新聞學專業(yè)英語考試試卷(大眾傳播動力學)

Chapter11、whataretheeightelementsinthecommunicationprocess?Atagenerallevel,communicationeventsinvolvesthefollowing:asource,aprocessofencoding,amessage,achannel,aprocessofdecoding,areceiver,thepotentialforfeedback,thechanceofnoise.2、WhatarethethreetypesofnoiseIncommunication,anythingthatinterfereswiththedeliveryofamessage.Itcanbesemanticnoise，mechanicalnoise，andenvironmentalnoise3、gatekeepersIndividualswhodecidewhetheragivenmessagewillbedistributedbyamassmedium.4、massmediaMassmediausechannelstocarrythemessage.Ourdefinitionwillincludenotonlythemechanicaldevicesthattransmitandsometimesstorethemessage(TVcameras,radiomicrophones,printingpress),butalsotheinstitutionsthatusethesemachinestotransmitmessages.1ThecommunicationprocessisinitiatedbytheA)messageB)receiverC)sourceD)channel2TheinterpretationofphysicalmessageintoaformthathaseventualmeaningforareceiveriscalledA)codingB)recodingC)decodingD)encoding3ReceiverscanbeA)agroupB)asinglepersonC)aninstitutionD)alloftheabove4Anincreaseinnoise________messagefidelity.bA)increasesB)decreasesC)doesnoteffectD)expands5Inmachine-assistedinterpersonalcommunication:A)SourceandreceivercanbeseparatedbytimeandspaceB)MessagescanhavepermanenceC)MessagescanbeamplifiedortransmittedoverlargedistancesD)Alloftheabove6Masscommunicationreferstotheprocessbywhichacomplexorganizationwiththeaidofoneormoremachinesproducesandtransmitspublicmessagesthataredirectedatlarge,scatteredaudiencesthatareaA)heterogeneousB)homogenousC)relatedD)specific7MessageterminationiseasiestinA)interpersonalcommunicationB)masscommunicationC)machineassistedinterpersonalcommunicationD)noneoftheabove8MasscommunicationorganizationsA)havemultiplegatekeepersB)requirelittlemoneytooperateC)existirregardlessofprofitD)arenon-competitive9Thefollowingisanexampleofamediavehicle:A)newspapersandmagazinesB)radiostationsC)TVnetworksD)alloftheabove10DisintermediationeliminatestheA)sourceB)middlemanC)customerD)seller11Inacommunicationsetting,encodingmaytakeplaceonlyonce.A)trueB)false12Feedbackreferstoresponsesofthereceiverthatshapesubsequentmessagesofthesource.1A)trueB)false13Interpersonalcommunicationcanoccurbetweentwopeoplewithoutbeingineachother'sphysicalpresence.A)trueB)false14Thereceiverinthemachine-assistedsettingcanbeasinglepersononly.A)trueB)false15ThetermmassmediareferstothemessagescarriedtothepublicbyvehiclessuchasTV,radioandmagazines.A)trueB)falseAnswerCCDBDABADBBABBBChapter21whatisthedefferencebetweenmacroanalysisandmicroanalysisMacroanalysisisanapproachdescribestheperspectiveofasociologistandlookthroughawide-anglelenstoconsiderthefunctionsperformedbythemassmediafortheentiresociety.Microanalysisisanapproachwhenwelookthroughaclose-uplensattheindividualreceiversofthecontent,theaudienceandaskthemtoreporthowtheyusemassmedia.2Compareandcontrastthefunctionalapproachandthecritical/culturalapproach.howdoeseachviewtheaudience?howdoeseachviewthemedia?Viewtheaudience:infunctionalapproach,itthinksthataudiencestakeanactiveroleintheirinteractionwithvariousmedia.Thatis,theneedsofeachindividualprovidemotivationthatchannelsthatindividual’smediause.Incriticalapproach,itthinkstheaudience,however,isnotpassive.Thedominantvaluesmayhavebeenencodedincomplexandsubtleways,butviewerscansupplytheirownmeaningstothecontent.Viewthemedia:infunctionalapproach,themassmediacompetewithothersourcesofsatisfaction.Relaxtion,forexample,canalsobeachievedbytakinganaporhavingacoupleofdrinks,andsocialutilityneedscanbesatisfiedbyjoiningacluborplayingtouchfootball.Incriticalapproach,themediaworkedtomaintainthosedominantvaluesbypresentingversionsofrealityonTVandfilmsthatrepresentedthissituationasnormalandnatural,asthewaythingsshouldbe.3dysfunctionsHarmfulornegativeconsequencesofthefunctionsofmassmediathatareundesirablefromthepointofviewofthewelfareofsociety.4、surveillanceSurveillancereferstowhatwepopularlycallthenewsandinformationroleofthemedia.Themediahavetakentheplaceofsentinelsandlookouts.5.statusconferralTheprocessthatcertainindividualsorissuesreceivemediaattentionmeansthattheyachieveacertainamountofprominence.1AnadvantageofthefunctionalapproachtostudyingmasscommunicationisthatitA)providesaperspectivetoexaminemasscommunicationB)generatesconceptsthatarehelpfulinunderstandingmediabehaviorC)makesusawareofthediversityofgratificationsprovidedbythemediaD)alloftheabove2HarmfulornegativeconsequencesofthefunctionsofmassmediaarecalledA)repercussionsB)ramificationsC)dysfunctionsD)displacement3Whichofthefollowingisanimportantfactorindeterminingwhichnewsmediumpeoplefindmostbelievable?A)convenienceB)comfortC)credibilityD)format4Thereasoningbehindtheideathatiftheaudiencebelievesyoureallymatter,youwillbethefocusofmediaattention,andifyouarethefocusofmediaattention,thenyoureallymatterisknownasA)dysfunctionB)statusconferralC)surveillanceD)alloftheabove5Themostpopularformofinterpretationisprobablya(n)A)reviewB)commercialC)editorialcartoonD)editorial6Telephons,E-Bay,andchatroomsareexamplesofA)dysfunctionB)linkageC)interpretationD)surveillance7Comics,puzzles,horoscopes,games,advice,gossip,humor,andgeneralentertainmentaccountforwhichpercentageofnewspapercontent?A)6B)12C)18D)248____________isaformofdiversion.A)StimulationB)RelaxationC)EmotionalreleaseD)Alloftheabove9Developingfeelingsofkinshipwithmediacharactersisknownasa________relationship.A)socialB)parasocialC)catharticD)alloftheabove10ThecreationofunstablesuperiorandinferiorpositionsthatarecontinuouslybeingnegotiatedthroughinterpretationsofmeaningisknownasA)cultureB)ideologyC)hegemonyD)alloftheabove11Thenewsandinformationroleofthemediaisknownassurveillance.A)trueB)false12Themediasometimesconsciouslytriestoinstillvaluesandbehaviorintheaudiencethroughtheirportrayalofsociety.A)trueB)false13Atthemicrolevel,thefunctionalapproachiscalledthecognitionmodel.A)trueB)false14Thecritical/culturalstudiesapproachisbasedonaskingpeoplequestions,tabulatingtheirresults,andenumeratingcharacteristicsofmediacontent.A)trueB)false15Thecritical/culturalapproachismoreusefulthanthefunctionalapproachinunderstandingthecomplicatedrelationshipbetweenmasscommunicationanditsaudience.A)trueB)falseAnswer:DCCBCBBDBCAABBBChapter31technologicaldeterminismThetheorythatcontendstechnologydriveshistoricalchange.Itassumethattheprintingpresswastheprimemoverbehindalltheseeffects.2Differencebetweenwritingbasedonsignsandwritingbasedonanalphabetwritingbasedonsignsisanearlysymbolsysteminwhicheachsymbolwasbasedonapicturethatresembledshethingitstoodfor.writingbasedonanalphabetwasbasedmoreonsoundthansigns.Agroupofletters,calledwasusedtosymbolizeeachofthesoundsthatmakeupaword.1Thefollowingisanexampleofanearlyformofpaper:A)claytabletsB)papyrusC)parchmentD)alloftheabove2DuringthefeudalperiodinEurope,bookmakingbecamecenteredinA)librariesB)taxofficesC)monasteriesD)wineries3ThemoveablemetaltypeprintingpresswasdevelopedbyA)MartinLutherB)SamuelMorseC)MathewBradyD)JohannGutenberg4MostearlybookswerewritteninA)LatinB)EnglishC)FrenchD)German5Theinventionofthe____________ledtothedevelopmentofwhatwewouldtodaycallnews.A)radioB)televisionC)printingpressD)telegraph6Whichinventionwasthefirsttobecalled"thegreatannihilatoroftimeandspace?"A)radioB)telephoneC)telegraphD)television7Theinventorthathelpedthedevelopmentofphotographywas:A)LouisDaguerreB)WilliamFoxTalbotC)GeorgeEastmanD)Alloftheabove8Thelong-rangeimpactofthemotionpicturelaymainlyintheareasofA)newsandreportingB)businessandlawC)entertainmentandcultureD)alloftheabove9Thefirstmassmediumthatbroughtsports,music,talk,andnewsintothelivingroomwastheA)telegraphB)radioC)telephoneD)newspaper10Thetechnologybehindtelevisionreceivedasubstantialboostfromwhichwar'sefforts?A)theCivilWarB)WWIC)WWIID)Alloftheabove11Digitaltechnologyencodesinformationsuchassound,text,data,graphics,andvideointoaseriesofonandoffpulsesthatareusuallydenotedasonesandtwos.A)trueB)false12PaperwasdevelopedbytheJapanese.A)trueB)false13Technologicaldeterminismisthebeliefthattechnologydriveshistoricalchange.A)trueB)false14TheCivilWarwasthefirstAmericanwartobephotographed.A)trueB)false15ThePayneFundwassignificantbecauseitwasthefirsttimethepublicdecidedthatamediumwasdeservingofseriousexamination.A)trueB)falseAnswer:DCDACCDCBCBBAAAChapter41whatarethedefiningcharacteristicsofnewspaper1.thenewspaperismadeupofdiversecontent2.newspapersareconvenientlypackaged3.newspapersarelocal4.newspapersservesasahistoricalrecordmorethananyothermedium5.newspapersperformthewatchdogrole6.newspapersaretimely2whataresomeoftheadvantagesthetraditionalink-and-papernewspaperhasovertheonlineversion?whataresomeoftheadvantagestheonlineversionhasovertheprintversion?Answer:printednewspaperarelimitedbythenewshole,theamountofnewsthatcanbeprintedinoneedition.onlinepapershavenosuchlimitations.Onlinepaperscanbeupdatedcontinuously.Onlinepapersareinteractive.Onlinepaperstendtohavesmallstaffs.PoliticalpressAtypeofnewspaperwhichopenlysupportedaparticularparty,faction,orcauseTabloid:Aheavilyillustratedpublicationusuallyhalfthesizeofanormalnewspaperpage.CirculationThenumberofcopiesdeliveredtonewsstandsorvendingmachinesandthenumberdeliveredtosubscribes1ThefirstAmericannewspaperwasA)theBostonNewsLetteB)PublickOccurrencesbothForeignandDomestickC)NewEnglandCourantD)PennsylvaniaGazette2BenjaminFrankliniscreditedwithA)startingthePennsylvaniaGazetteB)runningthefirsteditorialcartoonC)demonstratingthatjournalismcouldbeanhonorableprofessionD)alloftheabove3ThefreedomofthepressisprotectedbyA)theFirstAmendmentB)theFifthAmendmentC)theoriginalConstitutionD)theDeclarationofIndependence4Thefirstpennypresspaper,NewYorkSun,waspopularbecauseitcontainedA)PoliticaldebatesandanaggressiveeditorialpolicyB)AsportspageandafinancialpageC)Localstoriesofsex,violence,features,andhumanintereststoriesD)Alloftheabove5ThePennyPresschangedA)thebasisofeconomicsupportfornewspapersB)thepatternofdistributionC)thedefinitionofwhatconstitutednewsandhowitwascollectedD)alloftheabove6TheideaofanewspaperchainwaspioneeredbyA)JosephPulitzerB)E.W.ScrippsC)WilliamRandolphHearstD)HoraceGreeley7AlthoughtheonsetofyellowjournalismintheU.S.wasnotthebestmomentinAmericannewspaperhistory,itdidhelpbringaboutA)aggressivereportingandinvestigativestoriesB)theuseoflayoutanddisplaydevicesC)wideexposureformmanyprominentauthorsD)alloftheabove8JazzjournalismischaracterizedbywhichofthefollowingfeaturesA)theuseoftabloidsB)anabundanceofphotographsC)bothAandBD)noneoftheabove9Accordingtothetext,oneresultofacredibilityscandalinnewspapers,suchastheJaysonBlair5sagawasthatA)editorsrefusetorevealtheirethicalguidelinestothepublicB)onlinenewsreportingbecomesmorereliableC)newspapersstiffenedtheirrequirementsforquotesfromunnamedsourcesD)collegejournalismprogramsdeclinetoteachethicstostudents10NewspapersaretryingtoattractmorereadersbyA)usingmorecolorB)creatinghighlightedsynopseswithinlongstoriesC)printingmorelifestyleandfashionfeaturesD)alloftheabove11Injournalism,anewsholeistheamountofnewsthatcanbeprintedinoneedition.A)trueB)false12Anonlineversionofanewspaperisanexactreplicaoftheprintednewspaperthatcanbereadonacomputerscreen.A)trueB)false13InadditiontotheInternet,newspapersaredistributingnewsviahandheldmediasuchasInternet-enabledcellphonesandpersonaldigitalassistants.A)trueB)false14Gannettisthebiggestnewspapergroup.A)trueB)false15Blogsareprivatewebsitesmaintainedonlybyandforjournalists.A)trueB)falseBDACDBDCCDABAABChapter5Muckcrakers:termcoinedbyTheodoreRoosevelttodescribethereformmovementundertakenbyleadingmagazinesinthe1890s;corruptpracticesofbusinessandgovernmentwereexposedtothegeneralpublicbycrusadingmembersofthepress.Paidcirculation:atypeofcirculationinwhichthereadermustpurchaseamagazinethroughasubscriptionoratanewsstand.1Thenumberofmagazinesproducedincreasedfrom1860-1900becauseofA)moneyfrominvestorsB)betterprintingtechniquesC)PostalActof1879D)alloftheabove2Apopularmagazinethatbeganpublishinginthelate1930sandcontinuedtopublishuntilitexpiredin1972wasA)LifeB)Leslie'sC)TimeD)alloftheabove3BetweenWWIandWWII,theshiftineconomicdevelopmentandchangeinlifestylesinfluencedthedevelopmentoftheA)DigestB)NewsmagazineC)PictorialmagazineD)Alloftheabove4MagazinesusetheirwebsitesforallofthefollowingexceptA)toprovideadditionalinformationaboutstoriesB)subscriptionsC)productionD)e-commerce5AccordingtothetextmagazinesaredistinguishedfromothermediainthattheyA)attractthehighestnumberofconsumersB)attractthemostspecializedaudiencesC)givethemostindepthnewscoverageD)alloftheabove6ThemagazineindustryisdividedbythefollowingfunctioncategoriesexceptA)productionB)distributionC)retailD)advertising7ControlledcirculationmagazinesgainmostoftheirrevenuefromA)subscriptionsB)advertisingC)e-commerceD)noneoftheabove8ThefollowingdivisionheadsreporttothecirculationdirectorexceptA)ManagingEditorB)SubscriptionManagerC)Single-CopySalesManagerD)SubscriptionFulfillmentDirector9Inadditiontoancillaryservicessuchase-commerce,custompublishing,anddatabaseassistance,thefollowingisanotherbasicsourcesofmagazinerevenue:A)subscriptionsB)single-copysalesC)advertisingD)alloftheabove10DataonthetotalaudienceformagazinesgatheredbyconductingpersonalinterviewswithindividualstogetanexposurescoreisprovidedbyA)ABCB)BPAC)MRID)Noneoftheabove.11Magazinereadersareusuallyloners.A)trueB)false12BenjaminFranklinpublishedthefirstAmericanmagazine.A)trueB)false13Custompublicationsareoftenofferedforfreeatbusinesslocations.A)trueB)false14Amagazinedummyisthescheduledrawnuptoensurethatarticlesgettotheprinterintimefortheforthcomingissue.A)trueB)false15Newslettersarecharacterizedbytheirgeneralreadership,largecirculation,andlowprices.A)trueB)falseDADCBDBADCBBABBChapter6BestsellerlistsThemostimportantformofaudiencfeedbackinthebookindustryisthebest-sellerlistscompliedbynewspapersusingslightlydifferentmethodstotabulatearankorderingofthebest-sellingbooks.Chapter71ThefirstradiostationwasdevelopedbyA)HeinrichHertzB)ReginaldFessendenC)DavidSarnoffD)FrankConrad2TheideatosellbroadcastingtimeontheradioforadvertisingiscreditedtoA)AT&TB)RCAC)WestinghouseD)Noneoftheabove3ThefirstnetworkwasA)UPNB)ABCC)NBCD)CBS4EstablishedbytheRadioActof1927,theFederalRadioCommission(FRC)A)definedtheAMbroadcastbandB)standardizedchanneldesignationsC)minimizedinterferenceD)alloftheabove5Frequencymodulationradio(FM)wasinventedbyA)DavidSarnoffB)EdwinHowardArmstrongC)EdwardNobleD)EdwardR.Murrow6AcharacteristicofdigitalradiobroadcastingwillbeA)improvedsoundqualityB)static-freesignalsC)compatibilitywithanalogsignalsD)alloftheabove7Noncommercialstationsaresupportedbyallofthefollowing,exceptA)listenerdonationsB)taxrevenueC)advertisementsD)endowmentsandgrantsfromfoundationsThepeopleresponsibleforthesoundofthestationthroughmusicandothermaterialarepartofthefollowingdepartment:A)salesB)programC)newsD)engineering9Whichsourceofadvertisingincomerepresentsthelargestportionofrevenue?A)nationalB)regionalC)localD)noneoftheabove10ThemajorcompanythatmeasuresradioaudiencesisA)BPAB)ArbitronC)MRID)Noneoftheabove11Manyearlyradiostationswerenotownedbybroadcasters.A)trueB)false12RadiowasabletoweathertheDepressionwithrelativelylittlehardship.A)trueB)false13Radiowasunaffectedbythedevelopmentoftelevision.A)trueB)false14Manyliberaltalkshowhostshavebeensuccessfulinradio.A)trueB)false15Infinityisthelargestradiocompany.A)trueB)falseChapter81ThefirstdiskplayerdesignedtolooklikeapieceoffurniturewastheA)phonographB)gramophoneC)victrolaD)noneoftheabove2TheBeatlesarecreditedwithA)introducingtheharmonicaasarockinstrumentB)changingtheshapeofthemusicbusinessandAmericanpopularcultureC)pavingthewayforthe"BritishInvasion"D)alloftheabove3Sincethebeginningofthe21stcentury,therecordingindustryhastriedtostiflefile-sharingservicesbyallthefollowingmeansexceptA)threateningtosuefilesharersB)discouragingartistsfromusingbandwebsitesC)settinguptheirowndigitalmusicservicesD)exploringtechnicaldevicesthatmakeitdifficulttocopyfiles4MP3isanabbreviationforA)MusicProductionAudioLayer3B)MovieProductionGroupAudioLayer3C)MotionPicturesEngineeringGroupAudioLayer3D)noneoftheabove5ThegreatestnumberoftotalsalesintherecordindustryisaccountedforbyA)countryB)jazzC)classicalD)rock6The"Talent"categoryincludesallofthefollowingexceptA)singersandsongwritersB)producersC)arrangersD)lyricists7OfalltheoutletsfortapeandCDdistribution,retailstoresandrackjobbersaccountforwhichpercentageofallsales?A)80B)60C)40D)208IntheprocessofmakingaCD,thenextstepaftertherecordingsessionisA)layingdowntracksB)reproducingthemasterC)themixdownD)promotion9ThesymbolusedintheBillboardcharts,themostimportantchanneloffeedbackinthesoundrecordingindustry,isA)starsB)trianglesC)bulletsD)alloftheabove