearesom46KnowledgeManagementWecan′tshareknowledge,ifwedon′tspeakacommonlanguage(ThomasH.Davenport)KnowledgeManagementWecan′ts47DefinitionofKnowledgeManagementManydefinitionsavailableDefinitionIchose:AllactivitiesinacompanyororganisationinthefieldsofstructuringknowledgeandmakingbestpossibleuseofimplicitandexplicitknowledgeofitsmembersDefinitionofKnowledgeManage48BasicneedsforcreatingknowledgeIntention/VisionAutonomyFluctuationandcreativechaosRedundancyEssentialdiversityBasicneedsforcreatingknowl49FivephasesofknowledgecreationExchangeofexplicitknowledge(socialisation)ConceptionalconvertingofimplicitintoexplicitknowledgeEvaluationoftheusedconceptBuildingofprototypesSharingthenewknowledgeandtransferringittootherareasFivephasesofknowledgecreat50WhyKnowledgeManagement?Informationexplodes,filteringrelevantpartsbecomesmoreandmoredifficultHalf-lifeofinformationuseshortensProductsaregettingmorecomplexProductdevelopmentcyclesshortenProcessesarelinkedtoeachotherCompetitionisglobalizingLawsandsocialregulationsrestrictproductionanddistributionWhyKnowledgeManagement?Inf51KnowledgeSocietiesKnowledgebecomesequaltowork,groundandcapitalasproductivefactorFluctuationimpliesmakingknowledgeindependentofindividualsRestructuring,mergersandleanmanagementhavedestroyedformalandinformalknowledgenetworksKnowledgedeterminesroleinsocietyKnowledgeSocietiesKnowledgeb52TargetofKnowledgeManagementProvidingtherightknowledgeattherightextentintherightqualityattherighttimeatthefewestcostfortherightpersonTargetofKnowledgeManagement53ModulesofKnowledgeManagementDefiningKnow-

ledgeTargetsKnowledge

IdentificationKnowledge

AcquisitionKnowledge

DevelopmentFeedbackKnowledge

ControllingKnowledge

UseKnowledge

DistributionKnowledge

StorageModulesofKnowledgeManagemen54DefinitionofKnowledgeTargetsDefinition:KnowledgeObjectivedefiningneededabilitiesandtheircreationInstruments:ManagementbyknowledgeobjectivesBalancedScorecard“Normwissensstrategien”DefinitionofKnowledgeTarget55KnowledgeIdentificationDefinition:CreationofinternalandexternaltransparencyofexistingknowledgeInstruments:VisualisationbyknowledgemappingCase-basedreasoningCollaborativeFilteringKnowledgeProfiling(YellowPages)KnowledgeBrokerBenchmarking/BestPracticesKnowledgeIdentificationDefini56KnowledgeAcquisitionDefinition:AcquisitionfromexternalsourcesInstruments:AcquisitionofknowledgecompaniesConsultingRecruitingbyknowledgeobjectives/headhuntingPurchaseof“knowledgeconserves”KnowledgeAcquisitionDefinitio57KnowledgeDevelopmentDefinition:EnhancingtheorganisationalknowledgebasebyindividualandcollectivelearningInstruments:Innovationmanagement/bonusforsuggestionstoimproveprocessesKnowledgeLinksFutureTeams/ThinkTanks/CompetenceCentreJobRotationKnowledgeDevelopmentDefinitio58KnowledgeDistributionDefinition:DistributionofisolatedinformationandexperiencetothewholeorganisationInstruments:Sempai-kohaiCollectiveproblemsolvingSpacemanagementKnowledgeNetworkingGroupwareKnowledgeRankingKnowledgeDistributionDefiniti59KnowledgeUseDefinition:StrengthentheabilitytoconvertknowledgeintoactionInstruments:DataWarehousingDataMiningInteractiondesignofknowledgesourcesAgents(VirtualFriends)/EyesThesaurusYellowPagesIndividualInter-/IntranetPortalKnowledgeUseDefinition:Stren60KnowledgeStorageDefinition:Structuredstorageofexpertise,experience,competenceanddocumentsInstruments:LessonslearnedKnowledgeMeetingProjectSpotlightDocumentmanagementProcessanalysesanddescriptionWorkflowmanagementKnowledgeStorageDefinition:S61KnowledgeControllingDefinition:Objectiveevaluationoftheresourceknowledgebyseparatingitfromitstemporary,situativeandpersonalcontextInstruments:BalancedScorecardCountingofpageview/hits/etc.FeedbackMultidimensionalknowledgecontrollingKnowledgeControllingDefinitio62ForwardingFactorsKnowledge-orientedcultureTechnicalandorganisationalinfrastructureSupportbytop-managementLinkingtoeconomicuseandgoodwillRightamountofprocessorientationClearnessinlanguageandvisionWorkingmotivationhelpsCertainamountofknowledgestructureMultiplechannelsforknowledgetransferForwardingFactorsKnowledge-or63KnowledgeOrganisationKnowledgeOrganisation64Today′sprogrammeOuraimistopresentideasanddiscussconceptssothatwewillhaveacommonunderstandingoftermssuchasdata,information,knowledge,classification,knowledgemanagement,etc.Today′sprogrammeOuraimisto65Presentationisdividedinthreeparts:1st: Basicconceptsanddefinitionofterms2nd: Simpleintroductionofclassification3rd: KnowledgeManagementPresentationisdividedinthr66InformationDifferentdefinitionsaregivenbydifferentpeople(asseeninthehistoryofinformation):InformationisaclueInformationreducesuncertaintyInformationissomethingonedidnotknowbeforeInformationDifferentdefinitio67DataAnotherimportanttermusedinterchangeablywithinformationbutwiththeinformationprofessionthereisabasicdifference:DataaresimplyfactsandfiguresgeneratedDataarenotactuallyevaluatedandhencetheydonothelpustomakedecisionsDataAnotherimportanttermuse68ExamplesIFUcollectsdataaboutallthewomenparticipantsname,age,qualification,country,etc.IFUcollectsdataaboutallthepaperspresentedduringthisthreemonthstitle,mainsubject,presenter,etc.Thesearesimplyfacts&figures>DataExamplesIFUcollectsdataabou69InformationOntheotherhand,whenweprocessdataitbecomesinformationInformationisprocesseddataInformationisevaluateddataInformationOntheotherhand,70ExamplesIfIFUwantstocompilethewomendatabycountry,itisgeneratinginformationbyagegroupbysubjectofpresentationTheninformationisgeneratedinallaspectsExamplesIfIFUwantstocompil71Information(continued)Onceinformationisgenerated,IFUmaydecidefromwhichcountriestotakemoreforthenexttimeonwhichofthesubjectstoconcentratemoreforthenexttimeThereforewecanconcludethatInformationisdataofvaluefordecisionmakingData>Processed>Information>DecisionInformation(continued)Oncein72Data-Information-DataOnethingworthnotinghereiswhatoncehasbeeninformationcanbedataforanotherpurposeData-Information-DataOnet73KnowledgeKnowledgeisanothertermusedinterchangeablywithinformationWesimplymakedistinctionbysaying:Knowledgeisinformationstoredforfutureuse>storedinformationKnowledgeKnowledgeisanother74KnowledgeClassificationWecan′tshareknowledge,ifwedon′tspeakacommonlanguage(ThomasH.Davenport)KnowledgeClassificationWecan75ClassificationInearlierdaysaccumulatedknowledgeofhumanbeingshasbeenrecordedintheformofbooksIntheinitialstages,thequantityofknowledgewererelativelysmall.Soaccess/searchingwaseasyLittleattentionwaspaidtothearrangement/organisationofknowledgeClassificationInearlierdays76WhyClassification?Inlaterstages,theamountofknowledge/informationincreasedandarrangement/organisationwasnecessaryinordertohaveeasysearchandaccess.Accordinglytheideaofclassificationwasdeveloped(seepage22:HistoryofInformation)WhyClassification?Inlaterst77ClassificationDefinitionThegroupingtogetheroflikethingsaccordingtosomecommonqualityorcharacteristicsLibraryclassification:arrangeitemsinalogicalorderonlibraryshelvesClassificationDefinitionTheg78WhyClassification?Classificationisareductionofinformation/knowledgeSubjectorderisthemostusefulwaytoarrangeintellectualmaterialsTothisend,therearedifferentclassificationschemesdevelopedbydifferentpeople,sothatmaterialscanbeaccessedbysubjectTraditionalclassificationschemes/methodsWhyClassification?Classificat7920thcenturyNewInformation’stechnologiesspreadtheinformationindifferentcountriesveryfastInformationcandiminishthegapbetweenculturesoremphasisethedifferenceswithinsmallsocialgroupsAlotofpeoplehaveinformationaccess,othersremaintechnologicallyilliterateorignorantaboutknowledgeLibraryandinformationservicesarepartofasocialstructureofcommunicatinginformationandmustbeadaptedtotoday′scontextDocumentsingeneral,booksinparticularly,areveryimportantforthecommunicationofknowledgeandinformation20thcenturyNewInformation’s80Investigationonscientificcommunicationshowsthatscientistsandresearchesprefertogettheirinformationfromothersources,likescientificjournals,electronicpapersandsoon.Soweneedtothinkhowtoorganizeinformationindifferentlevels,inademocraticwaythatcouldbeusedasasocialresourcetosatisfyhumanneedsinallkindofcommunityProfessionalsneedtotakeattentiontoboth,thetraditionalusersofinformationandthetypeofresearchesthatareatthesametimeaconsumer’sandpublisherofinformation.Investigationonscientificco81HistoryofClassificationThetraditionalway:organizationofknowledgeinprintdocuments,mainlybooksonthelibrariesKnowledgeheremaybeunderstoodlikeastructureoffactsorideasinwhicheachelementisrelatedtotheothersBasicallytheknowledgeistransferredortaughttothenewgenerationtroughDisciplines.ThereforedisciplinesusuallydeterminethewayusersapproachestoinformationInformationisusuallyintheformofprintedrecordsorinavisualwaythatwillbereadoraccessedbytheinformationusersinalibraryorinaterminalcomputer.HistoryofClassificationThet82KnowledgeClassificationSchemesWecan′tshar