10Whichpercentageofhouseholdsinthecountryhassomemeansofplayingarecord,tape,orCD?A)100B)90C)80D)70Buyersunder30accountforthemajorityofrecordpurchases.A)trueB)false12AftertherepealofProhibition,soundrecordingwasbolsteredwiththehelpofcoin-operatedrecordplayerscalledjukeboxes.A)trueB)false13Ademonstrationtape,ordemo,needstosoundasgoodasthefinishedproductreleasedbythestudio.A)trueB)false14Anewartistgenerallyreceivesaroyaltyrateofabout25percentofthesuggestedretailpriceofaCDorcassette.A)trueB)False15TheBillboardchartsplayanimportantpartinthefeedbackmechanismforsoundrecording.A)trueB)falseChapter9HowdidthefilmindustryreacttoTV1.Thefirstreactionofthefilmindustrywastofightback.HollywoodlookedforwayssuchastechnicalwizardrytorecaptureitsaudiencefromTV.Thefirsttechnicalwizardrywas3Dfilms.Thesecondtechnicalgimmickconcernedscreensize.Techniquesenlargedscreensize2.ThesecondreactionofthefilmindustrywastoplayadominantroleinTV’sevolution.Becausemajornetworkswerenoteagertosupplyanytelevisionprograms,filmcompanieswouldhavebeenlogicalsourcesfortelevisionshows.3.Bythe1950s,whenitbecameclearthatTVwouldbeaformidablecompetitor,thefilmindustrycastaboutfornewwayssuchasbig-budget,spectaclemoviesaswellasfilmsthataddressedmoreadultsubjectstodrawaudiencesbacktotheatres.Motionpicturepatentscompany(MPPC)Inanefforttobringordertothebusinessandcutdownlegalexpenses,theleadingmanufacturersoffilmsandfilmequipmentbandedtogether,pooledtheirpatentsandformtheMPPCtorestrictmoviemakingtotheninecompaniesthatmadeuptheMPPC.FocusgroupAfocusgroupisasmallsample(usuallyabout10-15people)ofthetargetaudience,whichisaskeddetailedquestionsaboutwhattheylikedordidn’tlike.Withthisinformation,thestudiocanaddordropascene,modifytheending,changethemusicalscore,ormakeotheralterations.Chapter10CommercialTVThecommercialtelevisionsystemconsistsofallthoselocalstationswhoseincomeisderivedfromsellingtimeontheirfacilitiestoadvertisers.NoncommercialTVNoncommercialtelevisionconsistsofthosestationswhoseincomeisderivedfromsourcesotherthanthesaleofadvertisingtime.1ColortelevisionwasintroducedtothepublicduringtheA)1960sB)1950sC)1940sD)1930s2Broadcasthistoriansrefertothe1950sasthe___________ageoftelevision.A)PlatinumB)GoldenC)SilverD)Bronze3TheVCRhasaffectedtraditionaltelevisionandthecableindustrybecauseofA)movierentalB)timeshiftingC)grazingD)alloftheabove4DigitaltelevisionoffersallofthefollowingadvantagesexceptA)clearerpicturesB)bettersoundqualityC)costD)greaterpotentialthantheanalogsystem5ApproximatelywhichpercentageofhomesintheUnitedStateshasatleastoneworkingtelevision?A)79B)89C)99D)Noneoftheabove6OrganizationsthatleasetapedorfilmedprogramstolocaltelevisionstationsareA)BroadcastnetworksB)CablenetworksC)SyndicationcompaniesD)Noneoftheabove7TheamountofmoneyatelevisionstationchargesforitscommercialtimeisbasedonitsA)locationB)staffsizeC)audiencesizeD)alloftheabove8PublictelevisionissupportedbyA)federal,state,andlocalgovernmentB)viewerdonationsC)corporationsD)alloftheabove9Thethreemaincomponentsofacablesystemaretheheadend,thedistributionsystem,andtheA)footendB)housedropC)headdropD)noneoftheabove10NielsenMediaResearchprovidesnetworkswithaudiencedatathoughtheNielsenTelevisionIndex,whichiscompiled13withadevicecalledaA)TelevisionMonitorB)TimeShifterC)DirectBroadcastSatelliteD)PeopleMeter11Theinitialpublicresponsetothetelevisionwasenthusiastic.A)trueB)false12Inthe1970s,theSurgeonGeneraloffice'sinvestigationsuggestedthattelevisionviolencewasunrelatedtoaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren.A)trueB)false13Networkstypicallysupplyabout65to70percentoftheprogrammingcarriedbytheiraffiliates.A)trueB)falseThe"sweeps"periodsaretimeswheneverylocaltelevisionmarketismeasured,andtheresultsareusedtosetadvertisingrates.A)trueB)false15Peopleinmiddle-incomehomestendtowatchmoretelevisionthantheirlow-incomecounterparts.A)trueB)falseChapter11Question:whataresomeofthesocialimplicationsoftheInternet?Answer:relyingontheInternetdiminishestheimportanceofthesurveillancefunctionoftraditionalmassmedia.Inaddition,pressreleases,scientificreportsandpersonalobservationswereavailableonthenetLackofgatekeepers:ComputernetworksliketheInternethavenogatekeepersandcomputerinformationservicessuchasAmericanOnlinehaveveryfewInformationoverload:TheInternetrepresentsaninformationretrievaltoolthatisunparalleledprovidingapersonknowshowtouseandunderstandit.LackofInterpretation:TheInternetmaydiminishtheinterpretationfunctionofthemediaPrivacyconcerns:TheInternetalsoraisesanumberofprivacyconernsNeedforRegulation:ThewholenotionofhowtoregulatetheInternetisavexingproblem.Hypertext:digitalnavigationaltoolthatlinksoneelectronicdocumenttoanother.newsgroupsNewsgroupsarecollectionsofelectronicbulletinboards,arrangedaccordingtotopic,wherepeoplecanreadandpostmessages.Chapter12Whatarethecharacteristicsthatdeterminenewsworthiness?Shouldothersbeaddedtothelist？p327Thecharacteristicsinclue:1.Timeliness.Newsisperishable,andstalenewsisnotinteresting.2.Proximity.Itmeansmorethanasimplemeasureofdistance.Psychologicalproximityisalsoimportant.4.Consequence.Eventsthataffectagreatmanypeoplehavebuilt-innewsvalue.5.Humaninterest.Thesearestoriesthatarousesomeemotionintheaudience.Inadditiontothesefivetraditionalelementsofnewsvalue,economicsplaysalargerole.Italtersnewsinmoresubtleways.Hardnews:Hardnewsconsistsofbasicfacts:whowhatwhenwherehow.Itisnewsofimportantpublicevents.Itmakesupthebulkofnewsreportingandhassignificanceforlargenumbersofpeople.1ThebulkofnewsreportingismadeupofA)investigativereportsB)softNewsC)hardNewsD)nonoftheabove2ThetwomainsourcesofnewsarestaffreportsandA)pressreleasesB)wireservicesC)beatsD)noneoftheabove3Inbroadcastmedia,personnel,budgets,andequipmentaretheresponsibilityoftheA)executiveproducerB)assignmenteditorC)managingeditorD)newsdirector4Inbroadcastmedia,anewsproducerA)decideswhichstoriesarecovered,whocoversthem,andhowtheyarecoveredB)decidestheorderinwhichstoriesappearinthenewscastC)determinestheamountoftimeeachstoryisgivenD)alloftheabove5AlongwithAP,whichofthefollowingwireservicesprovidenationalandinternationalnewsthroughtheirvariousbureaus?A)ENGB)SNGC)UPID)CAR6Newsconsultantsarecreditedwithafundamentalshiftinthetraditionaldefinitionofnewsbecausetheyintroducedwhichideatolocalstations?A)audiencesurveysB)onlinenewsC)computer-assistedreportingD)noneoftheabove7AnimportantprincipleforalltypesofnewsreportingisA)HonestyB)AccuracyC)ObjectivityD)Alloftheabove8ThePewCharitableTrustsResearchCenter'ssurveyfoundthattheaudiencebelieveswhichmediumthemost?A)televisionB)newspapersC)magazinesD)onlinenewssources9inordertotakefulladvantageoftheInternet,journalistsmustknowhowt